Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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Screening of Pulmonary Function and Hs-CRP as Biological Responses to Dust Exposure and Industrial Work Environment among Crusher Workers
The packaging industry plays an essential role in the economy, involving various activities such as material crushing. Without proper control measures, workers in this sector are at risk of developing health problems, particularly those affecting lung function. Employees in the crusher area are continuously exposed to dust and airborne pollutants generated during the crushing process, which may lead to long-term respiratory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aims to assess the lung function status of workers in the crusher area of a packaging industry and to analyze factors influencing respiratory health through basic pulmonary examinations and infection detection using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) tests. Lung function was evaluated using spirometry, and hs-CRP levels were measured from blood serum samples. The study involved 30 workers who worked approximately 40 hours per week. The results showed that 22 workers (73.3%) had normal lung function, while 8 workers (26.7%) experienced mild restriction. Meanwhile, hs-CRP examination revealed that 17 workers (56.7%) had elevated hs-CRP levels, and 13 workers (43.3%) were within the normal range.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfi Maulan, Abdul Rahim Tualeka, Aini Aini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immunotherapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases: A Literature Review
Liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are major global health problems associated with high morbidity and mortality. Both conditions share overlapping immunopathogenic mechanisms characterized by hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune activation. This review aims to summarize recent advances in identifying immunotherapeutic targets for ALD and NAFLD. Key immune pathways involved include activation of Kupffer cells, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), which promote hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. Emerging therapeutic strategies focus on inhibiting inflammasomes, modulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, targeting chemokine receptors (CCR2/CCR5), enhancing IL-22-mediated regeneration, and restoring gut-liver axis balance through probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation. Furthermore, agents acting on metabolic immune cross talk, such as PPAR and FXR agonists, have shown promising outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. Overall, immunotherapeutic approaches offer a promising avenue for mitigating liver inflammation and fibrosis. Continued exploration of these targets may lead to effective, individualized therapies for chronic liver disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Felya Evelina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: The Potential of Local Alternative Feeds for Sustainable Pig Farming in Tana Toraja
Pig farming in Tana Toraja, Indonesia, plays a crucial role in both food security and socio-cultural traditions. However, the rising cost of commercial feed poses a significant challenge for farmers, driving the need for affordable alternative feed sources. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of locally available alternative feed sources in Tana Toraja, focusing on cassava peels, banana stems, and sweet potato leaves, to provide a sustainable and affordable solution for pig farmers in the region. The study was conducted through a systematic analysis of scientific literature to assess the nutritional composition, benefits, and limitations of these alternative feeds. The results indicate that incorporating these local resources can enhance the nutritional profile of pig feed, leading to improved average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, their utilization can promote better gut health, which supports growth performance. Nevertheless, the use of these local feeds faces various challenges, including the presence of anti-nutritional factors, high crude fiber content, and low crude protein levels, which are crucial for pig growth. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of using appropriate processing methods, as well as supplementing enzymes and specific compounds to optimize the nutritional value of these local feeds. This review is essential as a comprehensive reference for pig farmers in Tana Toraja to utilize local alternative feeds to overcome high feed costs while supporting environmental sustainability by utilizing agricultural waste.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitha Febrilia Ruli, Besse Khalidatunnisa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Predatory Arthropods on Sweet Corn (Zea Mays L. Saccharata Sturt) in Telagawaru West Lombok
Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) is an important crop in Indonesia but remains vulnerable to pest attacks that lower its productivity. Excessive reliance on chemical pesticides raises environmental and resistance concerns. This study aims to explore the diversity of predatory insects as natural enemies of pests in sweet corn fields in Telagawaru Village, Labuapi Sub-district, West Lombok. The research was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025 in two cultivation sites. A descriptive method using field surveys and laboratory identification was applied. Observations were carried out using purposive sampling within five 5×5 m blocks per field, at five intervals between 30–50 days after planting. Pitfall and yellow pan traps were used for 24-hour sampling. Data were analyzed using Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and dominance index (D). Results revealed 1,234 predator individuals from five orders, 19 families, and 31 genera. H’ was 1.909 (moderate), E was 0.2327 (low), and D was 0.2129 (low). It can be concluded that sweet corn fields in the study area have moderate predator diversity with low dominance. Further long-term monitoring is recommended to support ecological pest control strategies by understanding predator dynamics across environmental and agricultural factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandrina Mayreva Utomo, Hery Haryanto, Aluh Nikmatullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetation Analysis and Tree Architecture Model at the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum
The Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum is a vegetation collection located in an area with arid and semi-arid climate characteristics. Understanding the vegetation composition and tree architecture model is important information for effective arboretum management and conservation planning in the East Nusa Tenggara region. This study aims to analyze the vegetation composition to determine the Importance Value Index (IVI) at various growth phases and to identify the dominant tree architecture models in the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum.Vegetation data collection was conducted using the line transect method, covering the seedling to tree phases. The data were analyzed using INP calculations, while tree architecture models were analyzed descriptively and exploratively based on tropical tree architecture references. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that dominant species such as Kirinyuh (Chromolaena adorata), Gewang (Corypha utan), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), and Jati Putih (Gmelina arborea) had the highest importance values in each growth phase, indicating high adaptability to dry land conditions. The most commonly found tree architecture model was the Troll Model (in 9 of 12 species), characterized by a broad and leafy canopy. The Attims and Rauh models were also found in several species with specific ecological functions. The dominance of adaptive species and the Troll Model indicate that the arboretum functions optimally as shade, windbreak, and erosion control, which are essential for ecological functions in drylands. This study provides important ecological baseline data for conservation management and sustainable green open space development in the semi-arid region of East Nusa Tenggara.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badia Roy Ricardo Nababan, Mitha Rabhiyatul Nufus, Darmawana Takoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria on Expired Cosmetics: A Literature Review
The use of cosmetics has become a daily necessity for modern society, both for men and women. However, cosmetic products that have passed their expiration date have the potential to become a medium for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, one of which is Enterococcus faecalis. This gram-positive bacterium is capable of forming biofilms on the surface of cosmetics, thereby increasing its resistance to the host's immune system and various antibiotics. Contamination of expired cosmetics with Enterococcus faecalis can cause mild symptoms such as skin irritation, acne, and itching, as well as severe complications like meningitis and septicemia. Additionally, the antibiotic resistance possessed by this bacterium exacerbates clinical risks and complicates treatment. Therefore, understanding the dangers of using expired cosmetics is crucial for raising public awareness. Prevention can be achieved by paying attention to product shelf life, maintaining applicator hygiene, and avoiding the use of cosmetics that have passed their expiration date.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasna Tazkia Aghni, Nadya Armelisa Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Salivary pH and Candida albicans Growth in Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus
Candida albicans is the most dominant Candida species found in the oral cavity, this fungus will turn into a pathogen if there is excessive growth on the oral mucosa which is usually called oral candidiasis. Elderly people with diabetes mellitus have a higher vulnerability due to a weakened immune system that supports the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms. Low pH conditions in saliva can facilitate the growth of Candida albicans fungi, thereby causing pathogenic microorganisms to multiply more rapidly. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between salivary acid pH and the growth of Candida albicans fungi in elderly people with diabetes mellitus. The study used an analytical observational design, the sample used in this study were 24 elderly patient respondents with diabetes mellitus. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between salivary acid pH and the growth of Candida albicans fungi in elderly people with diabetes mellitus, which indicates that salivary pH can affect fungal colonization in the oral cavity. Acidic salivary pH conditions have the potential to significantly increase the number of Candida albicans colonies, thereby increasing the risk of oral candidiasis in people with diabetes mellitus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alya Ernita Putri, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Lung Abscess: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
Lung abscess is a pulmonary condition characterized by a localized collection of pus within lung tissue, usually caused by bacterial infection. It often occurs as a complication of pneumonia, aspiration, or in individuals with weakened immune systems. This literature review aims to discuss the definition, etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of lung abscess to provide a better understanding of this disease and its optimal treatment approach. The review was conducted based on recent literature and clinical guidelines related to lung abscess, including national and international sources such as the Indonesian Society of Pulmonologists (PDPI), WHO reports, and recent journal publications. Lung abscess is primarily caused by anaerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The main clinical features include fever, productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is established through clinical examination, sputum analysis, and radiological imaging such as chest X-ray or CT scan. The main treatment involves antibiotic therapy, followed by drainage or surgical procedures if no improvement occurs. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic use, with mortality rates ranging from 10–20%. Early recognition and proper management of lung abscess are essential to prevent complications such as empyema or bronchopleural fistula. Rational antibiotic use and supportive care remain the cornerstone of therapy, while surgical intervention is reserved for refractory cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lalu Gde Gilang Alid Hadinata, Puja Rizkina Angelita, Nindy Citra Lativa, Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Etiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis
The Philadelphia chromosome is a hallmark of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a hematopoietic stem cell disease caused by the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) that creates the oncogenic fusion gene BCR-ABL1, which persistently activates tyrosine kinase and encourages unchecked myeloid cell proliferation. This literature review aims to describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CML based on recent studies. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and official institutional websites using the keywords “Chronic Myeloid Leukemia,” “Philadelphia chromosome,” and “BCR-ABL1.” CML accounts for approximately 15–20% of all leukemia cases and progresses through three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene constitutively activates multiple oncogenic pathways, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and RAS/RAF, leading to enhanced proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Diagnosis is established through hematologic examination and molecular testing using PCR or FISH for BCR-ABL1 detection. The mainstay treatments include tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, with stem cell transplantation reserved for advanced cases. With early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, overall survival exceeds 80% at eight years. In conclusion, CML is a chronic hematologic malignancy driven by BCR-ABL1, and advances in molecular-targeted therapy have transformed it into a manageable chronic disease with significantly improved patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Firdaus Kamma Patandianan, Mielosita Hasanah, Romy Healthy Mikaila, Ihza Namira Athalia, Lale Nubya Nitzana, Fathinah Salsabila Hairy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toxicity Test of Methanol Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves on Instar III Larvae (Bactrocera spp)
Azadirachtin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids are some of the secondary metabolites found in neem leaves. These compounds have natural insecticidal activity and function as antifeedants or repellents to effectively inhibit the growth and development of insect pests. This study investigates the effects of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) as a natural pesticide on the mortality of fruit fly larvae (Bactrocera spp.) found in starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). We conducted experiments using various concentrations of neem leaf extract: 0%, 4%, 9%, 14%, 17%, and 19%. The fruit fly larvae were treated with the extract for 6 hours, and the mortality rates were subsequently observed. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between increasing concentrations of neem extract and higher larval mortality rates. The highest concentration of 19% resulted in a mortality rate of 95%. One-Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the extract on larval mortality (p < 0.05). The Tukey HSD test revealed significant differences in mortality rates between concentrations of 9% and above when compared to the control and lower concentrations. The LC50 value was calculated at 15.263%, indicating that neem leaf extract is effective as a larvicide. Neem leaf extract contains secondary metabolites such as azadirachtin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, which likely induce larval death through morphological damage to the digestive organs and head. This study concludes that neem leaf extract is a promising botanical pesticide for controlling fruit fly pests in starfruit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sundus Sepia Almaheran, I Putu Artayasa, Syamsul Bahri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of the Physical Properties of Anti-Acne Cream Containing Methanol Extract of Ashitaba Herb (Angelica keiskei)
Ashitaba herb contains flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are known to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, ashitaba has the potential to be developed into anti-acne preparations, one of which is cream. Creams have various advantages, namely the ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds better, provide better moisture, and have emollient and occlusive properties by forming a protective layer on the skin and maintaining skin hydration longer. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical properties of methanol extract cream preparations of ashitaba herb. The research method used was laboratory experimental. Ashitaba herb was extracted using the sonication method with 80% methanol solvent to produce a solid extract. The ashitaba herb's methanol extract was combined to create a cream preparation, and its physical characteristics such as homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and cream type were assessed. The physical property testing revealed that the cream preparation had a unique scent, a thick consistency, and a green hue. This resulted in a homogenous oil-in-water (O/W) type cream preparation with a pH of 6.29, viscosity of 37.050 cp, spreadability of 5.23 cm, and adhesion of 4.59 seconds. Thus, it can be said that the production of the methanol extract of ashitaba herb cream satisfies the requirements and has good physical qualities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati, Dedianto Hidajat, Wahida Hajrin, Nisa Isneni Hanifa, Mahacita Andanalusia, Regina Tria Hidayati, Alpa Alfi Rizki, Prianggawe Prianggawe, Muhammad Rafi Bintang Ramadhan, Adila Rizkika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Candida albicans Colonies in Saliva of Elderly with and Without Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that not only affects systemic organs but also influences oral health by increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections such as oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. This condition is more pronounced among the elderly, whose immune functions naturally decline with age. This study aimed to compare the number of Candida albicans colonies in the saliva of elderly individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. An observational analytic study with a comparative cross-sectional design was conducted involving 32 elderly participants, consisting of 16 individuals with diabetes and 16 without. Saliva samples were collected using the passive drooling technique and cultured on CHROMagar-Candida medium for 48 hours at 37°C. The colony counts were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results showed that the elderly with diabetes mellitus had a significantly higher number of Candida albicans colonies compared to those without diabetes (p < 0.05). Diabetes mellitus increases the colonization of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of the elderly, likely due to hyperglycemia and age-related immune decline. Maintaining stable blood glucose levels and practicing good oral hygiene are essential preventive measures to reduce the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in this population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angabaya Dera Sumba Tanaya, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of pH and TDS Sensors in NFT Hydroponic Systems to Increase the Growth Quantity of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)
Pakcoy is a type of vegetable widely used as a staple food or as a complementary dish; however, its production in Indonesia tends to be unstable. This study aimed to improve the growth of pakcoy using an NFT hydroponic system equipped with IoT-based pH and TDS sensors. The research was conducted at Alfi Hydroponik Padang and the Biology Department Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, from June to September 2025, using a completely randomized design with 2 treatments, each consisting of 9 replications. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test in SPSS at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the use of sensors was significantly more effective than manual methods, with average plant height of 25.889 cm, 19.44 leaves, leaf area of 503.117 cm², fresh weight of 89.224 g, and dry weight of 48.474 g. These results indicate that the application of IoT-based pH and TDS sensors can enhance the growth of pakcoy in a hydroponic system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lastri Pertiwi, Resti Fevria, Vauzia Vauzia, Azwir Anhar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cerebral Palsy: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neuromotor disorder and the leading cause of motor disability in children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to examine the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cerebral palsy based on recent scientific literature. This article includes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA method and selected 15 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the systematic literature review were obtained risk factors for cerebral palsy include intrauterine infection, preeclampsia, premature birth, asphyxia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and hyperbilirubinemia. These risk factors can disrupt neurogenesis and brain maturation, leading to structural and functional damage to the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy include impaired muscle tone, abnormal reflexes, and postural deformities, classified as spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic, and assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The diagnosis of cerebral palsy is established through evaluation of the clinical history, neurological/motor examination, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. Cerebral palsy management aims to improve functionality, ability, and health in movement, cognition, social interaction, and independence. Non-pharmacological management focuses on physiotherapy and occupational therapy to improve motor skills, reduce spasticity, and support independence. The mainstay of pharmacotherapy in cerebral palsy management uses systemic medications that are symptom-based and directed at specific movement disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ida Ayu Andara Damayanti, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira, Syabila Andini, Hanum Retno Hanifah, I Made Danuarta Wiguna, Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari, Khansa Aulia Sabrina, Andi Husnul Khotimah, Shira Putri Wardana, Rifqi Rizqullah, Muhammad Haikal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of Acid-Tolerant Bacteria for Cellulose Production from Fruit Waste
Bacterial cellulose is a natural biomaterial synthesized by certain bacterial species by producing protofibril threads that bind together to form strands of cellulose fibers or membranes. Bacterial cellulose has been widely used in various industrial fields, including biomedical such as wound dressings, the textile industry as a raw material for clothing, and the food industry for the manufacture of nata de coco. To support this industrial application, it is necessary to characterization of bacterial cellulose to increase the efficiency and quality of the production process. Therefore, this study aims to characterize bacterial cellulose produced by acid-fast bacteria isolated from fruit waste. This research involved the isolation, purification and characterization of cellulose producing bacteria. The result showed that acid-tolerant bacteria that were successfully isolated were 23. Purification and screening of bacteria that have the potential to produce cellulose obtained 6 isolates, namely SB 6, SB 13, SB 19, SB 20, SB 21, and SB 23. Macroscopic observation found that all bacteria have a circular colony, entire colony edge, shiny colony surface, convex elevation shape, while the colony color is different, SB 6 is yellowish cream, SB 13, 19, 23 cream, SB 20 orangeish cream, and SB 21 white. Macroscopic identification found that all isolates have Gram-negative types, and red cell color, for SB 6 cell shape is round and SB 13, 19, 20, 21, 23 bacilli (rods). The results of biochemical tests of cellulose-producing acid-resistant bacteria are all positive in the catalase test, Simmons Citrate test and carbohydrate fermentation test. The Indole test and Voges Proskauer test obtained negative test results on all isolates. The starch hydrolysis test was only positive on SB 21. The gelatin hydrolysis test was positive on isolates SB 6, 20, 21, 23, negative on isolates SB 13 and SB 19. The motility test for SB 6, 13, 19, 21 was positive, for SB 23 it was negative. The Methyl Red test was positive on isolates SB 6, 19, 20, 23, negative on isolates SB 13 and SB 21.
Copyright (c) 2025 Auliyya Intan Mellaniy Arifin, Kristanti Indah Purwani, Endry Nugroho Prasetyo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Sumbawa Forest Honey (Apis dorsata) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BA1705
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterium often associated with antibiotic resistance, necessitating the investigation of natural antibacterial alternatives. Honey is recognized for its bioactive ingredients that possess antibacterial properties. This research sought to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Sumbawa forest honey (Apis dorsata) against K. pneumoniae ATCC BA1705 by inhibition zone test. A laboratory experiment was performed using the well diffusion technique. K. pneumoniae suspensions (McFarland 0.5) were injected onto Mueller Hinton Agar. Wells (Ø 6 mm) were filled with 100 µL of honey at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Tetracycline (1 µg/µL) acted as the positive control, while distilled water functioned as the negative control. Plates were incubated at 35±2°C for a duration of 18 to 24 hours. Inhibition zones were quantified using a caliper, and each experiment was conducted in sextuplicate. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. No inhibitory zones were found at 25% and 50% concentrations (0 mm). Antibacterial activity was seen at 75% concentration, yielding a mean diameter of 10.33±SD mm, and raised to 100% concentration, resulting in a mean diameter of 11.33±SD mm. Tetracycline generated a 26 mm inhibitory zone, while distilled water exhibited none (0 mm). The conclusion is Sumbawa forest honey exhibits concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, with moderate inhibition at concentrations ≥75%. Although less effective than tetracycline, these findings support the potential role of honey as a complementary antibacterial agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lania Pradiva Untari, Eustachius Hagni Wardoyo, Bayu Tirta Dirja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Stress Levels and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students in the 2024/2025 Academic Year at Universitas Advent Indonesia
Academic stress is one of the psychological factors often experienced by students during higher education. Task pressure, academic demands, and adaptation to the learning environment can affect students' emotional well-being and academic performance. This condition needs to be studied because uncontrolled stress can reduce motivation and concentration in learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress levels and the academic performance of undergraduate nursing students in the 2024/2025 academic year at Advent University Indonesia. This study used a quantitative method with a correlational analytical design and a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 77 students selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaire to measure stress levels, while academic performance data was obtained from the Grade Point Average (GPA). The results of the Pearson correlation test showed a significance value of 0.479 and a correlation coefficient of -0.082, which means that there is no significant relationship between stress levels and academic performance. Thus, it can be concluded that stress is not the only factor that affects student learning achievement, as other factors such as motivation, social support, and the academic environment also play a role. The conclusion is that there is no relationship between stress levels and student academic achievement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inesti Febrianti Gea, Debilly Yuan Boyoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Sago Population in Meranti Islands Based on Morphological Characteristics and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and matK Marker
Sago is an iconic agricultural commodity from the Meranti Islands region. Sago plantations cover 40,386 hectares. Diverse production yields and morphological differences in sago populations indicate high genetic diversity. This study aims to identify sago plants in the Meranti Islands and classify them based on similarities in morphological traits and DNA analysis. DNA analysis was carried out using SCoT and MatK markers. The research stages included sample collection, total DNA isolation, total DNA electrophoresis, total DNA amplification with SCoT and MatK primers, and data analysis. The results showed that based on morphological traits, sago populations in the Meranti Islands consist of three groups: BB, TB, and BJ. The dendrogram generated from the analysis of binary data SCoT using the UPGMA method and MatK analysis using BLAST in Genebank showed that these three groups are distinct and have different similarity coefficients. The BB group has a higher similarity coefficient with the BJ group compared to the TB group. There is no high genetic variation within these groups due to vegetative propagation of sago.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pradnya Paramita, Deviona Deviona, Herman Herman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Spontanoiusly Fermented Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Fruits on Lombok Island
The quality of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica, L) is not only influenced by the quality of the coffee beans, but also by the distinctive flavor that is the main attraction for coffee lovers. Various coffee post-harvest processing methods have been developed, including fermentation. The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that important in the spontaneous fermentation, cause it can be influenced by the geographical location of arabica coffee plants. Currently, information on the presence of LAB in arabica coffee on Lombok Island has not been available. Therefore, it is important to identify the LAB involved in the spontaneous fermentation of Arabica coffee. This study aims to identify the species of LAB in arabica coffee on Lombok Island by the spontaneous fermentation method. Characterization and identification of bacteria were carried out using phenotypic identification and profile matching methods, which include several observation parameters, colony morphology and cell morphology, physiological tests (bacterial growth at certain pH and temperature), and biochemical tests such as catalase test and carbon source usage. In this study, nine pure isolates that belong to the LAB group were successfully isolated. Based on the identification results, LAB belonged to the genus Lactobacillus. The isolates identified consisted of one isolate of Lactobacillus plantarum (IBK1), one isolate of Lactobacillus sakei (IBK3), and seven other isolates identified as Lactobacillus sp (IBK2, IBK4, IBK5, IBK6, IBK7, IBK8, IBK9). These findings can be the first step in the development of starter cultures for controlled fermentation in Arabica coffee.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aida Muspiah, Nurrijawati Nurrijawati, Nur Indah Julisaniah, Baiq Farista http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of Various Ethanol Solvent Concentrations Extract of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel often considered waste, contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from sweet orange peel on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii. This laboratory experimental study uses sweet orange peel extracted by maceration using 30%, 40%, and 50% ethanol as solvent. The highest average inhibition zones were observed at the 50% concentration for all bacteria: E. coli (7,683 mm), S. typhii (8,400 mm), and S. dysenteriae (7,250 mm). Statistical analysis confirmed that the extract concentration has a very significant effect (p = 0,000) on the inhibition zone, with higher concentrations yielding larger zones. A significant interaction was also found between the type of bacteria and time (p = 0,000). Ethanol extract of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel has moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii. Its effectiveness is concentration-dependent, with the 50% ethanol extract shows the strongest inhibition. This suggests that orange peel waste is a promising source of natural antibacterial compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabitha S. G. Purba, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Fermentation Using MA 11 and EM4 on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Straw
This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of using MA-11 and EM4 fermentation agents on the physical and chemical properties of rice straw silage. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications: P0 (without fermentation), P1 (fermented with 3% MA-11), and P2 (fermented with 3% EM4). Observed variables included physical characteristics (color, aroma, and texture) and chemical composition (dry matter, ash, and pH). The results showed that fermentation using MA-11 and EM4 improved both the physical and chemical quality of rice straw silage. Physically, the fermented treatments produced a fresher aroma, brownish-yellow color, and softer texture compared to the control. Chemically, dry matter content increased from 81.65% (P0) to 84.74% (P1) and 85.60% (P2). Ash content increased significantly (P<0.01), with the highest value found in MA-11 treatment (13.35%), while pH decreased significantly from 6.00 (P0) to 4.00 (P1) and 3.75 (P2). It can be concluded that fermentation of rice straw using MA-11 and EM4 enhances the physical and chemical characteristics of silage. The MA-11 treatment provided the highest ash content, while EM4 produced a softer texture and fresher aroma. Both inoculants are recommended as effective biotechnological treatments for improving the nutritional quality of rice straw as livestock feed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yogi Ardiyanto, Sri Sukaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Nanocurcumin Particle Sizes on the Inhibitory Potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Increasing antibiotic resistance against major pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are necessitates as alternative antimicrobials. Curcumin, known for its antibacterial properties, suffers from low bioavailability; thus, developing it into nanocurcumin using the stabilizer PVP is aims in enhancing its efficacy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nanocurcumin particle sizes (controlled by three PVP K30 concentrations: 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 g/mL) on its inhibitory potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The research is a true laboratory experimental design, synthesizing nanocurcumin via a Rotor Stator Homogenizer and assessing antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), with inhibition zone diameters are analyze using One-Way ANOVA. All tested samples exhibit weak inhibitory potential. The ANOVA revealed no significant effect against Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.377), but shows a significant effect against Escherichia coli (p = 0.042). These finding shows that particle size variations of nanocurcumin influence against Gram-negative bacteria, with the smallest average particle size (20.6 nm) obtained at 1.5 g/mL PVP K30. In conclusion, nanocurcumin size variations significantly affect the inhibition against Escherichia coli but not against Staphylococcus aureus, a differential effect attributed to the distinct cell wall structures of the two bacteria types. Future studies are recommended to explore optimization methods to improve nanocurcumin's efficacy, especially against Staphylococcus aureus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fiona Rosslyn Tnunay, Donn Richard Ricky, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Instagram Social Media Use and Mental Health of Adolescent Females at Rajawali Health Vocational School
Adolescents experience a number of social, emotional, and physical changes that can affect their mental health. Everyone, especially adolescents, can now easily access and use social media thanks to recent technological advances. One of the most widely used social networking sites among young people is Instagram. Concerns about the impact of social media use on their mental health have arisen as a result of this situation. This study aims to identify the level of Instagram social media use and the level of mental health of adolescent girls and analyze the relationship between Instagram social media use and their mental health. The method used was a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional associative design. The study sample used was 212 students. The results showed that the majority of female students at Rajawali Health Vocational School actively use Instagram social media, with usage levels ranging from moderate to high. This indicates that Instagram has become an important part of adolescent girls' social activities. Most female students have a high level of mental health, which reflects their ability to adapt to social environments and academic pressures. The level of Instagram social media use and mental health are positively and significantly correlated. Using Instagram wisely and moderately can improve psychological health by enhancing social skills and self-confidence. The conclusion is that the majority of students at Rajawali Health Vocational School have good mental health, and there is a positive and significant correlation between the use of Instagram social media and the mental health of adolescent girls.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kethryn Keflin Rike, Monalisa Sitompul http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Onggok Fermentation Duration Using Probio on Physical Quality and Dry Materials
Feed efficiency plays a crucial role in livestock production, as feed accounts for the largest portion of total production costs. One potential way to reduce feed expenses is by utilizing agricultural by-products such as onggok (cassava residue), which is abundantly available and affordable. However, onggok has limitations in its use as animal feed due to its low protein content, high crude fiber, and the presence of anti-nutritional compounds such as cyanogenic glycosides. Fermentation is an effective method to improve the nutritional quality and physical characteristics of onggok, making it more suitable as a feed ingredient. This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of Onggok fermentation using probio on dry matter content (DM), pH value, and physical quality. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment pattern was in accordance with the treatment, namely four treatments and each treatment was repeated three times. P0: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 0 days, P1: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 3 days, P2: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 6 days, P3: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 9 days. The variables observed were dry matter, pH value, aroma, color, and texture. The results showed that the average DM value was obtained by P0: 85.05%, P1: 82.14%, P2: 85.13%, and P3: 77.63%. The average pH value was P0: 5.3% P1: 4.6% P2: 5% P3: 3.6%. Descriptively, Onggok had a more sour aroma, the color changed to light brown, and the texture was softer than before fermentation. The study concluded that dry matter content, pH level, and changes in physical characteristics were all significantly influenced by the probio fermentation time of 0 to 9 days.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Sukaryani, Aldi Kurniawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Study of Colon in Loop Radiography Technique in Clinical Malignant Neoplasma in The Radiology Installation of ‘Aisyiyah Ponorogo Hospital
A colonoscopy in loop for malignant neoplasms in the Radiology Department of 'Aisyiyah Ponorogo General Hospital (RSU) is performed using an NGT tube and a Rieser sphygmomanometer balloon as aids, along with gradual contrast media injection without fluoroscopy. This procedure differs from the standard rectal tube with fluoroscopic monitoring. This study aims to determine the procedure for a colonoscopy in loop and analyze the rationale for using an NGT tube, a Rieser sphygmomanometer balloon, and a technique without fluoroscopy in the department. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies through observation, interviews, and documentation of three radiographers and one radiologist. Data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the examination procedure begins with patient preparation, including a low-fiber diet, consumption of soft foods, physical activity, and fasting before the examination. The contrast medium was administered in 200 cc increments at each stage, in the following order: lateral, AP, extended AP, oblique (LPO and RPO) projections, and then a post-evacuation AP image. The final stage consisted of a double-contrast image with 5–6 pumps of air. This technique is capable of producing clear radiological images to support the diagnosis, especially in malignant neoplasms. The study's conclusions confirm that the colon in loop examination at RSU 'Aisyiyah Ponorogo differs in the use of equipment and contrast medium compared to the general theory. This modification still produces optimal images for detecting colon abnormalities, including polyps and masses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Azizah, Ayu Mahanani, Widya Mufida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Blood Pressure in 7th Semester Students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia
A person's ability to wake up feeling refreshed and fit is influenced by the quality of their sleep. If a person does not have symptoms of sleep deprivation and does not experience difficulty sleeping, then their sleep needs are said to be met. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep patterns and blood pressure in seventh-semester students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia. The research method used a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlative design and sampling using total sampling. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis through the Spearman R correlation test. The results of the study showed that only 11 respondents (23.9%) had good sleep habits, while the majority of respondents (35, or 76.1%) had poor sleep patterns. Most respondents (45 people) had normal blood pressure, and only 1 person (2.2%) had hypertension. These results indicate that in general, students' blood pressure is still within normal limits, although risk factors such as stress and unhealthy lifestyles still need to be considered. The correlation coefficient of -0.084 and p-value of 0.581 (p>0.05) were determined by statistical tests using the Spearman's rho correlation test. The conclusion was that there was no significant correlation between the students' blood pressure and their sleep habits. Although the negative direction of the relationship suggests a tendency for poorer sleep patterns to lead to a slight increase in blood pressure, this relationship was very weak and not statistically significant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Hutajulu, Debilly Yuan Boyoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Mixture of Herbal Gel Formulation and Evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli for Wound Healing
Wounds are tissue disorders that require appropriate treatment to accelerate healing. Natural ingredients such as Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli leaves have the potential as alternative wound healing agents. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a gel preparation combining extracts of both plants for wound care. Extraction was carried out using 96% ethanol by maceration, followed by formulation with HPMC as a gelling agent at various extract concentrations. The gel was evaluated based on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The results showed that the gel exhibited good physical stability, a uniform texture, a comfortable pH on the skin (4.5–6.5), and a viscosity suitable for topical application. Phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins contribute to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, thereby accelerating wound healing. Therefore, the combined extract of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli has promising potential as a herbal gel formulation for wound healing. In conclusion, the combination of Jatropha curcas leaf extract and bone-breaking leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a natural active ingredient in a safe and environmentally friendly wound healing gel formulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Maulina Oktavia, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Knowledge Level and Professional Students' Attitudes Towards Occupational Health and Safety (K3) in The Operating Room
Occupational Health and Safety refers to a safe and healthy workplace situation for workers, the company, and the community and environment in the factory or worksite area. Injuries from accidents are the most frequently reported physical risks in the operating room. This study aims to determine the relationship between the knowledge and attitudes of professional students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia regarding (K3) in the operating room. The type of research used in this study is correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis was carried out using 2 methods, namely Univariate Analysis and Bivariate Analysis using Spearman Rho. The results of the study found that the level of knowledge of professional students regarding K3 in the operating room is still relatively low. Most respondents have knowledge in the category of less (91.8%) and have a less good attitude (55.1%), while only a small portion showed a good or very good attitude. Professional students' attitudes and understanding about K3 in the operating room are significantly correlated negatively. A substantial but negative link is found, as indicated by the Spearman Rank correlation test value of r = -0.640 with p = 0.000. This implies that a better attitude does not always follow from greater knowledge. The conclusion of the study shows that professional students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia do not yet have clear attitudes and knowledge about (K3) in the operating room.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fiyola Taebenu, Yunus Elon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Various Types of Ameliorants on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)
Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) is a fiber-producing plant with high economic value, widely utilized in traditional handicraft industries. However, declining land quality has reduced its productivity, necessitating soil improvement through ameliorant application to enhance its growth and product quality. This study aims to examine the effects of various ameliorant types on the growth, yield, and quality of mendong. The research employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments: no ameliorant (control/P0), goat manure (P1), dolomite (P2), and rice husk charcoal (P3). Each treatment was repeated six times, resulting in 16 experimental units with four plant samples per unit. Observed parameters included plant height, number of tillers, number of flowers, fresh and dry biomass, fresh and dry root weight, root length, and percentage of marketable clumps. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by LSD at a 5% significance level. The results showed that ameliorant application did not significantly affect plant height, number of flowers, fresh and dry biomass, root weight, nor root length. However, a significant effect was observed on the number of tillers at 5, 9, and 12 WAP, as well as on the percentage of marketable clumps. Goat manure (P1) generally produced the best performance in most parameters, particularly in product quality, with marketable clumps reaching 75%, higher than other treatments. These findings indicate that goat manure is the most effective ameliorant for improving mendong product quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Egi Agus Nur Hidayat, Adinda Putri Amanda, Arrin Rosmala http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Molecular Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Brain Infections
Brain infections are among the most severe neurological disorders, with high morbidity and mortality. Conventional diagnostic approaches often face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and time efficiency. Advances in molecular biotechnology have introduced molecular biomarkers as valuable tools for improving diagnostic and prognostic precision. This literature review, based on publications from 2015 to 2024 retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar, aims to explore the role of molecular biomarkers in brain infections. Pathogen based biomarkers such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), and multiplex assays enable rapid and specific pathogen detection, while host response biomarkers, including cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IP-10, as well as ferritin and lactate levels in cerebrospinal fluid, reflect neuroinflammatory processes. The integration of pathogen detection and host response biomarkers enhances diagnostic accuracy, facilitates individualized therapeutic strategies, and contributes to improved clinical outcomes in neuroinfectious diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adilah Nur Salsabila, Tisya Nasywa Ramdhini, Gede Naradhea Pramudiantara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immunobiology and Molecular Approaches to Myasthenic Crisis in the Context of Tropical Biology
Myasthenic crisis is a severe acute complication of myasthenia gravis (MG) characterized by respiratory and bulbar muscle insufficiency due to impaired neuromuscular transmission, with pathogenesis involving autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LPR4) that disrupt the integrity of the neuromuscular junction. This review aims to examine the immunobiological mechanisms of myasthenic crisis and explore the potential of modern biotechnological therapies and tropical bioactive compounds as adaptive treatment strategies for tropical populations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on genetic factors, tropical environmental influences, and advancements in molecular therapies. Genetic factors, including HLA class II and non-HLA genes, interact with tropical environmental conditions such as endemic infections, high temperature, extreme humidity, air pollution, and vitamin D deficiency, potentially exacerbating immune dysregulation and increasing crisis risk. Modern molecular therapies, including rituximab (anti-CD20), eculizumab (anti-C5), and efgartigimod (FcRn inhibitor), have demonstrated efficacy in reducing pathogenic autoantibodies and improving neuromuscular function, while tropical bioactive compounds such as curcumin and andrographolide show potential as adjuvant immunomodulators. Integrating biotechnological approaches with tropical bioprospecting provides a more adaptive and sustainable therapeutic strategy aligned with the biological characteristics of tropical populations. It is recommended that further clinical studies evaluate the safety, optimal dosing, and long-term efficacy of combined biotechnological and bioactive therapies in these populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih, Muhammad Rifki, Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus, Nindy Citra Latifa, Prima Belia Fathana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Ointment Containing Ageratum conyzoides L. Leaf Extract as a Herbal Medicine
Babadotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) are a plant that has long been used in traditional medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound healing properties. This study aims to formulate and evaluate ointment preparations containing babadotan leaf extract as a herbal medicine. This study used a descriptive method in the laboratory and described the tests obtained. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Formulation evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and viscosity. The results showed that formulations F1, F2, and F3 were yellowish green with a distinctive smell of babadotan leaves and were solid because they contained thick babadotan leaf extract. All ointment formulations had homogeneous properties, indicated by the absence of coarse grains in the ointment. The spreadability of formulas F2 and F3 met the criteria, while F1's spreadability was slightly below the lower limit. All three formulas had higher adhesiveness than the standard. The pH values of F2 and F3 were within normal limits and safe to use, while F1 was slightly more alkaline but still acceptable for topical use. All formulas were within the appropriate range for ointments, namely 2,000–50,000 cp. In conclusion, the ointment formulation based on babadotan leaf extract has the potential to be an effective herbal remedy and can be further developed in the pharmaceutical field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Senfia Liberti Mailani, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Flower Ethanol Extract as an Anti-Bacterial for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Urinary Tract Infection Patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the two bacteria that produce one of the most prevalent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rising resistance to antibiotics in these bacteria has led to the need for alternative treatments. Using natural materials, such as torch ginger flowers (Etlingera elatior), which are known to possess potent antibacterial chemicals, is one such option. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of torch ginger flower against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to compare its performance with ciprofloxacin as a standard control. The study was designed using a cross-sectional experimental method. The disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar was used to assess the extract's antibacterial activity after it was made by macerating it with 70% ethanol. With an average inhibition zone of 7.8 mm against Escherichia coli and 8 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a 100% concentration, the findings demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Etlingera elatior's ethanol extract. These inhibition zones, however, were much smaller than those of ciprofloxacin, which had respective measurements of 10 mm and 34 mm. Significant differences between the extract concentrations were found by statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ethanol extract of torch ginger flower shows potential antibacterial activity against UTI-causing bacteria, although its effectiveness is not yet comparable to ciprofloxacin. Further research is needed to improve extraction methods and develop more effective formulations to enhance its antibacterial properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angelique Fadhilah Zahra, Yusianti Silviani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethanol Extract Concentrations of Anredera cordifolia, Aloe vera and Centella asiatica L. Leaves as Staphylococcus aureus Growth Inhibitor
Excessive oil production, irritation, and bacterial infections, especially those produced by Staphylococcus aureus, are the main causes of acne, a common skin condition. The antibacterial qualities of a variety of therapeutic plants have long been utilized. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of ethanol extracts of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia), Aloe vera (Aloe vera), and Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) leaves against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research was a true experimental study using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The ethanol concentrations used for extraction were 30%, 40%, and 50%, with meropenem as a comparison. The inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. The results showed that all extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones increasing along with higher extract concentrations. The highest mean inhibition zone was observed in Pegagan (8.9 mm), followed by Binahong (8.783 mm) and Aloe vera (8.26 mm). Statistical analysis showed that concentration (p = 0.005), day (p = 0.038), interaction between plant*day (p = 0.011), and plant*concentration*day (p = 0.001) have a significant effect on the inhibition zone diameter (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, plant (p = 0.244), interaction between plant*concentration (p = 0.380), and interaction between concentration*day (p = 0.342) show no significant differences in the inhibition zone diameter (p > 0.05). The conclusion is that there are differences in the inhibitory power of binahong, aloe vera, and pegagan plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria used with 70% ethanol solvent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joldi Yosua Kore, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: The Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Stress
Academic procrastination and academic stress represent two interrelated issues frequently encountered by university students and have been shown to adversely affect academic performance as well as psychological well-being. This literature review synthesizes current evidence regarding the conceptualization, contributing factors, and consequences of academic procrastination, while also examining the mechanisms through which academic stress influences procrastinatory behavior. Internal factors such as limited motivation, inadequate time-management abilities, insufficient understanding of academic tasks, and psychological and physical fatigue were identified as key determinants of procrastination. External factors, including heavy academic workloads, unclear instructions, peer influence, and inconsistent assignment deadlines, further intensify procrastinatory tendencies. Academic stress, defined as the condition in which academic demands exceed an individual's adaptive capacity, is associated with anxiety, sleep disturbances, changes in nutritional patterns, reduced concentration, and other physiological or emotional consequences. Evidence from multiple empirical studies indicates a positive and reciprocal association between academic procrastination and academic stress, suggesting that elevated stress levels increase procrastination, while procrastination, in turn, heightens stress. This reinforcing cycle underscores the need for targeted interventions. Recommended strategies include segmenting complex tasks into smaller components, reducing feelings of overload, managing perfectionistic tendencies, monitoring daily behavioral patterns, and employing self-reward systems. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between academic stress and procrastination is essential for developing effective academic and psychological support strategies for students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Haikal, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono, Anis Aura Azzahra, Naufal Revaldy Fauzan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus In Vitro
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most widely farmed shrimp species; however, its cultivation is frequently threatened by vibriosis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. To date, the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae as natural antimicrobial agents has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BSF larval AMPs against V. parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of vibriosis in L. vannamei. Data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach. The results showed that BSF larval AMPs contained protein levels ranging from 5.2–12.03% in the first trial and 9.19–10.82% in the second trial, while the water content varied between 4.77% and 77.89%. In vitro testing demonstrated that BSF larval AMPs inhibited V. parahaemolyticus growth with a 9 mm inhibition zone in all treatments. Further in vivo studies and optimization are necessary to develop BSF larval AMPs as sustainable, eco-friendly antimicrobial agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riskia Khanifa, Aida Himmatul Ulya, Ahmad Edi Darmawan, Anis H. Mahsunah, Wahyu Aji Mahardhika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cell-Free Therapeutic Mechanisms of AD-MSC Secretome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Literature Review
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a globally increasing prevalence, while conventional therapies often fail to halt disease progression. The secretome derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) holds great potential as a cell-free therapy strategy, as it contains various bioactive molecules, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles that regulate glucose metabolism and modulate immune responses. This review discusses the molecular components of AD-MSC secretome, its mechanisms in enhancing insulin sensitivity and protecting pancreatic β-cells, as well as the challenges in its clinical application. Based on literature from 2018–2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, AD-MSC secretome has been shown to enhance IRS-1 phosphorylation, activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, and promote GLUT4 translocation while suppressing chronic inflammation. Growth factors (HGF, IGF-1, VEGF) and microRNAs (miR-126, miR-21, miR-146a) contribute to β-cell regeneration. Donor variability, culture conditions, and isolation methods affect secretome quality, which can be optimized through preconditioning or genetic modification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Rahma Padilla, Marlina, Djong Hon Tjong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diverticulitis is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal wall that often occurs in the elderly and is commonly located in the sigmoid colon. Risk factors for diverticulitis include a low-fiber diet, obesity and smoking, while physical activity and a healthy diet can lower the risk. Treatment of diverticulitis includes the use of selective antibiotics, especially in patients with complications or high risk, and surgical intervention may be required in complicated cases. The prognosis of the disease depends on age, severity, and the presence of complications, with a significant risk of recurrence in some patients. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, management, complications, prognosis, and prevention of diverticulitis. This literature review was conducted using a literature study method, with data sources obtained from online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Husnul Khotimah, Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus, Muhammad Haikal, Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari, Alisha Chaerani Zubaedi, Hanum Retno Hanifah, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira, Nurhidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Physical Stability of Ointment Preparation Ethanol Extract of Piper betle L
Betel leaves are commonly used to treat mouth ulcers, eliminate body odor, itching, burns, and vaginal discharge. Inflammation is the body's natural protective response to tissue damage caused by physical trauma, exposure to harmful chemicals, or microbial infection. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of ointment preparations containing ethanol extract of Piper betle L. Three types of ointment bases hydrocarbon, absorption, and water-soluble were developed using 8.67 g of Piper betle extract. The formulations were assessed for organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity. The extraction process yielded 26.92 g of thick extract (13.5%), with active compounds such as essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins known for their anti-inflammatory properties. Evaluation results showed that all formulations had a semi-solid consistency, homogeneous texture, and stable color and odor. The pH of all samples was 5, within the safe range for topical use. The water-soluble base exhibited the highest adhesion (6.46 seconds) and spreadability (6.53 cm), while the absorption base exhibited the highest viscosity (8,604 mPa·s). These results indicate that all ointment formulations met the required physical standards and were stable during storage. The ethanol extract of Piper betle L. can therefore be developed as a safe and effective herbal topical anti-inflammatory preparation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ribka Mutiara Taryono, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0