Asteraceae Diversity and A New Record For Java at Citalahab Village, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park

*Corresponding Author: Dee Dee Al Farishy Organisasi Mahasiswa Pecinta Tumbuhan (OMPT) Canopy, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Email: deedee.alfarishy@alumni.ui.ac.id Abstract: Asteraceae is the second largest plant family in the world. The family member has reached 227 species in Java. However, there is no current record of wild Asteraceae around local village within Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. This study is to provide current Asteraceae species data and the threat for the conservation area. Explorative method has been conducted in 6 sites. The result shows that there are 20 species found with the tribes composition are 8 Heliantheae, 6 Eupatorieae, 3 Senecioneae, 1 Astereae, 1 Cichorieae, and 1 new record Vernonieae in Java. Key identification for species are provided and the new record has been described. Most species categorized as introduced with several other categorized as invasive alien species. In conclusion, numbers of Asteraceae family has been recorded with some potential ivansive threat in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Regular population control and treatment are recommended in order to protect native species in the conservation area.


Introduction
Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl are the second largest genera in the world with about 1623 genera and 24.700 spesies (Funk, et al., 2009;Shi, et al., 2011;Christenhusz & Byng, 2016). The family could be found abundantly with high number of diversity, start from tropical, subtropical, semi-arid, to mediteranian area. Besides, Asteraceae could also grow from sea level to alpin zone (Cox, et al., 2016). Majority of Asteraceae member are easily wide spreading far by wind in seeds and adaptable across area or even continent (Pons, et al. 1987;Keeley, et al. 2007;Jeffrey, 2009).
Based on Flora of Java and updated data after, it has been recorded that there are about 227 species Asteraceae occur in Java (Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965;Irsyam & Hariri, 2016;Padmanaba, et al. 2017). Many of the species are known as introduced or even invasive alien species (Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965;Yoshihumi, et al. 2014). That absolutely could become latent danger for native species, especially in conservation area.
Gunung  (Hartono et al. 2007). However, there are villages and tea plantation inside layers of mountain which not include in conservation site area (Wisnubudi, 2009). Uji (2002) has found seven species Asteraceae in southern part of the National Park, Priyadi, et al. (2010) has made checklist for five hundred species of Halimun-Salak, and Sunaryo, et al. (2012) has recorded there are two introduced species Asteraceae grow with one of that occur as invasive species. However, there are no whole new checklist data about Asteraceae, especially inside tea plantation. Aim of this research is to report current data about Asteraceae species at the tea plantation. The result hopefully helpful to protect conservation area around from introduced and invasive alien species taxa.

Plants Sampling
Explorative method is used with 20 x 20 meters roaming area. Dried herbarium specimens had been made using 70% alcohol. Following characters had been identified and descripted by measuring size and shape of the stems, leaves, florets, and cypsela. Data analysis and key identification had been made descriptively. Herbarium stored at Department Biology, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia.

Asteraceae Diversity
There were found 20 wild Asteraceae species during field observation in Nirmala tea plantation at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, in January 2019 ( fig. 1). Most of species had been found common at RF, VI, TP1, TP2, and TP3, but absent at CM, Ayapana triplinervis had only found at RF, Lactuca indica had only found at VI, and Adenostemma lavenia had only found around CM (table 1). Adensotemma. lavenia had seen with uncommon habit for Asteraceae because the species could grow under the shade of trees. Moreover, the species had been seen spread extend to the forest within conservation site.
One of the species are related to Elephantopus genera. It was certainly not the one that reported from Flora of Java (Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965). The species similar to E. scaber by sessile heads with three foliage bract, but differ by white flowers color and florets position that emerge in axillar and terminal. Therefore, an examination for the species has been done.
Adenostemma lavenia has number varieties across region. Panigrahi (1975) studied that there are eight varieties within species in India region. Though this taxa has complex issues, but all the varieties has similar ecological condition to grow-well in shades and near water resource. Species A. lavenia already reported tend to grow under the shade and humid localities in Java (Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965). That report has same condition with the ecology of two A. lavenia varieties in Australia which were found on the edge of creeks and swamps (Orchard, 2011). Besides, A. lavenia that 386 found at Leuser, Aceh, has similar location on high mountains (Tjitrosoedirdjo, 2002). That created a note that edge effect of the areas has potential concern to overpopulated this species.
Ayapana triplinervis, write as Eupatorium triplinerve in Flora of Java, comes from Brazil (Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965). This species spread to Java long time ago, but noted that rarely found in flowering phase. The expand and reproducing of the species often using rooting stem, wich seems not very effective for population growth. However, presence of A. triplinerve were not harmless. In Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, the species already occur and become threat at three others southern areas (Uji, 2002).
Several ways to control the introduced species have been done by local people intentionally or not. Tea plantation has regular rejuvenation pruning. Weeds around the tea plant included in that field clearance, so that several Asteraceae species would lost periodically. That is more or less useful, though that still too hard to control the weeds to spread across large open areas around the national park. It must be consider that alien plant species are usually introduced and grew by several ways on purpose or not (Pons, et al. 1987;Westaway, et al. 2018).
The other way to control the population may comes from medicine, food, and livestock collecting. Generally, almost Asteraceae species in Indonesia, especially Halimun, are usable. Several sundanese ethnics often use A. conyzoides, C. odorata, E. valerianifolia, and A. inulaefolium with another species within the family for medicinal and food resource purposes (Sihotang, 2011;Putri, et al., 2016;Malini, et al., 2017). Most species even often used for livestock fodder and insects invitee, include for honey bee Apis cerana (Kostermans, et al., 1987;Jasmi, 2017). Therefore, local people has important role to control the population of introduced species.
Elephantopus had been found in the field observation has no match from any record in Java. After following examination, the species identified match as E. Mollis. This species was already reported by Moody (1989) to occurs as a weed in South East Asia, but it was recorded from The Phillipines and without mentioning the Indonesia as the sources of the record. Later, record from several main islands are available, such as Sumatra (Tjitrosoedirdjo, 2002), Borneo (Indra, et al. 2014), Sulawesi (Syah, et al. 2014;Rugayah, et al. 2015), and Lesser Sunda Islands (Westaway, et al. 2018). Besides, E. Mollis has long distance dispersal in the tribal history to move across the ocean (Keeley, et al. 2007), so that E. mollis occurance in Java has strong reasons.
Distribution: Native to tropical America. Naturalized In Java at tea plantation Halimun-Salak (1049-1149 m asl) down to sub-district Nanggung, Bogor, and seen also in Cikole, subdistrict Lembang, Bandung Regency, below the shade of Pinus trees.
Ecology: from open areas such as tea plantation to shady condition below Pinus forest, up to 1100 m asl.

Phenology:
The species has been seen flowering in July 2018 at Cikole, Bandung Regency, West Java, then found flowering again in January 2019 at Citalahab, West Java. This phenology is different than related taxa E. Scaber that flowering only during the peak of drought season, from July to Oktober. Note: distinguished by having larger leaves on the erect stem (vs few and small E. scaber) and predominantly white colored on whole corolla part (vs purple or violet on limb E. scaber).