Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. toto Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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The Potential Application of IoT and Multispectral UAV Soil Sensor Technology in Sorgum (Sorgum bicolor L. Moench) Cultivation in Dry Land in Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a drought-tolerant crop with significant potential for dryland cultivation in Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia. This study reviews the potential application of Internet of Things (IoT) and multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies for precision sorghum cultivation in dryland ecosystems. A qualitative descriptive literature review was conducted, synthesizing 13 peer-reviewed studies on IoT sensor networks, UAV-based remote sensing, machine learning algorithms, and their integration in precision agriculture. The results indicate that IoT soil sensors can continuously monitor soil moisture, temperature, pH, and nutrient levels in Vertisol soils, while multispectral UAVs capture vegetation indices (NDVI, NDRE, CWSI) for biomass estimation, drought stress assessment, and yield prediction. The integration of both technologies, combined with machine learning approaches including ensemble learning and transfer learning, produces comprehensive crop health maps and site-specific management recommendations. The dryland characteristics of Pujut District, with Vertisol soils (pH 6.5–8.4) and limited water availability, are highly suitable for sorghum cultivation and would benefit substantially from precision agriculture interventions. A five-stage implementation framework is proposed, encompassing baseline survey, monitoring, analytics, precision management, and evaluation. Despite challenges including initial investment costs and technical capacity requirements, the long-term benefits of improved productivity and resource efficiency make IoT-UAV integration a viable strategy for sustainable dryland sorghum farming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ardi Yoga Pramesthi Ardi, Auliya Safitri, Misbahuddin Misbahuddin, Muhammad Husni Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnomedical Study of Skin Diseases (Smallpox, Measles, and Hives) in North Pringgajurang Village, District of East Lombok
In West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), infectious and allergic skin diseases occupy a significant role in the regional morbidity profile, with a relatively high number of cases. Treatment of skin diseases generally uses synthetic drugs such as antibiotics, antifungals, corticosteroids, and antihistamines. In addition to synthetic drug therapy, traditional medicine using medicinal plants can be used. Ethnomedicinal studies on skin disease treatment in East Lombok have never been conducted. People in North Pringgajurang Village, Montong Gading District, East Lombok Regency still believe in alternative medicine and use medicinal plants as traditional remedies. This study aims to determine the composition of ingredients, preparation and use methods, and the importance of certain plants for treating skin diseases by the belian in North Pringgajurang Village, Montong Gading District, East Lombok Regency. Informants were selected using the discriminatory snowball sampling method. Qualitative analysis was conducted through semi-structured interviews and quantitative analysis using the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) for each plant species. Based on interviews with 5 informants, 12 species from 11 plant families were used to make herbal remedies for skin diseases. The herbal remedies were prepared by pounding, grinding, grating, chewing, and cutting and slicing thinly. There are 5 ways to use the herbal remedies for skin diseases: rubbing, applying, spraying, drinking, and dousing. The highest ICS score, 33, was obtained for the galangal plant (Kaempferia galanga).
Copyright (c) 2026 Winiayu Devhi Prasasthi, Baiq Citra Azzahra Qotrunnada, Anisa Sasvania, Jasmine Zaskia Kaori, Wiwin Azariani, Neneng Rachmalia Izzatul Mukhlishah, Nisa Isneni Hanifa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria in Goats in Pematang Gajah, Jambi
Limited knowledge among smallholder goat farmers regarding appropriate antibiotic use may contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in livestock-associated bacteria. This study aimed to identify bacterial isolates and evaluate antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria obtained from fecal and nasal mucosal swabs of goats in Pematang Gajah. Samples were collected from nine goats with three repeated examinations. Bacterial identification was performed using Gram staining followed by standard biochemical tests. The results showed that 8 of 9 isolates (≈90%) from fecal swabs exhibited biochemical characteristics consistent with Escherichia coli, including Indole (+), MR (+), VP (−), Citrate (−), TSIA A/A with gas production, positive motility, and metallic green sheen on EMB agar. A total of 7 of 9 isolates (≈76%) from nasal mucosal swabs demonstrated typical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, namely Gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, mannitol fermentation positive, and β-hemolysis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing conducted on one isolate of E. coli and one isolate of S. aureus with three replications revealed the highest inhibition zones in E. coli against enrofloxacin (23.33 ± 0.58 mm) and gentamicin (21.33 ± 0.58 mm), categorized as sensitive, while high resistance was observed against tylosin (8.33 ± 0.58 mm) and penicillin–streptomycin (9.33 ± 0.58 mm). Staphylococcus aureus isolates showed high sensitivity to enrofloxacin (24.33 ± 0.58 mm), tylosin and gentamicin (22.33 ± 0.58 mm), but resistance to penicillin–streptomycin and ampicillin. These findings indicate variability in antimicrobial susceptibility among goat-associated bacteria and highlight the importance of susceptibility-based antibiotic selection to reduce antimicrobial resistance risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedi Damhuri, Yatno Yatno, Asri Rizky, Jessica Anggun Safitri, Ahmad Syarifuddin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) in Insulin Production as Diabetes Mellitus Therapy: Systematic Literature Review
Diabetes mellitus is known as a chronic metabolic disease characterized by impaired insulin production or function, resulting in prolonged hyperglycemia. The availability of safe, effective, and affordable insulin is crucial in managing this disease. Advances in biotechnology through the application of recombinant DNA technology (RDT) have enabled the mass production of human insulin with high purity. This literature review aims to analyze the application of recombinant DNA technology in insulin production and evaluate its contribution as a diabetes mellitus therapy. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of various scientific articles and relevant academic sources discussing genetic engineering processes, microorganism expression systems, and the effectiveness of recombinant insulin through the Scopus database. The results of the study indicate that the technique of inserting the human insulin gene into a plasmid vector and expressing it through microorganisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast allows the production of insulin that is structurally identical to natural human insulin. This technology improves therapeutic safety, reduces the risk of immunological reactions compared to animal-based insulin, and supports the availability of industrial-scale production. The application of recombinant DNA technology plays a significant role in the development of more effective, safe, and sustainable diabetes mellitus therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marwadani Tajusman, Amelia Putri, Yusmina Hala http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Waterbirds in the Mangrove Area of Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh
The diversity of bird species illustrates the range of species present across ecosystems, which is characterized by variations in morphology, behavior, ecological roles, and their adaptability to environmental conditions. In mangrove ecosystems, birds function as important biological components that contribute to maintaining ecological balance and overall system stability. This research was conducted to determine the diversity level and composition of water bird species in the mangrove area of Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh, in order to provide scientific information for conservation planning and sustainable ecosystem management. The study applied an exploratory survey method by carrying out direct observations at selected sampling points based on purposive sampling considerations. Fieldwork was conducted in December 2025 within the mangrove ecosystem of Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh. The collected data on water bird diversity were processed and analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index formula. The observation results recorded a total of 291 individual water birds, consisting of 10 species grouped into 5 families. The calculated diversity index value (H' = 2.010429) indicates a moderate diversity category. These findings demonstrate that the mangrove ecosystem in Syiah Kuala District still has the capacity to support biodiversity. Therefore, proper management and continuous conservation efforts are necessary to ensure the sustainability of this ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Zidan Al Ghifari, Rizky Ahadi, Samsul Kamal, Elita Agustina, Riri Rahmadani Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Drug use Profile in Outpatients at A Private Hospital in Bandar Lampung City
Diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting metabolic condition marked by high blood sugar levels resulting from insufficient insulin production. This study aims to evaluate the profile of antidiabetic drug use in outpatients with diabetes mellitus at a private hospital in Bandar Lampung and assess its compliance with current treatment guidelines. This study employed a non-experimental method with a retrospective descriptive design based on medical records and outpatient prescriptions from January to July 2025. The data analyzed included gender, age, comorbidities, and the types of antidiabetic drugs used. The results showed that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were more prevalent in women (60.78%) than in men (39.22%), with the largest group of diabetes mellitus patients falling within the 45–60 age group. Most patients also had comorbidities, with hypertension being the most common. The pattern of medication use showed that biguanides, particularly metformin, were the most commonly prescribed drugs as first-line therapy. In general, the use of antidiabetic drugs in outpatients at the hospital was in accordance with the PERKENI treatment guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frenca Elsa Sitanala, Louis Madalena, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Hatching Rate in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Through Aquatic Plant Substrate Combinations
Fisheries are an important sector in providing animal protein sources and supporting national food security. The success of fish reproduction is a crucial factor that determines the continuity of production and the sustainability of cultivation businesses. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish that is often used in biomedical research and reproductive biology due to its fast reproductive cycle, embryo transparency, and ease of maintenance process. The study was conducted for 45 days at Andar Farm Lingsar. The method used was an experimental Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications, resulting in 18 experimental units. The treatments tested were a combination of various types of aquatic plants. The parameters measured included fecundity growth, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and gonadosomatic index. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA. If there were significant differences, Duncan's further test was used to identify significantly different treatments. The results showed that in the fecundity parameter, the Water hyacinth + cabomba substrate type produced the highest fecundity (117.6 ± 13.0 grains). In terms of Fertilization Rate (FR) and Hatching Rate (HR), the water hyacinth substrate produced the highest FR (79.96%), and HR (62.47%). Meanwhile, the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) parameter also produced the highest results in the combination of water hyacinth + cabomba (20.4%). Water quality obtained during the study was within the optimal range with a temperature of 25-26 oC, Ph 7, and 6 mg/L.
Copyright (c) 2026 Galih Faadihillah, Rangga Idris Affandi, Muhammad Junaidi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Stock Estimation in Tanjung Plants (Mimusops elengi L.) in the Campus Forest of Surabaya State University
Forests have a role in the global carbon cycle by absorbing and storing carbon in the environment. One of the plants in the campus forest of Surabaya State University that can absorb carbon and store it in the form of biomass is the tanjung plant (Mimusops elengi L.). This study aims to estimate the carbon stock stored in tanjung plants (Mimusops elengi L.) in the campus forest of Surabaya State University which was carried out from September to December 2024. The research method uses a non-destructive method. The parameters measured in this study include stem diameter, circumference, height, chlorophyll content, leaf surface area and environmental parameters that support the growth of Mimusops elengi. The data collection technique was carried out by purposive sampling, at three stations with a total of 50 individuals. Statistical analysis of the data used the Pearson correlation test. Mimusops elengi was able to absorb carbon respectively by 106.03 kg; 43.96 kg and 31.89 kg. Having a biomass respectively, namely 225.08 kg/tree; 91.01 kg/tree and 67.87 kg/tree. The absorption values were 389.14 tons C/ha; 161.34 tons C/ha and 117.0 tons C/ha, respectively. The results of statistical tests on height, circumference and diameter had a positive correlation with carbon stock. Meanwhile, chlorophyll content and leaf surface area were negatively correlated with carbon stock. These results indicate that tanjung plants have significant potential in absorbing carbon in the campus forest of Surabaya State University, thus playing a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniyah Fathinur Rohmah, Fida Rachmadiarti, Herlina Fitrihidajati, Betty Andriani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Length-Weight Relationship of Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei) Landed at Kendari Ocean Fishing Port
Bullet tuna (A. rochei) is a species of pelagic fish that holds significant economic importance and serves as a source of livelihood for fisherman. The purpose of this study was to determine length-weight relationship of bullet tuna (A. rochei) landed at Kendari Ocean Fishing Port. Sampling of bullet tuna (A. rochei) using random sampling method. The analysis used in this study is linear regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that 600 rochei tuna (A. rochei) caught ranged in length from 152 to 265 mm and weighed between 70 and 285 grams. The length and weight of bluefin tuna (A. rochei) were strongly correlated (r = 0.68) with a negative allometric growth pattern (b = 2.0175). These results suggest that the rate of length growth is more dominant than the rate of weight gain in fish. The growth patterns obtained from the results of the length-weight relationship research are crucial for sustainable fisheries management, such as regulating the selectivity of fishing gear.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raut Wahyuning Paluphi, Raut Nugrahening Widhi, Muh. Aksa Azis, Disnawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Fermentation of Palm Kernel Meal by a Bacterial and Yeast Consortium on Nutritional Quality
Palm kernel meal is a potential alternative feed ingredient due to its abundant availability; however, its utilization in poultry diets is limited by suboptimal nutritional quality. One strategy to improve its nutritional value is fermentation using microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of palm kernel meal fermentation by a bacterial and yeast consortium on its nutritional quality. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replication: a (unfermented palm kernel meal), B (fermentation with Bacillus subtilis), C (fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and D (combined fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The observed parameters included moisture content, metabolizable energy, organic matter, and inorganic matter. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that fermentation using the bacterial and yeast consortium significantly affected (P<0.05) moisture content and metabolizable energy, but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on organic and inorganic matter. The combined treatment produced the best values, with a moisture content of 12.25%, a metabolizable energy of 3139.52 kcal/kg, an organic matter of 95.57%, and an inorganic matter of 4.43%. This study concludes that the fermentation of palm kernel meal using a consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisia is the most effective treatment for improving nutritional quality, particularly by increasing metabolic energy without reducing the content of organic and inorganic compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajri Maulana, Satri Yusasra Agasi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Peranakan Etawa Goats
Diseases in goats reduce productivity and may cause reproductive disorders and zoonotic risks. Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella spp., is an important livestock disease that can infect ruminants and poultry and contaminate animal products, affecting animal and human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and the prevalence of Salmonella in Peranakan Etawa (PE) goats and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. Fecal samples were collected from 20 Peranakan Etawa goats and examined for the presence of Salmonella. Data on Salmonella cases and inhibition zone diameters (mm) obtained from antibiotic susceptibility testing were analyzed descriptively. The goats were managed under a semi-intensive system. They were fed odot grass supplemented with concentrate and silage additives, provided with well water as a drinking source, with feed troughs cleaned once daily and manure removed weekly. No anthelmintic treatment had been administered during the previous eight months. The results indicated that Salmonella infection was detected in 5% of the PE goats. The isolates showed the highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (25 mm inhibition zone), followed by chloramphenicol (8 mm) and tetracycline (7.33 mm), while resistance was observed against ampicillin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anwar Rosyidi, Muhammad Ali, Made Sriasih, Sulaiman N. Depamede, Wayan Wariata, Muhammad Deni Yusuf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Research Trends in Caffeine Biosynthesis of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora)
Research on caffeine biosynthesis in Coffea canephora has expanded across multiple disciplines, yet its global genetic research trends remain insufficiently mapped. This study aimed to analyze the development and thematic structure of genetic research on caffeine biosynthesis in C. canephora using a bibliometric approach. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database through keyword-based sampling and filtered based on relevance to genetic and biosynthetic aspects. Bibliometric analyses were conducted to examine publication trends, authorship patterns, country contributions, and keyword co-occurrence networks. The results show a significant increase in publications since the early 2000s, with dominant contributions from the United States, Brazil, and China. Keyword mapping reveals four major research clusters, including plant metabolism, clinical and nutritional studies, experimental models, and genetic variability. However, studies explicitly focusing on the genetic regulation of caffeine biosynthesis, particularly involving N-methyltransferase genes, remain relatively limited compared to broader multidisciplinary themes. These findings indicate that caffeine research in C. canephora is highly interdisciplinary but still lacks a strong emphasis on genetic mechanisms, highlighting the need for more targeted molecular and genomic studies to support coffee improvement and functional trait development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nindy Permatasari, Sismita Sari, Sri Nurmayanti, Lu'lu' Kholidah Fauziah, Resti Puspa Kartika Sari, Maisuri Hardani, Siti Hamidatul Aliyah, Priyambodo Priyambodo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Light Wavelength on the Growth Performance and Protein Content of Arthrospira platensis
Microalgae play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers and have significant potential as a sustainable source of protein. One of the microalgae with high economic value is Arthrospira platensis, which is rich in bioactive compounds and protein content. Light is a key factor influencing microalgae growth, particularly its wavelength and spectrum, which can affect biomass production and biochemical composition. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different LED light wavelengths (red, blue, and a combination of red–blue) on the growth performance and protein content of Arthrospira platensis. The experiment was conducted in January 2026 using a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications. The microalgae were cultivated in Walne medium under controlled conditions with continuous aeration for 14 days. Growth was monitored daily, and protein content was analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 280 nm and 260 nm. The results indicated that different light wavelengths significantly influenced the growth and protein content of Arthrospira platensis. The combination of red–blue light showed better performance compared to single wavelengths in enhancing biomass production and protein content. In conclusion, the use of combined LED light spectra can optimize the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis and improve its potential as an alternative protein source
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Sabatin Siama, Marvel Reuben Suwitono, Doli Situmeang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Footprint Optimization in The Palm Oil Industry
This optimization can be done through the application of carbon accounting methods, the use of renewable energy, efficient waste management, and low-emission technology innovation. This study aims to analyze the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and formulate a carbon footprint optimization model in the palm oil industry at PT X. The method used is a descriptive quantitative approach with optimization simulation based on methane capture on liquid waste (POME). The results show that POME is the largest emission contributor (45%), followed by fertilizer (30%), fuel (20%), and electricity (5%). The application of methane capture technology can reduce emissions from 16,400 tons of CO₂e/year to 3,280 tons of CO₂e/year or by 80%. Cost analysis shows a carbon cost of IDR 305,000 per ton of CO₂e and can be reduced to IDR 155,000 per ton of CO₂e with the presence of carbon credits. These results indicate that methane capture is an effective and efficient optimization strategy in reducing carbon emissions in the palm oil industry. In conclusion, the largest source of carbon emissions at PT X comes from POME liquid waste, making it a top priority in the mitigation strategy. The implementation of methane capture has proven effective in reducing emissions by 80%, or 13,120 tons of CO₂e per year.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wike Pratiwi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of Aedes sp Mosquito Population Density Based on Ovitrap Index in Babadan Hamlet Sukoharjo
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a public health concern in endemic areas, where vector density determines transmission risk. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to determine the population density of Aedes sp.. mosquitoes based on the Ovitrap Index (OI) in Babadan Hamlet, Sukoharjo Regency. A total of 40 ovitraps were installed indoors for seven days and examined microscopically for egg detection. Larvae were morphologically identified, and adult mosquitoes were collected using the sweeping method for genus identification. The results showed that 2 ovitraps were positive for Aedes eggs, resulting in an OI of 5% (low density category). Larvae were detected in 25% of ovitraps. Adult mosquito identification revealed Aedes aegypti (100%) as the only species found, while Aedes albopictus was not detected. In conclusion, although the OI indicates low vector density, the presence of larvae and adult Aedes aegypti suggests a continued risk of DHF transmission. These findings emphasize the need for sustained vector surveillance and community-based control strategies to prevent dengue outbreaks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kristina Army, Fina Laila Rahma, Revana Putri Santoso, Dwi Haryatmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biocontrol of Beauveria bassiana Against Leptocorisa acuta in Rice (Oryza sativa)
The rice bug (Leptocorisa acuta) is a major pest during the grain filling stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.), causing significant yield losses. The use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana offers an environmentally friendly alternative for pest control. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of B. bassiana against rice bug under screen house conditions. The experiment was conducted by applying a suspension of B. bassiana (100 g formulation per liter of water) through direct spraying on rice plants infested with 11 adult rice bugs. Observations were conducted for seven days after application. Results showed that mortality began on the third day after treatment and reached 45.45% by the sixth day. Infected insects exhibited reduced movement, decreased feeding activity, body discoloration, and external white mycelial growth. Laboratory confirmation showed typical morphological characteristics of B. bassiana. These results indicate that B. bassiana has potential as a biological control agent against rice bug, although further studies with larger sample sizes and statistical analysis are required to optimize its field application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gen Adi Wisanggeni, Febry Nurhidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Expansion of Palm Oil Plantation and the Crisis of Orangutan Habitat in Indonesia: A Literature Review
Indonesia is the country with the best biodiversity in the world, as measured by its terrestrial and marine biodiversity. However, at the same time, there is additionally a significant decline in biodiversity. One species experiencing population decline is the orangutan, because of the growth of oil palm plantations that convert natural forests, resulting in the loss and fragmentation of orangutan habitats. This paper aims to analyze the effect of oil palm plantation expansion at the orangutan habitat crisis in Indonesia. This paper uses a literature review method with a descriptive-qualitative approach, drawing on scientific journals, conservation organization reports, and official government documents. Data are analyzed descriptively and analytically to study the relationship between oil palm plantation growth and orangutan habitat. The outcomes of the study indicate that orangutans are noticeably depending on the complexity of natural forests for nesting and foraging. Forest conversion to homogeneous monoculture oil palm plantations reduces habitat and food sources and increases conflict between humans and orangutans. This has caused a decline within the orangutan population, resulting in its categorization as a critically endangered species. The weak implementation of oil palm plantation management and orangutan conservation policies further exacerbates the crisis of the orangutan habitat. Therefore, efforts to strengthen integrated palm oil plantation governance and orangutan conservation based on ecosystem restoration are crucial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carissa Altaf, Suranto Suranto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of Fern Spores in the Treehouse Ecotourism Area of Waai Village, Central Maluku
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are vascular plants possessing true roots, stems, and leaves, and they reproduce by spores, whose morphological characteristics constitute critical diagnostic features for taxonomic identification. The Treehouse Ecotourism Area of Waai Village harbors significant fern diversity that is increasingly threatened, rendering spore characterization an essential approach for conservation, species identification, and the advancement of scientific research as well as ecotourism development. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of fern spores found in the Tree houses ecotourism area, Waai Village, Central Maluku, as a contribution to conservation efforts, ecotourism education, and the enrichment of fern micromorphological references in Maluku. The research was conducted using an exploratory survey method along an approximately 20-km trail from the entrance gate to the tourism site. Fern leaf samples were collected to observe soral and spore structures using whole-mount preparations, followed by acetolysis, washing, staining, and mounting procedures. Characterization was carried out microscopically, focusing on sorus form, position, and color, as well as spore morphology, including grain shape and aperture type. The results revealed nine spore-bearing fern species: Pteris vittata, Cyclosorus interruptus, Pteridium aquilinum, Blechnopsis orientalis, Sticherus underwoodianus, Nephrolepis exaltata, Lygodium microphyllum, Lygodium flexuosum, and Pityrogramma calomelanos. The observed soral characters varied from linear, laminar, and granular to powdery forms, and were located either abaxially or adaxially. Spore shapes included oval, round, and triangular forms, with both monolete and trilete laesura types. This variation in soral and spore characteristics provides a basis for the taxonomic identification of ferns and supports further studies in biogeography and phylogenetics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adriana Hakapaa, Thalia Sahureka, Philia C. Latue, Hermalina Sinay http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qualitative Analysis of Borax (Sodium Tetraborate) Content in Meatballs in Pidie Regency
Food safety in street foods remains a serious challenge in Indonesia due to the widespread misuse of hazardous chemicals. This study aims to identify the presence of borax in food samples circulating in the community. A descriptive qualitative method was applied to 48 samples collected through purposive sampling across 12 sub-districts, with analysis conducted via the rosocyanine complex formation test. The results showed that 22 samples (45.8%) tested positive for borax, characterized by a color change to reddish-brown. These findings indicate that nearly half of the samples do not comply with the food safety standards set by BPOM Regulation No. 22 of 2023. Consequently, urgent intervention by relevant authorities is required to enhance consumer protection and ensure the distribution of safe food products within the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliya Najiba, Arif Sardi , Diannita Harahap http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Gout by the Community of Bandung City
Gout is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid levels that can cause inflammation and joint pain. In recent years, the incidence of gout has increased, including among younger populations, highlighting the need for alternative and complementary treatments. This study aimed to explore the ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used by the community of Ujungberung District, Bandung City, in the management of gout. This research employed a qualitative ethnobotanical approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and literature review involving 20 selected informants using purposive sampling. The study was conducted from December 2025 to January 2026. The results identified nine medicinal plant species commonly used to treat gout, with ginger, turmeric, and bay leaf being the most frequently utilized. The plants were mainly processed by boiling, and their use was based on traditional knowledge passed down through generations. These plants contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, curcuminoids, and essential oils, which are known to have anti-inflammatory and uric acid–lowering properties. In conclusion, the community in Ujungberung District continues to rely on medicinal plants as a complementary therapy for gout management. This study emphasizes the importance of documenting ethnobotanical knowledge and highlights the potential of local medicinal plants as accessible and affordable alternatives for gout treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasna Nabila, Arie Aryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pathogenic Bacterial Genes Resistant to Antibiotics in Chickens: Systematic Literature Review
Chicken meat and eggs are widely consumed sources of protein, increasing consumer demand and leading to the use of antibiotics as prophylaxis and therapeutics. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the colonization of chicken parts and organs and summarize the resistance genes in chickens reported from 2015 to 2026. The method used a systematic literature review with a narrative review. This review focuses on four main bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Enterococcus spp. The results showed that almost all chicken organs were colonized by bacteria carrying various antibiotic resistance genes. These resistance genes included fluoroquinolones (gyrA, gyrB), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetO, tetM, tetL), β-lactams (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaCMY, blaOXA-61), aminoglycosides (aac, aad, aph, strA/B), and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, sul3). The presence of multidrug efflux pump genes (cmeB, cmeG) in Campylobacter spp. further highlights the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. Colonization of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria with resistance genes has been found in vital organs of chickens. These findings highlight the importance of molecular surveillance and integrated One Health strategies to reduce the spread of AMR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosyunita Rosyunita, Eustachius Hagni Wardoyo, Nurmi Hasbi, Adelia Riezka Rahim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Density and Community Structure of Terrestrial Insects in an Integrated Agricultural Laboratory in Jagan, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
Terrestrial insects play an important role in maintaining the balance of agricultural ecosystems, studies specifically examining their community structure in educational agroecosystems, such as integrated agricultural laboratories, remain limited, thereby highlighting the need to assess their density and ecological indices as indicators of environmental conditions. The study aimed to measure the density, diversity index, richness index, evenness index, and dominance index of terrestrial insects using twelve pitfall traps at the Jagan Sukoharjo Integrated Agricultural Laboratory. The study used the pitfall trap method with twelve traps placed randomly in the study area. Observations were made for 3 consecutive days. The data collected consisted of the number of individuals of each type of terrestrial insect, which were then analyzed using density, diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance indices. The results indicate that the Integrated Agricultural Laboratory of Jagan supports a relatively high richness of terrestrial insect species; however, the community structure is still dominated by a few opportunistic species, reflecting the characteristics of an educational agroecosystem with a moderate level of ecological stability. These findings indicate that the terrestrial insect community at the Jagan Integrated Agricultural Laboratory is diverse and has the potential to reflect the ecological conditions of the local agricultural environment. Furthermore, this study provides empirical evidence that strengthens the use of terrestrial insects as bioindicators in educational agroecosystems and contributes to the development of sustainable agroecosystem management strategies through biodiversity-based monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vallery Armania, Anwari Adi Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) Residues in Cattle Liver: A Comparative Study in Mining and Non-Mining Zones
Laterite nickel mining activities in Southeast Sulawesi significantly contribute to environmental contamination, potentially leading to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in free-grazing livestock. The liver, functioning as a primary metabolic organ, serves as a sensitive bioindicator for heavy metal exposure. This study aimed to analyze and compare the concentrations of essential heavy metals, Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe), in the liver of cattle reared in mining circum-areas (Sopura and Oko-oko) versus non-mining control areas (Toari and Watubangga). Liver samples were collected from 12 cattle (n = 3 per location). The samples were prepared using wet digestion and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using Independent Sample T-test and One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in metal concentrations between mining and non-mining areas. The mining area of Oko-oko exhibited an extreme accumulation of Iron (Fe), reaching 1,803.40 ± 48.64 mg/kg, which is significantly higher than the control area of Watubangga (47.69 ± 1.94 mg/kg). Zinc (Zn) levels were also significantly higher in mining areas (21.88–24.22 mg/kg) compared to non-mining areas (2.97–8.30 mg/kg). There is a strong correlation between mining activities and the bioaccumulation of Zn and Fe in bovine liver. The extreme iron levels detected in the mining zone suggest a potential health risk for consumption, necessitating the implementation of depuration strategies and stricter food safety monitoring in the affected regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sitti Aisyah May Wulandari, Raodatul Jannah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Variant of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil) in West Kalimantan
Kratom is a plant with potential biological diversity. This plant can grow in tropical areas with humid conditions, which is why it can be found in West Kalimantan and is known by the local people as purik leave. The purpose of this research is to summarize information related to kratom variant and provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of kratom plant in West Kalimantan. This research used a literature review method, focusing on national and international journals from the last 10 years accessed with Google Scholar with the help of the Publish or Perish search application. The search results show that there are three kratom variant in West Kalimantan namely red vein, white vein, and green vein, variant which can be distinguished by specific difference in color and leaf vein characteristics. Variant of kratom show their own distinctive characteristics even though these three variant are still within the same kratom species the scientific name Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. This research is expected to serve as a source of the information and reference that can research related to kratom plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmad Rahmad, Bagus Pratomo Nusantoro, Reza Reza, Zidan Hafidz Al Awwali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profile of MYH9 SNP RS3752462 Gene Polymorphism in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients with Hypertension
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are closely related conditions and can be influenced by genetic factors, including polymorphisms in the Myosin Heavy Chain 9 (MYH9) gene. The SNP rs3752462 in the MYH9 gene is known to be associated with impaired kidney function. This study aims to describe the genotype pattern of the MYH9 rs3752462 SNP polymorphism in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension at UNS Hospital. This is a descriptive study with a molecular analysis approach. A total of 10 blood samples were collected. Polymorphism detection was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with the RsaI restriction enzyme. The results showed that all samples were successfully amplified, producing a PCR product of approximately 421 bp. The DNA bands observed in all samples did not form a consistent combination and did not match the expected genotype reference standard. In addition, the appearance of additional bands outside the target fragment size, therefore the results of this study do not adequately represent the MYH9 SNP rs3752462 gene polymorphism in the studied samples. Conclusion: Further examination is needed using other modern methods such as DNA sequencing and larger sample sizes to obtain appropriate results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabiilah Nuur Ainii Heryanti, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Overview of MYH9 Gene Polymorphism SNP RS3752462 in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. One of the genes implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is MYH9, particularly the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs3752462. This study aimed to describe the polymorphism of the MYH9 gene SNP rs3752462 in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with diabetic nephropathy. A descriptive study design was applied, involving five patients who met the inclusion criteria. Blood samples were analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with the RsaI restriction enzyme. The Results showed that the DNA band patterns observed in all samples did not form consistent combinations and did not correspond to the expected genotype classification standards. In addition, extra bands outside the target fragment sizes and variations in band intensity among samples were observed. Based on these findings, the resulting band patterns could not be reliably used to accurately determine genotypes, and therefore did not adequately represent the polymorphism of the MYH9 gene SNP rs3752462 in the studied samples. Accordingly, further optimization of the PCR-RFLP method is required, along with validation using more accurate approaches, such as DNA sequencing, and a larger sample size to obtain more reliable results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Akmal Maulana, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Changes in the Sensory Profiles of Smoked Fish Across Different Processors During Storage
Smoked fish remains a widely consumed product due to the characteristic taste and aroma acquired during the smoking process. Smoked fish is still produced traditionally using coconut shells and mangrove wood. The use of shells and mangrove wood is done because both are classified as hardwood, so they can affect the organoleptic qualities of smoked fish. This study sought to evaluate the organoleptic profiles of smoked fish sourced from different producers, specifically comparing the effects of coconut shell and mangrove wood combustion. This method is divided into 2 stages: the raw material preparation stage and the fish smoking stage. The fish sample used was fresh tuna smoked using coconut shell and mangrove wood fuel. Organoleptic testing carried out included appearance, odor, and texture using a scoresheet. The results showed that for all smoked fish samples using coconut shells and mangrove wood against the storage period, the quality value for day 0 was 9 (Very Liked), then the value decreased on the 2nd day of storage, with a quality of Very Dislike to Dislike. In conclusion, the organoleptic specification value decreased during storage, depending on the type of fuel. The use of fuel did not affect storage time, as a decrease in quality was observed on the second day, indicated by the appearance of mold on the samples. It is recommended that microbiological testing of the smoked fish be conducted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kristina Haryati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bivalve Biodiversity in Ekas Waters as an Indicator of Aquatic Environmental Quality
Bivalves are one of the aquatic organism groups that play an important role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. This role makes bivalves essential not only in food webs but also in sustaining overall water quality. This study employed a quantitative descriptive approach using a purposive sampling method. Sampling was conducted using hand nets, forceps, 1 × 1 m quadrat frames, buckets, plastic containers, gastropod identification guides, a GPS device, a pH meter, millimeter block paper, and a camera. The collected data were analyzed using community structure indices, including the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, evenness index, species richness index, Simpson dominance index, and importance value index. These indices were then interpreted to describe the condition of the aquatic environment. The results of the bivalve community structure analysis showed that the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′ = 1.840) indicated a moderate level of diversity, accompanied by a high evenness index (E = 0.885) and a low Simpson dominance index (D = 0.174). This combination of values suggests a relatively even distribution of individuals among species, with no single species strongly dominating the community. Overall, these conditions indicate that the water quality at the study site can be classified as moderate to good, or lightly polluted, and remains capable of supporting the sustainability of various benthic species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalu Kinayung Purbajati, Ali Haris, Mukminah Mukminah, M. Harja Effendi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photoperiod Extension Enhances Lettuce Performance Across LED Spectra in an Indoor Vertical Farming Setup
Artificial lighting is a key factor in indoor vertical farming because light spectrum and photoperiod strongly regulate plant growth, biomass accumulation, and pigment formation. Lettuce is highly responsive to light manipulation, making it an important model crop for evaluating lighting strategies that can improve productivity and quality under controlled environments. This study evaluated the effects of LED light color and photoperiod on the growth, yield, and pigment content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivated in an indoor vertical farming system in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (November 2025 – January 2026). A 3 × 3 factorial experiment arranged in a nested design was conducted with three light colors (white, blue, and green) and three photoperiods (8, 12, and 16 h). Data were analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05), followed by Tukey's HSD when significant differences were detected. Growth and yield were assessed using stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight, while physiological responses were evaluated using chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. Significant light color × photoperiod interactions were observed for stem diameter, root length, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll contents. Overall, white light produced superior lettuce performance compared with blue and green light, particularly under a 16-h photoperiod. The combination of white light and a 16-h photoperiod resulted in the highest biomass accumulation and pigment content, indicating that optimizing both light spectrum and photoperiod is critical to improve lettuce productivity and quality in indoor vertical farming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riyadi Fajar, Parwati Wiwin Dyah Ully, Yovi Avianto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multilocus Analysis of DNA Barcodes of matK, rbcL, and ITS in the Asteraceae Family
Asteraceae is known as compositae which is a cosmopolitan plant group consisting of approximately 1,250 genera and 25,000 species distributed in various regions. Similar morphological characters among species pose challenges in taxonomy and phylogenetics, making the identification process difficult. These limitations of morphological identification can be overcome through a molecular approach using DNA barcoding to reduce errors in species grouping and in determining phylogenetic relationships among plant species in the Asteraceae family through multilocus DNA barcode analysis of matK, rbcL and ITS. This study aims to analyze DNA barcodes matK, rbcL and ITS in the Asteraceae family. DNA sequence exploration were obtained from GenBank through the NCBI website. Analysis of DNA sequence was performed using MEGA11, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction was carried out using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) method in MEGA11 with the p-distance evolutionary model and rapid bootstrap analysis conducted with 1000 replicates. The rbcL sequence had the lowest number of variable sites (13.6%) compared to single sequences and other combinations, while ITS showed the highest number of variable sites (59.3%), and the matK+rbcL+ITS combination produced the most informative phylogenetic grouping because it provided more consistent bootstrap support at the main branches. The multilocus approach increases the resolution in describing phylogenetic relationships among genera within the family Asteraceae.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vita Rosa, Dewi Indriyani Roslim, Herman Herman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Three DNA Barcoding (matK, rbcL, ITS) in the Anacardiaceae Family
The Anacardiaceae family is a group of tropical plants that have important economic value, but the identification of its species is often hampered by morphological similarities. Molecular approaches through DNA barcoding are an alternative to improve the accuracy of identification and kinship analysis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the combination of three DNA barcodes, namely (matK, rbcL and ITS) in the Anacardiaceae family. The materials used in this study were DNA sequence databases (rbcL, matK, ITS) from the Anacardiaceae family consisting of eight genera and one outgroup used, namely Pometia pinnata, downloaded from GenBank through the NCBI website. Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v.7, edited using BioEdit v.7.2, and analyzed using MEGA 11 to calculate nucleotide frequencies, nucleotide base pairs, diversity, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrapping times. The results showed that the matK sequence, a combination of matK+rbcL sequences, and a combination of matK+rbcL+ITS sequences were the most optimal barcodes for grouping species of the same genus in the Anacardiaceae family and separating out-group species. The ITS sequence, a combination of matK+ITS sequences, and a combination of rbcL+ITS sequences were able to group species of the same genus well but could not separate out-group species. The rbcL sequence was not optimal for use as a single DNA barcode.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olivi Aruanda Ningrum, Dewi Indriyani Roslim, Herman Herman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) on Alloxan-Induced Toxicity
Alloxan is a diabetogenic substance that damages pancreatic β-cells through mechanisms involving oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of extracts derived from bitter melon and garlic (Momordica charantia L. and Allium sativum L.) in liver histology of rats given alloxan. An experimental laboratory approach with a post-test control group design was applied. The animals were allocated into seven groups: K- as the negative control, K+ as the positive control, P0 receiving glibenclamide, P1 and P2 treated with garlic extract (100 and 150 mg/kgBW), and P3 and P4 given bitter melon extract at similar dose levels. Following the intervention, liver histopathology was assessed. The findings indicated that alloxan administration led to greater hepatic tissue damage compared to the negative control group. The P3 and P4 groups had the highest histopathology values, which suggested more serious liver damage. These results imply that the given doses of bitter melon and garlic extracts may raise the metabolic burden in hepatic tissue and did not show hepatoprotective benefits in alloxan-induced rats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia Sasnita, Noer Kumala Indahsari, Lusiani Tjandra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of NPK Briquette Fertilizer on the Growth and Nitrogen Absorption of Tomato
The use of appropriate fertilizer is the main key to fulfilling the nutritional needs of plants and environmental sustainability. The appropriate fertilizer dosage will increase the amount of nutrients absorbed by plants, especially tomato plants, and can enhance the optimization of growth and yield, as well as reduce soil damage. This study aims to determine the impact of the addition of NPK briquette fertilizer on plant nutrient absorption and tomato plant growth. This research was conducted at the Screen House of the Agricultural Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Tasikmalaya University of Struggle. Nutrient absorption analysis was conducted at the Soil Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Siliwangi University. This research method used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments, including 1) Control / without the addition of NPK briquette fertilizer, 2) 4.5 g dose of NPK briquette, 3) 6 g dose of NPK briquette, and 4) 7.5 g dose of NPK briquette. The results showed that the application of NPK briquette fertilizer at doses of 4.5 and 7.5 g affected the fresh weight of the shoots, total plant fresh weight, total nitrogen content, and nitrogen uptake of the plant. Furthermore, the application of NPK briquette fertilizer on plant height, stem diameter, root wet weight, and crown dry weight did not have a significant effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adinda Putri Amanda, R. Arif Malik Ramdahan, Selvy Isnaeni, Rofi Syaepul Alim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Processing on Cadmium Accumulation and Dietary Risk Assessment in Penaeus merguiensis from Sungsang, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in estuarine fisheries products raises concerns due to its capacity for bioaccumulation and dietary exposure in humans. Metal accumulation in aquatic organisms is influenced by body size and tissue distribution, with higher concentrations often reported in non-muscle parts such as the head and exoskeleton. However, information on Cd distribution and consumption risk in P. merguiensis from Sungsang, South Sumatra, remains limited. This study quantified Cd concentrations in P. merguiensis stratified by size (small and large) and processing condition (peeled and unpeeled), and evaluated potential health risks using Maximum Weekly Intake (MWI) and Maximum Tolerable Intake (MTI) reference thresholds. Cadmium concentrations, determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), ranged from 0,038 ± 0,0002 to 0,231 ± 0,0008 mg/kg. Higher levels were observed in unpeeled samples compared to peeled prawns, and larger individuals exhibited greater metal accumulation. Estimated weekly intake values for adult and child consumption scenarios remained below established tolerable limits, indicating that current exposure levels are unlikely to pose significant non-carcinogenic health risks under typical dietary patterns. Continuous monitoring is nevertheless necessary to support long-term seafood safety management in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jecika Desmarinda, Gusti Diansyah, Wike Ayu Eka Putri, Rezi Apri, Muhamad Nur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response, Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Mustard Microgreen under Reduced Water Availability
Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) has often been cultivated as a microgreen. Investigation into the impact of water stress effects on mustard in the microgreen stage is currently limited. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of reduced water availability on growth performance, flavonoid concentration, and antioxidant potential in mustard microgreens. Samples used to assess plant growth, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were collected from mustard plants grown in growth media under water availability of 90%, 70%, and 50% of field capacity. All acquired data were further evaluated by applying a one-way ANOVA. Reducing water availability to 50% field capacity did not impact growth, but it did enhance flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. Peak values occurred at 70% of field capacity, with flavonoid content positively correlated with antioxidant activity. A water availability of 70% field capacity can be recommended as the optimal condition for producing mustard microgreens, as it effectively increases flavonoid content without inhibiting plant growth. This study confirms that growth parameters do not always accurately reflect the functional quality of plants; therefore, the evaluation of horticultural crops needs to include aspects related to secondary metabolites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Harso, An'nisa An'nisa, Oryyani Lambui, Prismawiryanti Prismawiryanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional Quality of a Mixture of Indigofera sp. Leaves and Banana Steams Fermented Using Ma-11 Inoculant at Different Doses
Feed availability is one of the main constraints in livestock production, especially in tropical regions where supply is highly influenced by seasonal changes. Banana stems have potential as livestock feed due to their abundant availability; however, they contain low protein and high crude fiber, which requires processing to improve their nutritional quality. One of the methods that can be applied is fermentation using a bioactivator. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of Microbacter Alfaafa-11 (MA-11) inoculant on the nutritional quality of fermented banana stem and Indigofera sp. leaves. The study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) featuring three dose levels (0%; 0.05%; and 0.1%) and included four replicates over a period of 12 days of anaerobic fermentation. The measured variables were crude protein, crude fiber, and the weight of dry matter biomass. The data were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a significance threshold of 5%. The findings indicated that the addition of MA-11 notably raised the crude protein level (P<0.05), with the highest value recorded at the 0.1% dose; however, it did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the crude fiber or the dry matter biomass weight. These findings indicate that MA-11 is more effective in improving protein content than in reducing crude fiber or modifying dry matter biomass weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yunita Purnamasari, Ali Mursyid Wahyu Mulyono, Muhammad Husein http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermentation of Banana Stem and Indigofera sp. Leaves Using MA-11 with Different Fermentation Durations on Nutritional Quality
Banana stems are an abundant agricultural by-product; however, their utilization as animal feed remains limited due to their high fiber and low crude protein contents. Improving their nutritional quality can be achieved through fermentation combined with the addition of protein sources and bioactivators. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation duration on the nutritional quality of a mixture of banana stems and Indigofera sp. leaves fermented using Microbacter Alfaafa (MA-11). The experiment was conducted for 12 days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three fermentation periods: 0 days (P0), 6 days (P1), and 12 days (P2), each with four replications. The observed parameters included crude protein, crude fiber, and dry matter biomass weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level. The results indicated that fermentation duration had a significant effect (P<0.05) on crude protein content, with the 12-day treatment producing the highest value (15.14%). In contrast, fermentation duration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on crude fiber content and dry matter biomass weight. In conclusion, 12 days of fermentation with MA-11 increased crude protein content but was not effective in significantly reducing crude fiber and dry matter biomass weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febriana Puja Herlina, Ali Mursyid Wahyu Mulyono, Muhammad Husein http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Banyuroto, Nanggulan Subdistrict, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta
The government has launched a sugar self-sufficiency program to increase sugarcane production. One of the strategies is land extensification by opening and managing new areas based on land suitability that meets the growth requirements of sugarcane. This research aims to identify the land suitability in Banyuroto Village for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The research was conducted from February to May 2024 in Banyuroto Village, Nanggulan Subdistrict, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta. This study used a descriptive exploratory method with a field survey approach to identify land characteristics and evaluate the level of land suitability. Location points were determined using a purposive method with two Land Map Units (LMU) in Sambiroto and Kesoh hamlets. Soil sampling at each LMU was carried out using simple random sampling. Rainfall and air temperature data were obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) for the period 2019–2023. Observed land characteristics include soil texture, drainage conditions, effective soil depth, soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C content, total nitrogen (N-total), available phosphorus (P-available), percentage of surface rocks, and slope gradient. Calculation and determination of land suitability class, using the matching method, by comparing observed climate and land characteristics with sugarcane growing requirements based on land suitability evaluation criteria. The results show that Banyuroto Village, Nanggulan District, Kulon Progo, has an actual suitability class of S3oa,na for sugarcane cultivation, which means marginally suitable for sugarcane cultivation, with limiting factors being soil drainage and available nutrients. This is likely the cause of less-than-optimal sugarcane productivity. If improvements have been made, such as through soil cultivation (plowing), the creation of an intensive drainage system, and proper KCl fertilizer management, it has the potential to become a suitability class of S2 (fairly suitable).
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizky Ahmad Al Farezi, Anna Kusumawati, Adiprasetya Widyatama, Lintang Pambayun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Behavior and Predatory Ability of Several Predatory Insects at Different Prey Densities
Understanding predator behavior and predation capacity is essential for determining their potential as biological control agents. This study aimed to evaluate the searching time, handling time, and predation ability of three predators Syrphidae larvae, Coccinella sp. larvae, and Curinus coeruleus adults at different prey densities. Five prey-density treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 individuals) were tested using3 Heteropsylla cubana as prey for C. coeruleus and Rhopalosiphum maidis for Syrphidae and Coccinella sp. The results showed that increasing prey density significantly shortened the searching time of all predators. C. coeruleus demonstrated the fastest searching ability, followed by Syrphidae and Coccinella sp. Handling time also varied among predators, with C. coeruleus requiring the shortest time due to its chewing-type mouthparts, compared with the piercing–sucking mouthparts of Syrphidae and Coccinella sp. Predation capacity differed across predators; only C. coeruleus successfully consumed all prey at every density within 6 hours, while the other predators reached satiation at higher densities. Overall, C. coeruleus exhibited the highest efficiency across all parameters, indicating its strong potential as an effective biological control agent. Increasing prey density consistently enhanced predation activity, highlighting the importance of prey availability in predator effectiveness.
Yosua Pangihutan Pardamean Alextio Sianturi
Copyright (c) 2026 Junianto S. Batubara, Riska Romaito Nasution, Yosua Pangihutan Pardamean Alextio Sianturi, Mario Pani, Muhammad Sayuthi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response of Golden Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Allisha F1 Variety to Different Planting Media Combinations
Golden melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a horticultural commodity with considerable economic potential, yet its production has not reached optimal levels. Improving the composition of the growing medium represents one practical approach to enhance cultivation performance. This study examined the growth response of the Allisha F1 golden melon variety under different growing medium combinations. The experiment took place from January to May 2025 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor and five replications. Two media formulations were evaluated: medium A (soil, trichocompost, husk charcoal, and goat manure) and medium B (soil, cow manure, dolomite, and NPK fertilizer). Measured parameters included plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, flowering time, and flower count. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The findings showed that the composition of the growing medium significantly affected golden melon growth. Medium B supported stronger early vegetative development, while medium A tended to increase flower production. Accordingly, medium B is recommended to stimulate early vegetative growth, which may positively influence subsequent developmental stages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasya Yolanda Saragih, Paranita Asnur, Tubagus Kiki Kawakibi Azmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Streptomyces spp. as a Biological Control Agent for Xanthomonas oryzae: A Strategy to Improve National Food Security; Review Article
National food security faces serious challenges due to bacterial leaf blight in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. This article aims to analyze the potential of Streptomyces spp. as biological control agents to suppress the development of this pathogen through a literature study approach. The method employed was a systematic review of national and international scientific journals discussing antagonistic mechanisms, secondary metabolite production, and the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing rice plant resistance. The findings indicate that Streptomyces spp. inhibit the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae by producing antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and inducing systemic resistance in rice plants. Furthermore, their application may reduce dependence on chemical pesticides, making them more environmentally friendly. Therefore, the utilization of Streptomyces spp. represents a promising biological strategy to improve rice productivity and strengthen national food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahtiar Rahmadani, Nabila Revicha Setioningrum, Zidan Zifa Destafi, Abraham Febiano Kristian, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phylogenetic Analysis of Groupers at Labuhan Lombok Based on CO1 Gene
Groupers (family Serranidae) are high-value reef fish that are often prone to misidentification due to their morphological similarities. This research examined the phylogenetic relationships of grouper species landed at the Pondok Sampan Fish Landing Site in Labuhan Lombok using the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (CO1) gene. One specific sample (K5) was analyzed to verify its taxonomic status. DNA isolation was performed through the CTAB technique, followed by PCR amplification and sequencing. Morphological identification initially suggested the sample belonged to the genus Epinephelus. However, molecular results showed that K5 is Aethaloperca rogaa (100% similarity). The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Neighbor-Joining approach with 10,000 bootstrap iterations and the Kimura 2-Parameter model in MEGA XI, which placed the specimen within a monophyletic group alongside A. rogaa sequences from Egypt, showing a genetic distance of 0.00. The nucleotide composition (T: 29.8%, C: 27.3%, A: 25.5%, G: 17.4%) was identical to the reference sequence, confirming the anti-G bias typical of teleost mitochondrial DNA. This research illustrates the critical importance of DNA barcoding to correct morphology-based misclassifications. It emphasizes the need for genetic confirmation in fisheries diversity evaluations and in the sustainable management of grouper populations across the Indo-Pacific.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Endang Kurnia Ramdhani, Mahrus Mahrus, Lalu Zulkifli http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Stock Potential of Mangrove Species in South Lombok Coastal Ecotourism Area
Data on carbon stocks in mangroves within coastal ecotourism areas remain limited, despite their high potential as tropical blue carbon sinks. This study evaluates the carbon stock potential of mangrove species at Bale Mangrove Ecotourism Site using line transect-quadrat plot methods and IPCC guidelines, incorporating allometric biomass analysis (V = π(d/2)²th with genus-specific wood density). Key findings reveal total aboveground biomass of 22.95 ton/ha and carbon stock potential of 11.48 ton C/ha (equivalent to 42.12 ton CO₂/ha), dominated by Rhizophora mucronata (3.96 ton C/ha) due to larger stand size and high wood density (0.92 g/cm³), while Avicennia marina was lowest (0.06 ton C/ha) owing to minimal abundance. These inter-species differences reflect early dynamics where pioneer Rhizophora excels in initial biomass accumulation. Overall, results confirm mangrove restoration's role in IPCC-based carbon inventories, with implications for sustainable ecotourism management to maximize long-term blue carbon capacity
Copyright (c) 2026 Luthfiyannisa Luthfiyannisa, Agil Al Idrus, Abdul Syukur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review on Talas Beneng (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) and Its Role in Food Security
Talas beneng (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch), a tuber crop originating from Pandeglang Regency, Banten, represents a promising staple carbohydrate alternative. This literature review aims to examine the potential of talas beneng as a locally based food resource in supporting food diversification and food security. This study employed a narrative literature review with a structured search approach to evaluate the potential of talas beneng as a locally based food resource. Relevant scientific publications published between 2001 and 2025 were identified through databases such as Google Scholar and national journal portals, and were selected based on their relevance to nutritional characteristics, agronomic performance, and processing potential. The findings indicate that talas beneng has high nutritional value, including dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, along with a low glycemic index of approximately 55%. Agronomically, talas beneng grows well in mountainous areas, exhibits resistance to pests and diseases, and produces high tuber yields. Moreover, talas beneng can be processed into various food products, such as flour, snacks, and bakery products, thereby enhancing its utilization and economic value. Overall, the reviewed literature suggests that talas beneng holds strong potential as a local food resource and could play a strategic role in supporting sustainable food security when accompanied by further research, community education, institutional collaboration, and improved access to processing technologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gisti Rahmawati, Fakhera Shofwa, Siti Ameilia Kurniasih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Red Algae Extract (Eucheuma cottonii) Against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria
Acne is a frequent skin issue characterized by inflammation, linked to an overproduction of oil and the growth of bacteria, especially Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) extract at concentrations of 25%, 35%, and 45% against these acne-causing bacteria. The extraction process utilized the maceration technique with 96% ethanol over a period of 72 hours. The evaluation of antibacterial activity was performed through the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. The results demonstrated that all tested concentrations produced inhibition zones classified as moderate against both bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was observed at the 45% concentration, with mean inhibition zones of 7.3 ± 0.87 mm for P. acnes and 8.2 ± 1.67 mm for S. epidermidis. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences in antibacterial activity among the tested concentrations for both P. acnes shown p value is .171 (p > 0.05) and S. epidermidis shown p value is .053 (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that E. cottonii extract possesses moderate antibacterial activity and has potential as a natural active ingredient for the development of anti-acne topical formulations, although increasing concentration within the tested range does not significantly enhance its effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andreas Lapu Dwitama Bongga, Ivonne Mona Selly Panjaitan, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Bokashi and NPK Fertilizer Applications on Pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.) Growth
The growth of pakchoy is determined by the availability of nutrients around its root system. Research on the effect of bokashi and NPK fertilizer on pakchoy vegetative growth was conducted from May to August 2025. This study aimed to measure the increase in pakchoy growth after being given bokashi and NPK fertilizer. The pakchoy planting experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with two factors. Pakcoy was planted in experimental pots, given bokashi treatment 3 days before planting and given NPK fertilizer 15 and 22 days after planting. The results of the experiment showed that: (1) the vegetative growth parameters of pakchoy given 1.5 g of NPK fertilizer were significantly different from the control, except for leaf width, (2) the vegetative growth parameters of pakchoy given 1.6 kg of bokashi were significantly different from the control, except for leaf width, (3) The interaction of bokashi and NPK fertilizer did not significantly affect the vegetative growth of pakchoy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Raksun, Lalu Zulkifli, I Wayan Mertha, Didik Santoso, Moh. Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understorey Plant Diversity in Imbo Putui Customary Forest, Kampar Regency, Riau
The Imbo Putui Customary Forest is an ecosystem that plays an important ecological role as a provider of environmental services and habitat for tropical biodiversity. This study analyzes the diversity of understory plants in the Imbo Putui Customary Forest using a descriptive quantitative research design. Data collection was carried out using a 100 × 20 m main plot combined with 2 × 2 m subplots as sampling units for understory vegetation. The results of this study show that there are 29 plant species belonging to 18 families, originating from 4 habits: herbaceous, shrub, grass, and shrub, and three families were found to be abundant, namely Poaceae, Arecaceae, and Asteraceae. The results showed that the understory plant community consisted of various growth forms, with herbaceous plants showing the highest level of diversity, while shrubs showed the lowest level of diversity. Overall, the level of diversity indicates that the forest ecosystem is in relatively good ecological condition. These findings confirm the ecological stability of the Imbo Putui Customary Forest and emphasize the importance of sustainable conservation and management efforts to maintain ecosystem balance and provide benefits to indigenous communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syaiful Syifa, Pebriandi Pebriandi, Viny Volcherina Darlis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insect Diversity and Dominance on Malay Apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) Plantation at Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung, Indonesia
Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) is a tropical fruit species grown in the fruit garden section of Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung, Indonesia. Insect communities play an important role in agroecosystems because they consist of both pest species and beneficial organisms such as predators and parasitoids. This study aimed to determine insect diversity and dominance on Malay apple plantations in the Fruit Garden of the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) of Liwa Botanical Garden. The observation was conducted from September to October 2021 using direct observation, pitfall traps, and yellow sticky traps across five sampling plots arranged diagonally. Insect identification was conducted based on morphological characteristics using relevant literature. Species diversity was evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’), while dominance was measured using Simpson’s dominance index (C). A total of 1,594 insect individuals belonging to nine orders were recorded, including Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, and Neuroptera. The diversity index (H’) was 1.44, indicating moderate diversity, while the dominance index (C) was 0.43, suggesting low dominance. Diptera was the most abundant order, dominated by fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae). The results indicate that the insect community structure in the Malay apple plantation is relatively balanced, although fruit flies have the potential to become major pests. Increasing plant diversity through flowering plants (refugia) is recommended to support beneficial insect populations and maintain ecosystem stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luna Lukvitasari, Ari Saputra, Yuyun Fitriana, Jon Hendra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intermitten Fasting and Caloric Restriction in Adults: Differential Effect on Cognitive Function and Neurobiological Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) represent dietary strategies based on energy intake limitation that have been widely investigated for their potential benefits on metabolic processes and brain performance. This systematic review aims to evaluate the relationship and effects of IF and CR on cognitive function and neurobiological outcomes related to brain inflammation in adult populations. Literature retrieval was carried out through the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases using inclusion criteria structured by the PICOS framework, resulting in 10 eligible studies. The analysis showed that several studies reported improvements in cognitive function following IF/CR interventions, which were thought to be associated with enhanced neurogenesis and reduced inflammatory markers. However, several other studies found no significant differences compared with the control groups, which may have been influenced by the relatively short duration of the interventions, limitations in cognitive assessment methods, and the relatively healthy characteristics of the study populations. Therefore, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of these dietary interventions cannot be fully explained. In summary, IF and CR show promise as nutritional interventions to promote cognitive function in adults; however, the current body of evidence is still heterogeneous, highlighting the need for future studies employing more rigorous methodologies and extended intervention durations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajri Ramadhan Marviano, Annisa Apriyelita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Antidiabetic Properties of Stingless Bee Pollen and Kasturi Mango (Mangifera casturi) Leaves: Comparative Review
The absence of a comparative biochemical analysis between stingless bee pollen and Mangifera casturi leaves prevents the optimization of their synergistic potential in diabetes management. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive profiles and compare the antidiabetic mechanisms of these dua natural products. The investigation utilized a systematic literature review by retrieving peer reviewed articles from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The selection process followed the PRISMA 2020 framework to ensure a transparent and reproducible screening of literature. Data analysis involved a comparative thematic synthesis to evaluate the correlation between phytochemical groups and glycemic control. Results demonstrate that both materials share homologous flavonoid compounds that improve insulin sensitivity and mitigate oxidative stress. Stingless bee pollen provides superior pancreatic β cell protection while Mangifera casturi shows higher inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. This study concludes that both materials offer significant antidiabetic efficacy through complementary molecular pathways. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the development of evidence based complementary medicine. Future research should prioritize clinical trials to determine the optimal dosage for human application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chantika Noor Khalifah, Paula Mariana Kustiawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical and Chemical Characteristic Analysis of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Chicken Manure and Mustard Greens Waste
Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) can be made from organic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid organic fertilizer made from chicken manure and mustard green waste. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments of combinations of the amount of mustard green waste and chicken manure as follows: P1: Chicken manure 1000 g, P2: Mustard green waste 750 g, P3 Chicken manure 500 g + Mustard green waste 500 g, P4: Chicken manure 250 g + Mustard green waste 750 g and P5: Chicken manure 750 g + Mustard green waste 250 g. The results showed that in 45 days the LOF produced had the following physical characteristics: temperature ranging between 27-29.38 °C, foul-smelling aroma, and color varying from yellowish green to black. In addition, the chemical characteristics were as follows: pH values ranged from 5.53 - 7.96, the content of macro nutrients (N + P2O5 + K2O) ranged from 0.2-0.8% and C-organic was between 0.5-0.8%. Most of the character did not meet the minimum technical requirements by the Ministry of Agriculture Decree number 261 of 2019. Further studies are required to determine better composition of organic matters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rista Delyani, Jaini Fakhrudin, Muhammad Ali, Lisnawati Waruwu, Putriana Putriana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Response to Waste from The Rejeki Gangsar Slaughterhouse in Bulurejo
Slaughterhouse waste is a residual material produced from the process of slaughtering animals in slaughterhouse facilities. This waste can include organic materials, such as blood, offal, bones and leftover meat, which can become a source of environmental pollution if not managed properly. Effective management of RPH waste crucial for reducing environmental impacts and maintaning public health. This study aims to determine public perceptions regarding the impact of slaughterhouse waste on environmental health and public welfare regarding waste around slaughterhouses. The method used in this study is a qualitative method by means of direct observation in the field by conducting a survey at the Rejeki Gangsar Slaughterhouse (RPH) and distributing questionnaires to the community for 30 sample respondents around the RPH which are divided into 2 radii, namely with a distance of less than 100 m and more than 100 m with 15 respondents each. The results of statistical analysis show that the community's response to air quality, the presence of animals that disturb water quality, the impact on health, and the socio-economic impact in this study, the different distances between houses affect the data to be non-significant. In this study, the distance between people's houses is different, so that people's responses are not uniform and are difficult to detect as significant in data analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riandika Adi Perdana, Ludfia Windyasmara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of No-Shearing Treatment on the Growth of Eucalyptus Seedlings (Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell)
Leaf pruning is often used to suppress transpiration, but experimental evidence in Eucalyptus suggests that reducing leaf area is not always necessary and can reduce seedling performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of leaf pruning on the survival and early vegetative growth during the seedling phase of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. This study used an experimental approach, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The results showed that the effect of leaf pruning on the growth of Eucalyptus pellita seedlings resulted in good average growth in vegetative growth parameters, such as normal plant life at 21 days after planting (DAP), plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, seedling recovery rate, and root volume. This indicates that the presence of intact leaves plays an important role in supporting the process of photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation, and distribution of assimilates to growth organs, thereby increasing seedling vigor. On the other hand, root length and root dry weight did not show any significant effect, due to the presence of a root growth limiting factor, namely the tube, so that the roots could not grow to their maximum length (the roots only surrounded the tube position). The conclusion is that there is an effect of the treatment without leaf shears on the survival success and initial vegetative growth during the nursery phase of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alex Andriadi Harahap, Nurul Qomar, Hapsoh Hapsoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Incubation Temperature Variation on Embryonic Development Rate, Hatching time, Abnormality and Survival of Larval Sea Urchin Salmacis sphaeroides
Salmacis sphaeroides is a species of sea urchin that plays an important role in economic and ecological aspects. However, high utilization rates by the public have led to a natural decline in population, This is provide a controlled environment that ensures a high-quality supply of sea urchin, reducing dependence on natural stocks. This study aims to analyze the effect of temperature differences on the rate of S. sphaeroides development, hatching rates, abnormality and survival rates of sea urchin embryo maintained by incubation of temperature, consisting of 5 treatments and 3 repeats. The method used in this research was an experimental method using the Complete Randomization Design. ANOVA tests showed that temperature had a significant effect on the hatch resistance, abnormality and survival of sea urchin larvae. Duncan continued testing. The results of research on embryonic development rates, hatching rate, abnormality and survival rates of sea urchins are significantly different. The best development and hatching rate is found at 28℃-30℃, the best abnormality at 28℃ with a value of 15.0±2.3 ᵃ and the best survival rate is also recorded at 28℃ with a value of 79.3±10.1 ᶜ. These results identify that temperatures of 28℃-29℃ can be recommended for sea urchin cultivation, taking into account the balance between egg hatches, abnormality and survival rate of sea urchin larvae.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Nabila Putri, Muhammad Junaidi, Victor David Nico Gultom http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Differences in The Use of EM4 Doses in The Fermentation of Teak Leaves (Tectona grandis) with The Addition of Molasses on Nutrient Content
Teak leaves are an abundant waste product, but their use as animal feed is still limited due to their high fiber content and relatively low crude protein content. Their nutritional quality can be improved through a fermentation process. This study aimed to determine the effect of various doses of EM-4 (Effective Microorganism 4) on teak leaf fermentation to obtain the most optimal nutritional content. In this study, the design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications resulting in 12 treatment combinations. Each of which was divided into treatments P0 (0 ml), P1 (6 ml), P2 (12 ml), P3 (18 ml) and fermented for 14 days. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at a significance level of 5%. The results of the Duncan test showed that with different doses of EM - 4, there was no significant effect on crude fiber, dry matter, and crude protein (P>0.05). Although descriptively, there was an increase in crude fiber and crude protein content, and a decrease in dry matter content with increasing EM4 dosage, these changes were not statistically significant. In conclusion, differences in EM-4 dosage during fermentation did not significantly affect the nutritional content of crude fiber, crude protein, and dry matter.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aris Nur Wahab, Catur Suci Purwati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Traders’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Beef Products at the Slaughterhouse of the Department of Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries (DKP3), Sragen Regency
The quality of beef products plays an important role in determining trader satisfaction, especially in slaughterhouses that function as providers of safe, healthy, whole, and halal meat. However, several problems related to product quality, such as inconsistent color, fat content, and freshness, may lead to trader dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the level of product quality and its effect on trader satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of beef product quality and trader satisfaction at the slaughterhouse managed by the Department of Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries of Sragen Regency. The research utilized a descriptive quantitative approach through a survey method. Information was gathered via a structured questionnaire featuring a Likert scale (1–5), which was given to 20 beef vendors. The analysis focused on variables such as product quality (including color, texture, marbling, smell, and freshness) as the independent variable and vendor satisfaction as the dependent variable. Data was examined using descriptive statistics along with simple linear regression. Findings indicated that vendors typically held a favorable view of the quality of beef products, as indicated by the prevalence of “agree” and “strongly agree” answers across all measured factors. The statistical analysis showed that product quality had a noteworthy positive effect on vendor satisfaction, indicated by a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.915, suggesting that 91.5% of vendor satisfaction was affected by product quality. Furthermore, the regression analysis pointed to a significant connection (p < 0.05) between product quality and vendor satisfaction. In summary, the quality of beef products has a major impact on vendor satisfaction at the slaughterhouse. Thus, it is critical to uphold and enhance product quality to guarantee vendor satisfaction and maintain business viability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asykal Fira Yahya, Catur Suci Purwati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Article Review: The Role of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis in Rice Planthoponus Control and Food Security
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the primary food source for the majority of the world’s population, particularly in Asia. Leafhoppers are among the primary organisms that damage farmers’ crops, especially rice. Improper control measures, particularly the use of insecticides, can lead to negative impacts such as pest resistance and resurgence; furthermore, the use of insecticides can reduce natural enemy populations. The use of natural predators such as Cyrtorhinus lividipennis serves as an alternative in biological control. This article aims to examine the role of C. lividipennis in controlling brown planthopper populations in rice crops and its impact on food security. The method used was a literature review analyzing various research findings related to brown planthopper population dynamics, predator density, predation rates, and their impact on rice productivity. The results of the study indicate that the presence of C. lividipennis can significantly suppress brown planthopper populations through predation, with predation rates of 50–80%. Predator density is negatively correlated with brown planthopper populations. The impact of this control is also evident in reduced crop damage and increased rice growth and productivity. Thus, C. lividipennis has the potential to serve as a biological control agent to support food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulin Eka Cahyani, Rafa Aida Ainur Risna, Aura Helga Primadani, Sultan Nugraha, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zinc (Zn) Accumulation in Mantis Shrimp (Harpiosquilla raphidea) from Sungsang, Banyuasin
The Sungsang area in the Musi River estuary is an important fishing ground that is potentially exposed to zinc (Zn) contamination due to intensive anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to analyze Zn accumulation in mantis shrimp (Harpiosquilla raphidea) and to evaluate its consumption safety. Samples were collected from local collectors and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in accordance with SNI 2354-13:2014. The results showed that Zn concentrations ranged from 20.24 to 21.27 mg/kg, with an average of 20.70 mg/kg, remaining below the maximum permissible limit established by Dirjen POM (1989). Risk assessment based on estimated intake indicated that Zn exposure from mantis shrimp consumption is within safe limits for humans. Overall, these findings confirm that mantis shrimp from Sungsang are safe for consumption with respect to Zn contamination. This study provides scientific evidence for food safety assessment and underscores the need for continuous monitoring of heavy metal contamination to support sustainable coastal resource management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryan Syekhan, Wike Ayu Eka Putri, Riris Aryawati, Beta Susanto Barus, Fitri Agustriani, Melki Melki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Pollution Index of Cadmium and Lead in Paddy Fields in Tempuran Subdistrict, Karawang Regency
Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils has become an increasing environmental concern due to its potential impact on food safety and ecosystem sustainability. This study aims to analyze the concentration and contamination levels of heavy metals Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in paddy fields located in Tempuran District, Karawang Regency. This region is one of the national rice production centers and is vulnerable to heavy metal accumulation due to intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The research was conducted in 14 villages, with disturbed soil samples collected for heavy metal and texture analysis, and undisturbed soil samples collected for porosity and permeability analysis. The main parameters analyzed were Cd and Pb concentrations using the ICP-OES method based on SNI 8910:2021. In addition, the pipette method was used for soil texture analysis; bulk and particle densities were used for porosity calculation; and the percolation method was used to measure permeability. Secondary data included the frequency of fertilizer and pesticide application, land use, age, and harvest periods. Results showed that Cd and Pb concentrations at all sampling locations remained below the threshold limits set by quality standards. Pollution assessment using the Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), and Ecological Risk Index (Er) indicated that paddy fields in Tempuran District are categorized as uncontaminated to very low risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfan Adhi Nugroho, Gina Lova Sari, Wilma Nurrul Adzillah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Arsenic and Chromium Content and Pollution Index in Rice Fields in Tempuran Subdistrict, Karawang Regency
Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous pollutants because they are non-degradable. This study aims to analyze the content of arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) and evaluate the level of pollution in rice field soil in Tempuran Subdistrict, Karawang Regency. Soil samples were taken in 14 villages, with 10 points taken in each village using purposive sampling. Laboratory analysis was conducted to determine the As and Cr content in the rice field soil, and then calculate the heavy metal pollution index value. The results of this study show that the concentration of As, a heavy metal, is still below the quality standard, while Cr varies in each village. Based on the calculation of the pollution index using the Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk Index (Re), Ecological Risk Potential Index (RI), and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), it was found that the rice fields in Tempuran Subdistrict were categorized as unpolluted to polluted in several villages. The results of mapping with ArcGIS to determine the distribution of heavy metals show that the Ar levels in all research locations are relatively uniform and are displayed in green, indicating that the values are below the quality standards. In contrast, chromium is displayed in shades of light brown to dark brown, reflecting variations in levels in each village, where some areas are below the quality standards, and others exceed the specified thresholds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhafira Izzatul Mila, Gina Lova Sari, Ing. Willma Nurrul Adzillah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization Yield and Physical Characteristics of Household-Scale Coconut Oil through Various Simple Extraction Methods
The selection of coconut oil extraction methods at the household scale needs to consider the quality and quantity of the resulting product. This study aimed to optimize simple coconut oil extraction methods based on physical characteristics, organoleptic properties, yield, and water content. A Completely Randomized Design (RAL) was used with 4 treatment methods: P1 (dry method/direct heating of grated coconut), P2 (wet method with direct heating of coconut milk), P3 (wet method with the addition of 1% papain enzyme), and P4 (wet method with separation of skim and cream from coconut milk). Test parameters included organoleptic tests (color, aroma, taste), yield, and water content. The results showed that the extraction method significantly affected yield and water content but did not significantly affect panelists preference for color. The dry method (P1) produced the highest yield (14.77%) but had the lowest organoleptic quality. The wet methods with skim-cream separation and papain enzyme addition (P3) produced the best organoleptic quality with the lowest water content (0.17%). SNI standard of water content maximum 0.5%. In conclusion, the wet extraction method with skim-cream separation and the addition of proteolytic enzymes such as papain is recommended for household-scale production as it produces superior quality oil with low water content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasmiyana Rasmiyana, Angga Prasetyo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Cooling Pad Spacing in Closed Cages on Broiler Chicken Performance
Optimizing cooling pad placement in closed house systems is critical to ensuring uniform thermal distribution and preventing heat stress, yet the effect of cooling pad distance on broiler performance during the starter phase remains insufficiently studied. Objective: This study investigated the effect of three cooling pad distances (6 m, 12 m, and 18 m) on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens during the starter phase. Methods: A completely randomized design (CRD) was applied with three treatments (P1, P2, P3) and four replications (5 birds/replication; 60 birds total) over 14 days at a commercial broiler farm in Jenawi, Karanganyar. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results: Cooling pad distance had no significant effect (P>0.05) on FI, BWG, or FCR, with all FCR values remaining within the normal commercial range. The evaporative cooling pad effectively distributed cool air uniformly up to 18 m, demonstrating that the full capacity of the closed house can be utilized without compromising production efficiency. These findings contribute scientific evidence that proper cooling pad installation eliminates thermal gradients across house zones, providing a basis for optimizing housing design and management in tropical broiler production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khayla Nur Aisya Fitri , Ali Mursyid Wahyu Mulyono, Muhammad Husein http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rural Agricultural Development and Farmer Empowerment in North Lombok Within The National Policy Framewor
Agricultural and rural development policies in Indonesia are strategically designed to promote food security, reduce rural poverty, and empower farmers. However, persistent gaps between national policy objectives and local implementation remain evident, particularly in peripheral and island regions such as North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to critically review agricultural and rural development policies in Indonesia by focusing on farmer empowerment within the framework of national policy implementation at the local level. This article employs a qualitative literature review method by systematically analyzing peer-reviewed journal articles, policy documents, and relevant reports published over the last decade. The review emphasizes theoretical perspectives on participatory rural development, the capability approach, and place-based policy to interpret policy dynamics and implementation outcomes. The results indicate that agricultural and rural development policies are largely normative and production-oriented, with limited adaptation to local socio-economic and agro-ecological contexts. Weak institutional capacity, fragmented policy coordination, and insufficient farmer participation have constrained the effectiveness of empowerment initiatives in North Lombok. The findings further highlight that farmer empowerment is more strongly influenced by institutional support and governance quality than by individual farmer characteristics alone. In conclusion, effective agricultural and rural development requires a contextual, participatory, and institutionally grounded policy approach. Strengthening local institutions, enhancing policy convergence across sectors, and adopting place-based development strategies are essential to improving farmer empowerment and rural economic resilience. It is recommended that future policies prioritize institutional strengthening and locally adaptive frameworks to ensure inclusive and sustainable agricultural and rural development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Zainab, Baharuddin Baharuddin, Jalaluddin Jalaluddin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Manganese (Mn) Accumulation in Jerbung Shrimp (Penaues merguensis) from the Sungsang Estuary, South Sumatra
Estuaries are intermediate environments that are extremely susceptible to pollution, especially heavy metals like manganese (Mn). The goals of this research were to determine the amount of manganese in the consumable flesh of Jerbung shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) taken from the Sungsang Estuary in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia, and to ascertain the safe intake levels for people. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to analyze the shrimp samples at a wavelength of 257. 61 nm. According to the findings, the average Mn content in shrimp muscle was somewhat higher than the limit set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), falling between 3. 16 and 3. 21 mg/kg. Even if just shrimp are consumed, the projected consumption limits based on dietary intake calculations still suggest a comparatively low immediate health risk. However, the high Mn concentration indicates the effect of environmental pollution brought about by human actions in the Musi River estuary. These findings emphasize the significance of controlling pollution sources and carrying out routine environmental monitoring to ensure the safety of seafood and the sustainability of estuarine ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjar Puteri Liana, Wike Ayu Eka Putri, Melki Melki, Beta Susanto Barus, Fitri Agustriani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Adding Molasses to Avocado Seed Flour (Persea americana) Silage on Physical and Chemical Quality
Avocado seed meal, a part of the avocado plant that is rich in antioxidants and various other nutrients and non-nutrient substances, has great potential to be used as an herbal additive in animal feed. This study aims to determine the effect of molasses addition on the nutrient profile and quality of avocado seed meal silage. The control treatment (P1) used plain avocado seed flour, while the experimental treatments (P2, P3, and P4) incorporated increasing molasses concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% of dry matter, respectively. All treatments were stored for 21 days at ambient temperature. The metrics assessed included nutrient composition, physical characteristics, and fresh silage quality. The data collected were evaluated using analysis of variance, and differences in parameter values among treatments were additionally examined with DMRT at a significance level of 5%. Findings showed that molasses notably improved the silage's nutrient composition and fresh quality (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on physical quality (P>0.05). The conclusion of this study suggests that adding 3% molasses can produce the highest-quality avocado seed meal silage as an optimal feed for livestock.
Copyright (c) 2026 Engkus Ainul Yakin, Ali Mursyid Wahyu Mulyono, Catur Suci Purwati, Sri Sukaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential of Beauveria bassiana Controlling Nilaparvata lugens for Food Security: A Review Article
The Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a strategic pest threatening the stability of national rice production. Farmers' dependence on synthetic insecticides has triggered pest resistance and environmental degradation, making the utilization of biological agents such as the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana an urgent alternative solution. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the potential, mechanisms, and effectiveness of B. bassiana in controlling N. lugens. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by examining experimental articles from accredited national journals and reputable international journals published between 2018 and 2025. Results of data synthesis indicate that B. bassiana has a very high level of pathogenicity (nymph mortality >78%), especially when using local isolates cultured on corn media. However, its effectiveness is highly influenced by abiotic factors, where conidial viability is optimal at 25°C and drops sharply at extreme temperatures (34°C). Recent findings prove that B. bassiana can colonize as an endophyte within rice tissues, suppressing planthopper fecundity while simultaneously inducing systemic plant resistance. Additionally, this fungus is proven compatible and synergistic when combined with sublethal insecticide doses. It is concluded that B. bassiana is effective as both a contact biopesticide and an internal protection agent within Integrated Pest Management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fijar Muhamad Fathurohman, Raisa Shakila Parsa, Indah Lestari, Farica Falihah, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory and Conservation Status of Herpetofauna Species at Tapos Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
Herpetofauna is a group of reptiles and amphibians. Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP) has a diverse range of herpetofauna. This study aims to record and inventory the conservation status of herpetofauna in the Tapos Resort area of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. Herpetofauna data collection was carried out in the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP) area, in the Lebak Bumi Ciherang (LBC) forest block and the Cinakimun forest block. West Java, Ciawı District, Bogor Regency, West Java Province. The methods used were Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and Hand Searching. Based on the observation results, a total of 39 individuals were recorded, consisting of 2 orders, 9 families, 10 genera, and 12 species. The most commonly found species in the order Anura was Microhyla achatina with 6 individuals, while in the order Squamata it was Cyrtodactylus marmoratus with 9 individuals. The conservation status according to the IUCN for all species found is Least Concern. Further research is recommended to add to the list of herpetofauna in the Tapos Resort area that have not yet been found.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Rafi Al Gifari, Muhammad Daffa Hasyalillah, Muhammad Saltes Albiansyah, Muhammad Fazly Mawla, Rafi Hilman Al Ghiyasi, Ahmad Syafiq Bainahum, Mikail Abdul Rozaq, Rafi Hilman Al Ghiyasi, Fatihatsal Murfi, Narti Fitriana, Dinda Rama Haribowo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eutrophication in Indonesian Aquatic Systems: Causes and Ecological Consequences
Eutrophication is one of the major environmental problems affecting the quality and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Excessive inputs of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, can accelerate water fertility and lead to changes in aquatic community structure as well as a decline in water quality. This study aims to review the causes, indicators, and ecological impacts of eutrophication in various aquatic ecosystems in Indonesia. The study employed a literature review approach by analyzing scientific articles obtained from academic databases such as Google Scholar, Garuda Kemdikbud, and ScienceDirect. The results indicate that eutrophication in Indonesian waters is mainly driven by anthropogenic activities, including domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, aquaculture practices, and industrial activities within watershed areas. These conditions are characterized by increased nutrient concentrations, changes in phytoplankton composition, and the occurrence of algal blooms that may reduce water quality and disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, nutrient source management and continuous water quality monitoring are essential to control eutrophication and maintain the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cut Sarah Rizkita Rahmi, Lili Nitami, Wahdini Wahdini, Firdus Firdus, M. Nasir, Alia Rizki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Substitution of Maggot Flour (Hermetia Illucens) in Feed on The Performance of Male Peking Duck
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot meal is one of the sustainable protein sources that need to be investigated due to the rising expense of conventional protein feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BSF (Hermetia illucens) maggot meal substitution in rations on the growth performance of male Peking broiler ducks and to determine the optimal level of use. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and four replications (four ducks per experimental unit) was the research methodology. Grower phase ducks were treated with P0 (0% maggot meal), P1 (10% maggot meal), and P2 (20% maggot meal). Feed consumption, body weight increase (PBB), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were among the metrics noted. With an average intake of 45.00 g/head/day, statistical analysis revealed that maggot meal substitution had no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption. On daily body weight gain, however, there was a significant influence (P<0.05), with P1 attaining the maximum growth rate of 17.65 g/head/day. Regarding feed efficiency, although statistically the FCR values ​​between treatments did not show a significant difference (P=0.056), the P1 treatment numerically recorded a lower conversion rate (2.37) compared to the control (3.07). This study concluded that the use of maggot flour up to 10% (P1) has the potential to increase growth rates without compromising feed palatability. These findings provide practical implications for livestock farmers in optimizing production efficiency through the use of local feed ingredients based on organic waste.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fandy Firmansyah, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermentation of Banana Stems with Indigofera sp using MA-11 on Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility
The limited availability of quality feed, especially during the dry season, encourages the use of agricultural waste as an alternative livestock feed. Fermentation with the addition of microbes has been widely used to improve feed quality, but information regarding the optimal dosage of MA-11 in a mixture of banana stems (Musa paradisiaca) and Indigofera sp. is still limited. The most effective dosage of MA-11 for increasing dry matter and organic matter digestibility in the fermentation of a mixture of banana stems and Indigofera sp. The study aimed to determine the most effective dosage of MA-11 for increasing dry matter and organic matter digestibility in a mixture of banana stems (Musa paradisiaca) and Indigofera sp. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three MA-11 dosage treatments: P0 (0 mL), P1 (1 mL), and P2 (2 mL), each replicated four times. The fermentation process was carried out for 12 days and was followed by a two-stage in vitro digestibility test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's Test (DMRT) at a significance level of P < 0.05. MA-11 administration significantly increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The best treatment was achieved at a dose of 2 mL (P2). Improved feed quality is influenced by the activity of cellulolytic, proteolytic, and amylolytic bacteria in MA-11, which are capable of breaking down crude fiber into simpler compounds. Fermenting banana stem waste combined with *Indigofera* sp. using MA-11 can improve feed quality, particularly dry matter and organic matter digestibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bayu Santoso, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of DNA Barcodes in The Fabaceae Family
In identifying plants, people are confused about choosing the appropriate barcode for identification. For that reason, this study aims to analyze four DNA barcode rbcL, matK, trnL-trnF IGS, and ITS in the Fabaceae family. DNA sequence were taken and collected from Genbank through the NCBI website, which is 30 species from 6 genera each consisting of 5 species and the outgroup (Acacia auriculiformis). DNA sequence analysis was performed using MEGA 11. Phylogenetic analysis were performed using the Neighbor Joing Tree (NJ) and Maximum Likehood (ML) methods. The results of the analysis sequence variation showed that the highest conserved site was found in rbcL (83.72%) and variable site was found in ITS (62.03%). The number of segregation sites, substitution rates and diversity values in the Fabaceae family were highest in the ITS, respectively (451), (0.155284), and (0.219148). In conclusion, the four DNA barcodes analyzed in the Fabaceae family, namely rbcL, matK, trnL-trnF IGS and ITS, were able to separate the genera in the Fabaceae family. Among the four DNA barcodes analyzed, ITS was superior in identifying the Fabaceae family. The results of this study can be used as information in identifying plants in the Fabaceae family.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haura Fikriyyah Tsany, Dewi Indriyani Roslim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blue Light Exposure Duration Improves Antioxidant Capacity in Mung Bean Seedlings (Vigna radiata L.)
Antioxidant chemicals found in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) sprouts may help prevent non-communicable diseases linked to oxidative stress; however, it is unknown how long exposure to blue light affects the build-up of these bioactive substances. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different duration of blue LED light exposure on growth, antioxidant activity, and antioxidant-related compound in mung bean sprout. Three replications of a completely randomized design (CRD) were used. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure total phenolic content, iodometric titration was used to measure vitamin C, and the DPPH assay was used to measure antioxidant activity. According to the results, antioxidant activity increased significantly (p<0.05) under 24-hour exposure to blue light (30.34±0.61%) compared to darkness (26.40±0.39%). Additionally, tests made using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique and iodometric titration show an increasing tendency when exposed to blue light. Dry weight and hypocotyl length were not considerably impacted by light treatment. These results suggest that blue light duration is important for boosting antioxidant capacity without sacrificing development. This discovery offers a workable method for enhancing the functional quality of mung bean sprouts for controlled-environment agriculture systems and functional food development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaylee Ann Siswanto, Artadana Made Ida Bagus http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quantification of Total Biomass and Carbon Stock in Oil Palm Plantations Based on Compartments: Main Stand and Understory Vegetation
Oil palm plantations play a role in carbon storage; however, field-based information on biomass and carbon stock distribution among vegetation compartments remains limited. This study aimed to estimate biomass and carbon stocks of oil palm plantations based on main stand components and understory vegetation across immature (TBM), prime mature (TM Prime), and old mature (TM Old) growth phases. Field measurements were conducted in Central Kalimantan using plot sampling with a planting density of approximately 143 trees ha⁻¹. Main stand biomass was estimated non-destructively using compartment-based allometric equations, while understory biomass was measured destructively. The results showed an increase in biomass from approximately 94 kg tree⁻¹ at the TBM stage to 486–517 kg tree⁻¹ at the TM Prime stage and 495–582 kg tree⁻¹ at the TM Old stage, following a sigmoid growth pattern. Carbon stock was predominantly contributed by the oil palm main stand (5290.59 t C ha⁻¹), whereas understory vegetation contributed only a minor proportion (0.247 t C ha⁻¹). These findings provide transparent empirical data to support greenhouse gas accounting within the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khoirul Ummah Al-faruq, Betti Yuniasih, Amir Noviyanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between Glucosuria Positivity Values in Patients Diabetes Mellitus and The Incidence of Candiduria
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with various complications, including opportunistic infections such as candiduria. Hyperglycemic conditions, glucose detected in urine (glucosuria) is presumed to provide a supportive environment for the growth of microorganisms, including Candida spp. The relationship between the degree of glucosuria positivity and the incidence of candiduria still requires further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the association between the level of glucosuria positivity and the occurrence of candiduria among diabetes mellitus patients enrolled in the Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS). This study employed an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on predetermined inclusion criteria, resulting in 21 female respondents aged ≥45 years. Glucosuria examination was performed using the urine dipstick method based on the glucose oxidase–peroxidase enzymatic reaction principle. Urine culture was conducted on CHROMagar Candida (CAC) medium using the 100-conversion method to calculate colony counts, and candiduria was defined as colony growth ≥10³ CFU/mL. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s Exact Test.The results showed that most respondents had positive glucosuria with varying degrees, and the prevalence of candiduria was 66,6%. Statistical analysis indicated no significant association between the level of glucosuria positivity and the occurrence of candiduria 0,892 (p>0.05). In conclusion, glucosuria was not significantly associated with candiduria in the study population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adhi Kumoro Setya, Ridwan Khoirudin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata) in Habitat Types in Palaes Village, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi
Dragonflies (Odonata) are an important component of aquatic ecosystems, serving as natural predators and bioindicators of environmental quality. This study aims to identify species and analyze dragonfly diversity in three habitat types in Palaes Village, North Minahasa Regency. Dragonfly sampling was conducted using the transect method (300 m; 5 m wide on both sides) with a purposive sampling approach. The results showed that 555 dragonfly individuals were found, comprising 28 species, 18 genera, and 7 families, with the family Libellulidae as the dominant group. The most abundant species was Neurothemis stigmatizans (95 individuals; 17.12%). Diversity levels were moderate, with the highest H’ value in plantation habitats, followed by waterfalls, and the lowest in residential areas. The highest species richness was found in waterfall and plantation habitats, while species evenness was high across all locations. The highest density was found in the waterfall area. Dragonfly diversity in Palaes Village falls into the moderate category, with community structure influenced by habitat conditions and the level of human activity pressure, particularly in residential areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lora Gian Auberta Hutajulu, Roni Koneri, Marnix Langoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Patterns among Junior High School Students in Mataram City
In an effort to understand the factors influencing healthy eating habits among adolescents, there remains a lack of research that comprehensively examines the relationship between nutritional knowledge and dietary patterns of junior high school students in Mataram City. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of nutritional knowledge and dietary patterns of students at public junior high schools in Mataram City. This study utilized a quantitative framework featuring a descriptive correlational method and a purposive sampling strategy to gather data from 317 seventh-grade pupils across 10 schools in Mataram City. The data were evaluated using the Pearson correlation method and the Chi-Square analysis. The findings revealed a positive and significant link between students' nutritional knowledge and their eating patterns, though the correlation was weak (r = 0.178; p = 0.002). These results suggest that enhancing nutritional knowledge may lead to improved dietary habits, but environmental and social influences are also significant. Further investigation is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of this relationship and to explore how other factors might affect the link between nutritional knowledge and student eating behaviors in a more thorough manner.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cahaya Safari, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Dewa Ayu Citra Rasmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Liquefaction Analysis Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio in Arang Beach, Labuhan Ijuk, Sumbawa Area
Indonesia’s tectonic setting makes coastal areas highly vulnerable to seismic hazards, including liquefaction. This study aims to analyze the liquefaction potential in Arang Beach, Labuhan Ijuk, Sumbawa, using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. Microtremor data were collected at 70 measurement points and processed using Geopsy through windowing, filtering, and HVSR analysis to obtain dominant frequency (f₀) and amplification factor (A₀), followed by inversion to estimate shear wave velocity (Vₛ), sediment thickness (h), and Poisson’s ratio (σ). The results show that f₀ ranges from 0.294–17.542 Hz and A₀ from 0.928–15.914, with low-frequency and high-amplification zones concentrated in the southern–western area, indicating thick, soft sediments. Vₛ values (63.486–712.48 m/s) further confirm the presence of very soft to hard subsurface layers, with high liquefaction susceptibility associated with low Vₛ, high σ, and thick sediments. These findings indicate that the southern–western part of the study area has the highest seismic vulnerability and liquefaction potential. This study concludes that HVSR is effective for identifying site effects and liquefaction-prone zones. The results provide a scientific basis for seismic microzonation, coastal spatial planning, and the development of earthquake-resistant infrastructure in vulnerable coastal regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurcahaya Nurcahaya, Suhayat Minardi, Teti Zubaidah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity and Distribution of Macrofungi in the Aikmel Area of Mount Rinjani National Park
Indonesia, recognized as a megabiodiversity country, harbors rich biological resources including fungi, which play vital ecological and economic roles. This study aims to analyze the diversity and distribution patterns of macrofungi in the Aikmel Resort area of Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok. A descriptive–exploratory approach was conducted through field surveys using transect plots in two research stages. Data collection included species identification and measurement of environmental parameters such as temperature, light intensity, soil pH, and humidity. The results of the first stage recorded 40 species, while the second stage identified 37 species. After combining both datasets and removing duplicate species, a total of 68 unique macrofungal species were obtained, belonging to Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mycetozoa. These species were distributed across various orders, families, and genera, with Agaricales and Polyporales as the dominant groups. Most macrofungi were found on decayed wood, indicating its importance as the primary substrate. Diversity analysis revealed a moderate level of diversity with relatively low dominance, fairly even species distribution, and high species richness. Environmental factors such as temperature, soil pH, light intensity, and humidity influenced the variation in macrofungal community structure between the two stages. In conclusion, the Aikmel Resort area exhibits high macrofungal diversity with dynamic community structure influenced by environmental conditions and substrate availability, highlighting its ecological importance as a reservoir of fungal biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Anjar Wani, Edi Muhamad Jayadi, Risa Umami http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Sawdust and Cocopeat Planting Media on Root Growth in Grafting of Mahkota Dewa Plants (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)
Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., referred to as Mahkota Dewa, is a valuable medicinal plant with significant economic importance, requiring effective propagation methods to enhance its cultivation. Grafting is a frequently utilized technique, and its effectiveness is affected by the kind of growth medium used. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different planting media on root growth of grafted Mahkota Dewa. The research was carried out between January and March 2026 in Lubuk Minturun, employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three different treatments: soil (P0), sawdust (P1), and cocopeat (P2), each consisting of six replications. The parameters monitored included the number of roots, root length, and dry weight of roots. Data were evaluated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings showed that the type of growth medium did not have a significant impact (p>0.05) on any of the root growth parameters measured. These results imply that alternative mediums like sawdust and cocopeat can serve as replacements for soil without notably hindering root growth in grafted P. macrocarpa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Poni Delita Sari, Vauzia Vauzia, Moralita Chatri, Irma Leilani Eka Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological Characteristics of Coral Reefs in the Marine Waters of South Buton Regency
Coral reef ecosystems represent one of the most diverse marine systems and play a fundamental role in maintaining the ecological stability of coastal environments. Despite their importance, detailed information on coral species composition and morphological characteristics in many Indonesian coastal areas remains limited, including in the Bahari waters of Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency. This study aimed to examine coral species composition, analyze their distribution across different substrate types, and interpret the ecological implications of their morphological characteristics. Field surveys using a descriptive–exploratory approach. Data were collected through the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method along a 50 m transect line in shallow intertidal waters. Coral colonies intersecting the transect were documented and identified based on morphological traits using the Coral Finder Toolkit Indo-Pacific 3.0. The results recorded a total of 10 coral species belonging to five families: Acroporidae (50%), Agariciidae (20%), and Fungiidae, Leptastreidae, and Merulinidae (each 10%). Species distribution varied across substrate types, with rocky sand supporting the highest species richness (70%), followed by sandy substrates (50%), while seagrass–sand substrates supported only a limited number of species (10%). The dominance of branching corals, particularly from the genus Acropora, indicates environmental conditions characterized by high light availability and relatively stable substrates, while the occurrence of solitary forms such as Fungia reflects adaptive strategies to unstable sedimentary environments. These findings highlight a clear relationship between coral morphology, substrate stability, and environmental dynamics in intertidal reef systems. This study provides baseline ecological information on coral composition and morphology in the Bahari coastal waters and emphasizes the importance of substrate characteristics in shaping coral community structure. The results can support future coastal management and coral reef conservation strategies in South Buton Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kusrini Kusrini, La Aba, Jumiati Jumiati, Neneng Nurdianingsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Ferns (Pteridophyta) as an Indicator of Environmental Sustainability in Fogi Village, Sula Islands Regency
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are spore-reproducing vascular plants important in tropical forest ecosystems, and Indonesia is a global center of their diversity with over 2,000 species. However, fern diversity in North Maluku is still poorly documented. This study aimed to analyze the species composition and diversity of ferns as well as their implications for environmental sustainability in Fogi Village, Sanana District, Sula Islands Regency. The study was conducted across four habitat types: home garden, residential, riverbank, and mixed plantation, using purposive sampling with line transects of 1 km length and 10 m width. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Margalef species richness index (Dmg), and species evenness index (E), complemented by a descriptive-ecological assessment to discuss implications for the sustainability of the local ecosystem. A total of 10 fern species were recorded comprising 229 individuals. The dominant species across habitat types were Pteris tripartita in home garden habitat (9 individuals) and Selaginella sp. in residential (15), riverbank (12), and mixed plantation (17) habitats. The residential habitat recorded the highest values of species diversity (H') and species richness (Dmg) compared to other habitat types. Species evenness (E) approached 1 across all habitats, indicating a relatively balanced distribution of fern species. Ecologically, the Fogi Village area retains potential to sustain its ecosystem functions; however, the low species richness recorded across all habitat types warrants attention in efforts toward sustainable environmental management of the area. In conclusion, the fern community at the research site shows a moderate level of diversity with a relatively even distribution of species across various habitat types. The high uniformity in all habitats indicates the absence of extreme dominance by a single species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursina Banapon, Siti Nurjannah, Ramli Hadun, Adriani Adriani, Reyna Ashari, Laswi Irmayanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between Cholinesterase Enzyme Levels and Leukocyte Differential Count in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides
Pesticide exposure in farmers has the potential to cause health problems, one of which indicated by decreased cholinesterase enzyme levels and changes in the leukocyte profile as part of the immune response. This study aimed to determine the correlation between cholinesterase enzyme levels and leukocyte differential count, including eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, among vegetable farmers exposed to pesticides in Matesih Village, Matesih District. The study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of 29 male vegetable farmers, from which 22 respondents were selected via purposive sampling based on specific inclusion criteria. Cholinesterase enzyme levels were measured using the Cobas Integra 400 Plus photometric method, while leukocyte differential counts were analyzed flow cytometry with tri-angle laser scatter on the Mindray BC-5130 hematology analyzer. Data analysis was performed using Pearson and Spearman correlation tests adjusted to the distribution of the study data. The results showed that most respondents had cholinesterase enzyme levels that were still within the normal range. The correlation analysis indicated no significant correlation between cholinesterase enzyme levels and leukocyte differential count (eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, or neutrophils) (p > 0.05).
Copyright (c) 2026 Rochmad Agung Purnomo, Alya Sabrina Putri Kalista, Ameilisa Eka Nurriani, Septiani Tri Wulandhari, Mastuti Widi Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Diversity and Abundance of Food Plants and the Diversity and Abundance of Butterflies in Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park
Butterflies are important bioindicators and pollinators whose presence is strongly associated with the availability of food plants and habitat conditions. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between food plant diversity and butterfly diversity in Taman Wisata Alam Kerandangan, West Lombok. The research was conducted in three observation blocks, namely utilization, protection, and rehabilitation, using a survey method along transects. Data were collected on the diversity and abundance of food plants and butterflies, and analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pearson Product Moment correlation. The results showed that food plants consisted of 1,298 individuals belonging to 27 species and 16 families, with an H’ value of 2.591; the dominant family was Rubiaceae, and the most abundant species was Clerodendrum paniculatum. Butterflies were recorded at 687 individuals, comprising 35 species and 3 families, with an H’ value of 3.183; the dominant family was Nymphalidae, and the most abundant species was Catopsilia pamona. The correlation analysis showed a very weak but positive relationship between food plant diversity and butterfly diversity (r = 0.028), while the relationship between food plant abundance and butterfly abundance was positive and very strong (r = 0.972). These findings indicate that butterfly occurrence in the study area is more strongly influenced by food plant abundance than by food plant diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Giri Larasati Putri, I Putu Artayasa, Gde Cahyadi Wirajagad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Monitoring Photography and its Obstacles in Invertebrate Taxonomic Studies in Sumatra: A Case Study of Dragonflies (Odonata) and Water Mites (Acari)
The use of photographic methods has become an alternative approach for monitoring the diversity of invertebrate species. However, this method has inherent limitations when applied to taxonomic studies. The present study aims to discuss the future challenges in the application of photographic methods and taxonomic study of invertebrates, in the case of dragonflies and water mites. This study is descriptive study, and the data collected by using photographic methods. The result of this study is collected six species, six genera and five families of dragonflies in the river of Guguak, Kayu Tanam Sub-district, Padang Pariaman District. However, we also found the water mites in certain species, then discussed its taxonomical problems. We concluded that the application of photographic methods may affect the quality of research outcomes, particularly in studies of invertebrate animals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rijal Satria, Nela Berliani, Sandi Fransisco Pratama http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy and Antifungal Mechanism of root exudate Kaempferia galanga against Colletotrichum capsici
Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnose in chili plants, which can drastically impair productivity and fruit quality. Pesticide-based pest control is often ineffective, necessitating a more environmentally friendly option. The purpose of this study is to investigate the suppressive microbiome capability of Kaempferia galanga rhizome exudate in preventing C. capici growth. The microbiome is obtained by enrichment with a pathogenic inoculum and the addition of chitin. In vitro, antifungal activity was assessed by monitoring the percentage of colony inhibition, changes in hyphal shape, and measuring electrical conductivity (EC) as a sign of cell membrane damage. According to research findings, the suppressive microbiome can restrict the establishment of pathogenic colonies while also inducing the creation of chlamydospores in response to stress. The inclusion of chitin resulted in the strongest antifungal activity and elevated the EC value to 320.67 µS cm-1, indicating electrolyte leakage from cell membrane disruption. These findings suggest that the microbiome from K. galanga rhizome exudate has the potential to act as a biological control agent for anthracnose in chili peppers. More research is required to discover the important microorganisms and bioactive chemicals involved in antifungal processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andri Purniawan, Suwandi Suwandi, Rahmad Fadli, Berta Apriliani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of Trichoderma asperellum Formula Based on Red Sticky Rice to The Vegetative Growth of Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a strategic food commodity in Indonesia, with demand continuing to rise in line with population growth. Efforts to increase rice production through intensification often rely on the use of inorganic fertilizers, which have a negative impact on soil fertility. One alternative to reduce this dependence is the use of microbial-based biofertilizers, such as Trichoderma asperellum, which plays a role in improving nutrient uptake and plant growth. However, the formulation of T. asperellum in conventional media such as PDA is still ineffective in the field due to its relatively high cost. This study was conducted to examine the contribution of a red glutinous rice-based T. asperellum formula with the addition of ecoenzyme to the vegetative growth of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments of formula composition and NPK fertilizer and five replicates. The parameters observed included plant height and number of tillers at 3, 5, and 7 weeks after planting (WAP). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test at a 5% level. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the vegetative growth of rice. Treatment P3 (60% formula + 40% NPK) produced the highest plant height (131.43 cm) at 7 weeks after planting, while treatment P2 (80% formula + 20% NPK) produced the highest number of tillers (60.33 tillers per clump) in the fifth week. These findings indicate a synergy between the biological activity of T. asperellum and NPK fertilizer, as well as the potential for reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers without decreasing the vegetative growth of rice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisya Putri, Azwir Anhar, Linda Advinda, Filza Yulina Ade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between BRCA1 Expression Status and Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer Patients in NTB
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Indonesia, with incidence and mortality rates continuing to rise. One important factor in the development of this disease is the involvement of BRCA1 gene expression. Disruption of BRCA1 gene function plays a role in tumorigenesis. In addition, axillary lymph node status is an important prognostic factor that determines disease stage and progression. However, the relationship between BRCA1 expression and lymph node involvement is still inconsistent, requiring further research to clarify its association. This study aimed to determine the relationship between BRCA1 expression and lymph node status in breast cancer. This research was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. BRCA1 expression was assessed using the H-Score method and classified into high expression (H-Score >100) and low expression (H-Score ≤100). Lymph node status was categorized as negative (N−) or positive (N+). Data from 42 breast cancer samples were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 19 patients (45.2%) had low BRCA1 expression, while 23 patients (54.8%) had high BRCA1 expression. Based on lymph node status, 12 patients (28.6%) were classified as N− and 30 patients (71.4%) as N+. Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant association between BRCA1 expression and lymph node status (p=0.096). In conclusion, BRCA1 expression cannot yet be used as a strong indicator in determining lymph node status in breast cancer patients in NTB.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Bagus Wisnu Wikananda, Rizka Vidya Lestari, Fathul Djannah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship between Parental Knowledge and Behavior with the Severity of Pneumonia in Toddlers
Pneumonia is an illness that frequently affects young children and significantly influences their health and overall life quality, particularly in toddlers. This research seeks to explore how parental awareness and actions relate to the seriousness of pneumonia among toddlers at the Lingsar and Sigerongan Community Health Centers. This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional research design using consecutive sampling. The study was conducted in the working area of the Lingsar and Sigerongan Community Health Centers, West Lombok with a research sample of 112 respondents. The information collected was examined using the Spearman's rho test. The findings indicated that a majority of the parents of toddlers were aged between 20 and 35 years (83.9%), were predominantly female (51.5%), had low levels of education (51.8%), and the majority worked as housewives (74.1%). The data also showed that there was a high level of knowledge (80.4%) and positive behavior (96.4%). The analysis of the knowledge and behavior data through the Spearman's rho test yielded results of (p = 0.807) and (p = 0.292), indicating no significant correlation between parental knowledge and behavior with the severity of pneumonia in toddlers (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant link found between the history of basic vaccinations, nutritional status, family smoking background, exclusive breastfeeding history, low birth weight history, prematurity, and environmental factors with the severity of pneumonia in toddlers. There was no association between parental knowledge and behavior and the severity of pneumonia in toddlers at the Lingsar and Sigerongan Health Centers in West Lombok.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lale Nubya Nitzana, Wayan Sulaksmana Sandhi Parwata, Titi Pambudi Karuniawaty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Article Review: The Role of Trichogramma Japonicum Egg Parasitoids in The Control of The Rice Stem Borer (Scirpophaga Incertulas) to Support Food Security
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a strategic food commodity that plays an important role in supporting food security. However, rice production is often disrupted by attacks from the rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), which can reduce crop productivity. This study aims to analyze the role of Trichogramma japonicum in suppressing rice stem borer populations and its contribution to food security. The study used a literature review method by analyzing various relevant scientific articles. The results showed that Trichogramma japonicum was able to parasitize pest eggs, thereby inhibiting larval hatching and reducing the population of Scirpophaga incertulas. Trichogramma japonicum has the potential to be an environmentally friendly biological control agent to support sustainable rice production and food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naila Rahmah, Jihan Naila Khairunnisa, Alma Maylina Riski Wahyuni, Jilan Aulia Nabilah Zein, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Rhizospheric Bacterial Diversity in Mangrove Ecosystems in Tanah Laut Regency
Mangrove ecosystem is rich in rhizosphere bacteria that support the nutrient cycle and environmental balance. This study aims to identify the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria from mangrove soils in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan. Samples were taken from three types of mangrove density tight, medium, and rare, at depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Tiered dilution to level 10-8, dilution level 10-5 to 10-8 are inoculated on NA media and purified. The purification results obtained a total of 29 isolats, in the dense mangrove type there were 14 isolats, medium mangroves 8 isolats, and rare mangroves 7 isolats. Morphological analysis showed macroscopic variation with round, entire, undulate, and irregular colony margins. There are white, yellow, beige, and orange colors. Elevation consists of flat, raised, to convex. The size of the colony is small to moderate. Microscopic analysis based on the results of gram staining there are groups with positive and negatif grams, in the form of coccus cells, bacillus, and coccobacillus. Growth assays on pH 3, 5, 7, and 9 indicated optimal growth at pH 7, with strong inhibition at pH 3. These results confirm that there is a high level of diversity of mangrove rhizosphere bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisrina Ramadhani, Guruh Mayka Putra, Akhmad Rizali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Virtual Screening of the Antibacterial Compound Paenibacillus polymyxa against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), threatens rice productivity by up to 80%, making it necessary to develop environmentally friendly biopesticides derived from the secondary metabolites of Paenibacillus polymyxa. This study aims to screen potential antibacterial compounds against three key target proteins: Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (ilvC), Protein nucleotidyltransferase (ydiU), and CTP synthase (pyrG). These targets were evaluated in two specific bacterial strains, PXO99A (where ydiU is identified as TAL effector protein PthXo1) and MAFF 311918. The screening was conducted using PyRx-based molecular docking to assess binding affinities and ADMET analysis to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of the candidates. In silico methods include ligand preparation from PubChem, docking, Discovery Studio visualization, and SwissADME and Deep-PK predictions. The results showed that Fusaricidin A had the highest affinity (–7.9 kcal/mol at ydiU PXO99A), Polymyxin B was universally stable due to its amphipathic nature allowing flexible adaptation to all active sites (–6.8 to –7.4 kcal/mol), and Paenibacillin A was the safest (non-mutagenic, biodegradable, low irritation). This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of Paenibacillus polymyxa antibacterial compounds as safe and precise biopesticidal agents in sustainable agricultural systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andre Chandra, Zhafirah Amalia, Lusiana Hidayati, Megifa Putri Adinale, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytoremediation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) Detergent Using Azolla microphylla and Ludwigia adscendens
The increasing use of detergents has the potential to cause water pollution due to their surfactant content, particularly Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS), which is toxic to aquatic organisms and poses a risk to human health. One approach to mitigating LAS pollution is phytoremediation. Although phytoremediation has been widely practiced, studies comparing the effectiveness of two plant species remain limited. This study aims to determine the effects of plant species, LAS concentration, and their interaction on the reduction of LAS levels in water, chlorophyll levels in leaves, and plant fresh biomass. This study is an experimental study using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors: plant species (Azolla microphylla and Ludwigia adscendens) and LAS concentration (0 ppm, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm). The observed parameters included LAS concentration in water, leaf chlorophyll content, and plant fresh biomass, which were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test, and environmental physicochemical parameters were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis and compared with applicable quality standards. The results showed that plant species, LAS concentration, and their interaction significantly affected LAS concentration in water, leaf chlorophyll content, and plant fresh biomass. The highest reduction in LAS occurred in the Ludwigia adscendens treatment (10 ppm) at 99.200%, while the lowest was in the Azolla microphylla treatment (20 ppm) at 96.983%. The results of the study prove that Azolla microphylla and Ludwigia adscendens have the potential to be used as phytoremediation agents for LAS contamination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ifa Ulya Fitriyani, Fida Rachmadiarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chlorophyll Response in Ipomoea reptans Leaves to Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application from Vegetable Waste
Modern agricultural practices that use synthetic inorganic fertilizers excessively and uncontrolled can disrupt the soil’s ecological balance, reduce microbial activity, and disrupt plant physiological processes, so that the development of alternative, environmentally friendly fertilizers is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological response of Ipomoea reptans to the application of LOF derived from vegetable waste, using leaf chlorophyll content and vegetative growth parameters as indicators. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments consisting of combinations of NPK fertilizer and LOF at different concentrations. The observed parameters included the number of leaves, leaf area, and chlorophyll content, and the data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test and Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that the application vegetable-waste LOF tended to enhance the vegetative growth of Ipomoea reptans, with the highest number of leaves and leaf area observed in treatment N0P3 (0 g NPK + 60 ml LOF). However, statistical analysis indicated that most treatments did not differ significantly at the 5% significance level. Chlorophyll content also did not differ significantly among treatments, although the highest value was recorded in treatment N0P2 (40 ml LOF without NPK). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a very weak and non-significant relationship between leaf number and chlorophyll content (r = −0.019; p = 0.916; n = 32) and between leaf area and chlorophyll content (r = −0.045; p = 0.807; n = 32). Based on data, there is a tendency to increase vegetative growth with vegetable waste-based LOF, although statistically there is no significant difference. These findings indicate that vegetable waste-based LOF has the potential to be developed as an environmentally friendly alternative fertilizer to support sustainable cultivation and improve understanding of plant physiological responses during vegetative growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mega Nofitri Ikhwan, Prapti Sedijani, Rubiyatna Sakaroni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobotanical Study of Plant Utilization in the Balinese Hindu (Metatah) Ceremony in Baubau
The use of plants in traditional societies is not only utilitarian but also plays an important role in cultural practices and religious ceremonies as part of an ethnobotanical knowledge system rich in symbolic meanings. This study aimed to identify plant species used, describe the plant parts utilized, and reveal their symbolic meanings in the Metatah (tooth-filing) ceremony among Balinese Hindu communities in Ngkaring Karing Village, Baubau. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied using purposive sampling involving tokoh adat (traditional leaders with knowledge of symbolic meanings), pemangku (Hindu religious leaders responsible for ritual practices), and serati (ceremony specialists responsible for preparing ceremonial materials, particularly plant materials). Data were collected through direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The results showed that 38 plant species were used in the Metatah ceremony without substitution, indicating strong consistency in cultural values and knowledge transmission. The plant parts utilized included leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, and rhizomes. Each plant carries symbolic meanings related to purity, life, prosperity, spiritual cleansing, protection, balance, harmony, and the relationship between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm. This study concludes that plant utilization in the Metatah ceremony is deeply embedded in cultural and symbolic systems, reflecting the continuity of local ethnobotanical knowledge within Balinese Hindu communities in diaspora and contributing to its documentation and preservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Made Supreni, Jumiati Jumiati, S. Hafidhawati Andarias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Fine Motor Skill Development of Class B PAUD Students in Kediri District, West Lombok
This original research paper employs a quantitative cross-sectional analytic design to investigate early childhood development in a specific Indonesian setting. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and fine motor skill development in class B preschool children (aged 5–6 years) in Kediri District, West Lombok, Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional analytic design was used. The sample consisted of 67 children from five PAUD selected by proportional random sampling. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI-for-age (IMT/U) based on WHO standards, while fine motor skill development was measured through structured observation using seven indicators. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Test. Results showed that most children had normal nutritional status (67.1%), 29.9% were undernourished, and 1.5% each were overweight and obese. Fine motor skill development was in the "Very Well Developed" category for 76.1% of children and "As Expected" for 23.9%. Statistical evaluation showed no meaningful connection between nutritional status and the development of fine motor skills (p = 0.756 > 0.05). While descriptively a larger percentage of kids with "Very Well Developed" fine motor skills was noted in the normally nourished group (80.0%) than in the undernourished group (75.0%), the disparity was not statistically important. This study concludes that nutritional status does not have a significant link to the growth of fine motor skills in early childhood education (PAUD) Grade B children in the Kediri District of West Lombok.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nina Anggraini, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Dewa Ayu Citra Rasmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanical Properties of Whey–Pectin Edible Films: The Role of Plasticizer Type
Whey protein has been identified as a potential film-forming material; however, its mechanical properties are limited. The objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of plasticizer type on the mechanical properties of edible films composed of whey-pectin. This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The treatments consisted of three types of plasticizers, namely sorbitol, glycerol, and polyethylene glycol. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and when significant differences were observed, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was subsequently applied. The findings demonstrated that the type of plasticizer exerted a negligible influence (P > 0.05) on film thickness, which ranged from 0.15 to 0.16 mm. However, the type of plasticizer had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on tensile strength and elongation. The highest tensile strength was obtained with sorbitol, whereas the highest elongation was obtained with polyethylene glycol. The findings of this study suggest the existence of a trade-off relationship between tensile strength and elongation. Sorbitol has been demonstrated to produce a strong film, while polyethylene glycol has been shown to enhance flexibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahrullah Fahrullah, Rabyatul Auliah, Wahid Yulianto, Baiq Rani Dewi Wulandani, Bulkaini Bulkaini, Djoko Kisworo, Sukirno Sukirno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanical Control of Heliothis virescens and Pseudomonas syringae in Tobacco Cultivation in Bengawan Solo
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of controlling Heliothis virescens infestation and Pseudomonas syringae Infection using synthetic pesticides on Nicotiana tabacum cultivation In Bengawan Solo, East Java, Indonesia. Results showed a decrease In pest density (from 6.8 to 3.7 individuals per plant), disease Intensity (from 52.0% to 30.7%), and leaf damage (from 48.5% to 26.4%). Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Mechanical control significantly reduced the Incidence of pests and diseases In tobacco cultivation, with suppression efficiencies reaching 46.5% and 41.0%, respectively . In conclusion, farmer-led mechanical control Is an effective, low-cost, and sustainable strategy for managing pests and diseases In tobacco cultivation under tropical agroecological conditions, with potential to reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides and support environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novia Larasanti, Mutimanda Dwisatyadini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microplastic Analysis in Digestive Tracts of Baronang and Goatfish in Kuta Lombok
Microplastic pollution has become a significant environmental problem in marine ecosystems, particularly in coastal areas impacted by increased anthropogenic activity. The coastal waters of Kuta, Lombok, are potentially exposed to plastic waste from tourism and fisheries, which can degrade into microplastics and enter the marine food chain. This study aims to identify the types, abundance, and characteristics of microplastics in the digestive tracts of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) and goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus). The study used a modified NOAA method for 60 fish samples, including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) digestion and NaCl density separation, followed by microscopic observation. The results showed that microplastics were present in both fish species, consisting of fiber and fragment types, with fibers being the dominant type. Microplastic abundance was relatively low, at 0.6 particles/individual in rabbitfish and 0.5 particles/individual in goatfish. The dominant colors observed were black, blue, and red. These findings indicate that microplastic contamination has occurred in the study area, albeit at a relatively low level. Therefore, better plastic waste management and increased public awareness are recommended to reduce further contamination in coastal ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ninsanti Aura Jasanti, Lalu Zulkifli, Syamsul Bahri, Karnan Karnan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microplastic Abundance and Characteristics in Digestive Tract of Fish Tongkol Euthynnus affinis from Coastal Area of Ampenan, Mataram
The rise in plastic usage in Indonesia has resulted in a buildup of plastic waste both on land and in water bodies. Because it does not break down easily due to the lack of microorganisms that can degrade it, plastic remains in the environment and pollutes various living beings. Thus, it is important to conduct studies on microplastic contamination to evaluate the safety of fish, which is a widely eaten source of food. This study aimed to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus affinis) from the coastal waters of Ampenan Beach. Sampling was conducted using a random sampling method. Tuna samples were collected from fishermen along the Ampenan coast three times, totaling 30 fish. The analysis was conducted through sample preparation, oxidation of organic matter, filtration, and microscopic observation. The results showed that microplastics had accumulated in the digestive tract of the Euthynnus affinis, with an abundance of 2.3 MP/Ind. The most dominant type of microplastic found was fiber, accounting for 65% of the total sample, with black being the predominant color. Four types of microplastics were identified in the digestive tract: 65% fiber, 20% fragments, 10% film, and 5% granules.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktry Zoelvianti, Lalu Zulkifli, Abdul Syukur, Karnan Karnan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Seawater Exposure on Osmoregulation Physiology in Gourami Fish (Osphronemus goramy)
Fundamentally, osmoregulation is a complex physiological process that functions to regulate the concentration of body fluids, including the balance of water and electrolytes (ions), in order to remain in a state of homeostasis even when the external environment experiences dynamic fluctuations. This study aims to analyze the effect of seawater exposure on the osmoregulatory physiology of gourami fish (Osphronemus goramy) through observations of survival endurance at various seawater concentrations. This research is an experimental study, with one control group and three treatment groups, each treatment group replicated 10 times. The parameter observed is the duration of survival of the gourami fish in each treatment. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested with the Games-Howell test. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant effect of seawater exposure on the osmoregulatory physiology of gourami fish (p < 0.05). This study concludes that there is a significant effect of seawater exposure on the osmoregulatory physiology of gourami fish (Osphronemus goramy). Increasing seawater concentration causes a significant decrease in the survival rate of gourami fish.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Merta, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Leaf Miner Pests and Parasitoids of The Sembalun Lombok Arabica Coffee Variety
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important plantation commodity cultivated in the Sembalun Highlands, Lombok. However, leaf miner infestations can reduce plant productivity by damaging leaf tissues and disrupting photosynthesis. This study aimed to identify leaf miner pests and associated parasitoids on several Arabica coffee varieties and to evaluate infestation intensity. The research used a quantitative desriptive approach with field survey methods. Sampling was conducted using systematic random sampling on five Arabica coffee varieties: Yellow Caturra, Red Caturra, Typica, Kobra, and Lini-S. Leaves showing leaf miner symptoms were collected weekly, reared in the laboratory, and identified morphologically. Infestation intensity was calculated using the Natawigena method and analyzed decriptively. The result showed that the leaf miner belonged to the order Lepidoptera, family Gracillariidae, genus Phyllocnistis, while the parasitoid belonged to the family Eurytomidae. The average infestation intensity was catagorized as moderate, with the highest infestation on Yellow Caturra dan the lowest on Lini-S. The presence of parasitoids indicates their potential role as biological control agents in sustainable Arabica coffee pest management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mega Puspita Sari, Bambang Supeno, Wahyu Astiko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution of Phytoplankton Types in Batujai Dam, Central Lombok Regency
Batujai Dam is the main dam in Central Lombok Regency which is used as a water source, irrigation area, flood control, freshwater fish farming, and the development of micro-hydro power plants. Batujai Dam is also a place of accumulation of polluted materials, domestic waste, agriculture and livestock. The purpose of this research was to determine the distribution of species, ecological indices, and environmental parameters in Batujai Dam. Determination of sample points using purposive sampling method in the fish cage area, water hyacinth, and open area. The phytoplankton community found was 48 species, 9 classes, and 22 families. The average species abundance was 38,575.18 ind/liter, the diversity index was 2.41, and the dominance index was 0.14. The waters of Batujai Dam are still relatively optimal for phytoplankton life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Bintan Pratiwi, Dining Aidil Candri, Hilman Ahyadi, Mursal Ghazali, Tri Wahyu Setyaningrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Eco-Enzyme Solutions as Biology Learning Resources for Senior High Schools
The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes student-centered and experiment-based learning that utilizes the surrounding environment as a contextual learning resource. This study analyzes the physical characteristics (pH, color, and odor) and biochemical properties (primary and secondary metabolites) of ecoenzyme solutions made from molasses and palm sugar. This study utilized an experimental approach and generated quantitative descriptive data to identify differences in physical and biochemical characteristics between the two solutions. The results show variations in pH, odor intensity, color, and metabolite content, indicating that the type of raw material influences the properties of the ecoenzyme. These findings can be used as contextual learning resources for senior high school and vocational health students in biology and chemistry learning under the Merdeka Curriculum. In addition, the analysis of primary metabolites (reducing sugars, proteins, organic acids, and lipids) and secondary metabolites (alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and coumarins) provides meaningful scientific evidence that links fermentation processes with observable chemical changes. This integration of laboratory investigation and real-life environmental materials supports the development of students’ scientific literacy, critical thinking, and experimental skills through contextual and inquiry-based learning activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadhillah Marta, Ratna Dewi Eskundari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Overview of Knowledge and Behavior of University of Mataram Students Regarding Proper Medication Disposal
Incorrectly throwing away unused or expired drugs can negatively impact the environment and public health by causing pollution. College students, who frequently take medications on their own and keep them, might add to this issue. This study aims to assess the knowledge and disposal behavior of students at Universitas Mataram regarding proper medication disposal practices. This study employed a descriptive quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected online from 428 respondents selected through purposive sampling using the ReDiUM (Return and Disposal of Unused Medications Questionnaire). Data were analyzed using descriptive univariate analysis to determine the frequency distribution and percentage of respondents’ knowledge and behavior categories related to medication disposal practices. The results showed that most respondents had a low level of knowledge regarding proper medication disposal, while only a small proportion demonstrated high knowledge. In terms of behavior, the majority of respondents exhibited moderate disposal practices, whereas good disposal behavior was found in fewer respondents. These findings indicate that students’ understanding and practices regarding proper medication disposal are still not optimal. In conclusion, Universitas Mataram students generally demonstrated insufficient knowledge and moderate behavior regarding proper medication disposal. This condition highlights the need for educational interventions and awareness programs related to pharmaceutical waste management among university students. Practical implications of this study include the development of campus-based health promotion programs, medication take-back campaigns, and public health education initiatives to encourage environmentally safe medication disposal practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifqi Rizqullah, Mahacita Andanalusia, Lale Justin Amelinda Elizar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microplastic Pollution in Indonesian Waters: Characteristics, Ecological Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies
Microplastic pollution in waters poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the variations in microplastic types based on shape and polymer, abundance, impacts on aquatic biota, and solutions through literature reviews from various sources. The results indicate that microplastic pollution has spread widely from western to eastern Indonesia. The highest abundance was found in areas with high population density and anthropogenic activity, such as Banten Bay, Jakarta Bay, and the South Coast of Java. Microplastic forms are dominated by fragments, fibers, films, and foams. Polymer identification shows a dominance of PP and PE as well as specific industrial polymers. The impact of contamination occurs on various biota, from fish to invertebrates, causing decreased nutritional quality, digestive damage, and metabolic disorders. Mitigation includes reducing single-use plastics, improving waste management, Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) technology, bioremediation, as well as the role of the community and government policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathun Rahman, Fitri Afifah Nasution, Nadya Nadya, Firdus Firdus, Alia Rizki, Muhammad Nasir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Proximate Characteristics and pH Value with Total Lactic Acid Bacteria in Etawa Goat Milk
Etawa goat milk is a highly nutritious food source with strong potential to be developed as a functional food. Its nutritional components—such as protein, fat, and water content—along with the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), contribute to its health benefits. This study aimed to analyze the proximate characteristics and pH value of Etawa goat milk and to evaluate their relationship with the total LAB count. Milk samples were collected from three locations in Padang City: Gunung Pangilun, Korong Gadang, and Padayo. Proximate analysis was conducted using standard methods from the Indonesian National Standardization Agency, while total LAB was determined using the Total Plate Count method on MRS Agar media. The results showed that moisture content ranged from 86.11–88.93%, protein content from 3.64–4.17%, fat content from 4.00–5.00%, and pH values from 6.70–7.00. The total LAB ranged from 30.66×10⁸ to 48.33×10⁸ CFU/mL, exceeding the minimum threshold required for probiotic sources. Samples with higher protein and fat content tended to have higher LAB counts. In addition, high moisture content and near-neutral pH supported microbial growth. Therefore, the proximate characteristics and pH value of Etawa goat milk are associated with LAB counts, indicating its potential as a natural probiotic source. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence for the utilization of Etawa goat milk as a natural probiotic product and may contribute to the development of dairy-based functional foods and community nutrition programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisa Farma, Djong Hon Tjong, Endang Purwati, Anthoni Agustien, Annisa Khaira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Edible Coating Aloe Vera on the Quality of Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya L) During Storage
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a highly perishable climacteric fruit with limited shelf life at room temperature due to rapid respiration and transpiration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Aloe vera gel edible coating on weight loss, color change, and fruit firmness of California variety papaya during room temperature storage. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment levels was applied: K0 = 0% (control), K1 = 60%, K2 = 80%, and K3 = 100% Aloe vera gel concentration, each replicated four times. Papaya fruits were coated by immersion for 5 minutes and stored at room temperature (±25–28°C) for 8 days. Parameters measured included weight loss (%), fruit color (L*, a*, b* values using a colorimeter), and fruit firmness (Newton, using a penetrometer). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that Aloe vera gel edible coating significantly affected all quality parameters during storage. Treatment K2 (80% concentration) consistently demonstrated the best performance, exhibiting the lowest weight loss (1.0775%), most effective inhibition of color changes (highest b* value of 56.400 on day 6; lowest a* value of 2.450 on day 8), and highest fruit firmness (2.800 ± 0.356 N) compared to other treatments. The semi-permeable layer formed at this optimal concentration effectively reduced transpiration and respiration rates without triggering anaerobic fermentation. It is concluded that Aloe vera gel edible coating at 80% concentration is the most effective treatment for maintaining papaya fruit quality during room temperature storage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathia Bardevi, Eva Nauli Taib, Nurdin Amin, Zuraidah Zuraidah, Lina Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Effectiveness of Biofertilizer and EM4 in Organic Waste Biodegradation in Soil
The increasing accumulation of household organic waste poses serious environmental challenges due to inadequate management practices. Biological degradation using microbial activators is considered an effective and environmentally friendly approach to accelerate organic waste decomposition. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of biofertilizer and Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM4) in enhancing the biodegradation of household organic waste in soil media. The research employed a simple experimental method with three treatments: control without activator, addition of biofertilizer, and addition of EM4. Organic waste was layered with soil and incubated for four weeks, with periodic observations of physical changes, including aroma, color, waste condition, and residual decomposition. The results showed that EM4 treatment exhibited the most effective biodegradation, characterized by reduced waste residue, brownish-black color, and an earthy aroma. Biofertilizer enhanced biodegradation relative to the control, though the process proceeded more gradually due to microbial adaptation. In contrast, the control treatment demonstrated the slowest degradation rate. In conclusion, the application of microbial activators, particularly EM4, significantly enhances the biodegradation of organic waste in soil media. It is recommended that EM4 be utilized as an alternative, eco-friendly strategy for household organic waste management, with attention to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and moisture to optimize microbial activity.
Amalianneisha Rafadewi Andhanatami Putri
Copyright (c) 2026 Fasya Nurul Fachriah, Anisa Ramadani, Dinar Febbyana , Hijrah Nurkholifah, Farhah Auliya, Jherty Sinaga , Amalianneisha Rafadewi Andhanatami Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Population Structure of Mangrove Snails (Terebralia sulcata) Around the Nickel Mining Area of Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi
Nickel mining in Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi, potentially alters mangrove ecological dynamics, specifically affecting benthic biota. This study analyzes the population structure of the mangrove snail (Terebralia sulcata) using purposive systematic sampling across reference, transition, and mining-impacted zones. Data were collected via transect quadrat methods (5x5 m²) during January 2024–January 2025. Water quality analysis indicated significant elevations in dissolved Ni and organic loads (COD/BOD) in impacted areas. Population structure revealed a unimodal distribution dominated by the 35–45 mm class, with limited juvenile recruitment in stressed sites. The length-weight relationship (LWR) exhibited a strong negative allometric pattern (b = 2.02), indicating faster shell length growth as an adaptive response to environmental stressors. Despite a stable condition factor (Kn = 1.124), spatial disparities were evident through a progressive decline in density and biomass toward impacted stations. This study provides a significant scientific contribution by establishing T. sulcata as a sensitive bioindicator for nickel pollution. The findings emphasize that mining-derived stressors negatively correlate with biological performance, highlighting the necessity for policy-driven bioindicator monitoring and the integration of benthic health assessments into coastal management protocols within nickel industrial zones to mitigate long-term ecological degradation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fajar Purnama, Farid Yasidi, Dedy Oetama, Haslianti Haslianti, Salwiyah Salwiyah, La Ode Abdul Rajab Nadia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phyllosphere Fungi of Porang Leaf Blades Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Araceae) in Lombok
The Porang plant is a native Indonesian plant that produces tubers and can live in shady places. In general, there are two types of porang planted by the community, namely A. muelleri and A. konjac. This study aims to identify phyllosphere fungi associated with porang plants and the presence of these phyllosphere fungi. By using the 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 distribution method and the patch method. The results of the study successfully isolated 21 isolates of phyllosphere fungi identified into eleven genera: Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium, Mortierella, Mucor, Myselia, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Verticillium, and phyllosphere fungi were found on the upper epidermis surface. The conclusion is that the presence of phyllosphere fungi is anatomically on the upper surface of the epidermis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahsanu Nadia, Sukiman Sukiman, Tri Mulyaningsih, Ernin Hidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Rhizosphere Fungi Originating from Cocoa and Mahogany Plants in Tanuntung Village
Cocoa and mahogany are plantation crops that are often intercropped on the same agricultural land and are widely cultivated in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi including in the village of Tanuntung, Hero Lange-lange Subdistrict because they hold promising economic value; in the field of soil science, they can even be used to assess fungal diversity in the root zone as an indicator of soil fertility. In the fields of soil science and agricultural science, fungi are organisms that act as decomposers and biological agents and are capable of forming mutualistic symbiotic relationships with certain plant organs, such as roots. Therefore, this study aims to observe and calculate the diversity of rhizosphere fungi from cocoa and mahogany plants in Tanuntung Village with the hope of providing an important picture of the complexity of the microbial ecosystem around the root area and its correlation to soil fertility. The research method used was exploratory descriptive research, which involved collecting soil samples in the village of Tanuntung, followed by fungal isolation, fungal identification, screening of isolates, and analysis of rhizosphere fungal diversity. The results of the study showed that the calculation of the IKC value in the cocoa and mahogany rhizosphere was included in the high criteria with the IKC value obtained being 1.24 (cocoa) and 1.20 (mahogany). And based on the results of the identification carried out, the cocoa and mahogany rhizospheres have a diversity of fungi from the same species, namely from the genus Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. but the total number of fungi is different. With the high diversity of rhizosphere fungi, it proves that there is a good mutualistic symbiosis in the soil around the root area with fungi, which can also be used as a reference to determine good soil biological quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bau Mirta; Muh. Noor Amin Sholeh, Muhlizha Azhari Nur, Mita Yusri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Distribution Patterns and Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata) in Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park
Dragonflies (Odonata) are bioindicators of environmental quality that are sensitive to changes in habitat conditions. This research aimed to analyze the dragonfly species found in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park, analyze their distribution patterns, and determine their diversity level. The research was conducted in three observation blocks, namely utilization, rehabilitation, and protection blocks. Sampling in this study was conducted using the line transect method with direct field observation. Distribution patterns were analyzed using the dispersion index, while diversity was measured using the Shannon–Wiener index (H’). The results showed that 18 dragonfly species belonging to 8 families were identified. The distribution patterns of dragonflies, both overall and within each block, tended to be clumped. The dragonfly diversity index (H’) in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park was 2.12, indicating that the ecosystem is relatively stable. In addition, damselflies (Zygoptera) were only found in the utilization block, which has water sources, and were absent in the rehabilitation and protection blocks. This finding suggests that abiotic and biotic environmental factors influence the presence and distribution of dragonflies in the study area. This research is expected to contribute scientific information to support enviromental management and conservation efforts in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khusnul Fajriansyah, I Putu Artayasa, Gde Cahyadi Wirajagad, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Life History and Exploitation Status of Savalai Hairtail (Lepturacanthus savala) from Lampung Bay Waters
The savalai hairtail (Lepturacanthus savala) is a commercially valuable demersal species in the coastal ecosystems of Teluk Lampung, where increasing fishing pressure has raised concerns regarding stock sustainability. This study assessed the life history characteristics and exploitation level of the species to support sustainable fisheries management. An overall number of 347 individuals were obtained from fishing port between May and August 2023. Length-frequency data were analyzed utilizing the TropFishR package with the electronic length frequency analysis (ELEFAN) approach. The results showed that the population exhibits relative growth, consistent with tropical fish characteristics. However, fishing mortality significantly exceeded natural mortality, signifying intense fishing efforts on the stock. The utilization rate has exceeded the optimum level, indicating overexploitation, while biological indicators revealed that many individuals were captured prior to attaining adequate reproductive size, posing a threat of recruitment overfishing. These findings demonstrate that the savalai hairtail stock in Teluk Lampung is not sustainable under current exploitation levels. Immediate management actions, including controlling fishing effort, improving gear selectivity, and protecting immature fish, are urgently required to guarantee the long-term viability and stop additional stock depletion of fisheries resources in Teluk Lampung.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Julian, Muhammad Reza, Muhamad Gilang Arindra Putra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bird Biodiversity In The Mangrove Ecosystem Of Pannikiang Island, Balusu District, Barru District
Pannikiang Island, situated within the Barru Regency, is a diminutive landmass predominantly characterized by mangrove flora and serving as a habitat for a diverse array of avian and chiropteran species. This investigation, undertaken from August to October 2024, was designed to ascertain the population density, species richness, and conservation standing of the birdlife inhabiting Pannikiang Island. Employing an exploratory research methodology, data were systematically gathered utilizing the Point Count technique across two designated observation points. The analysis of species heterogeneity was conducted through the application of the Shannon-Wiener Index formula, while species equitability was assessed according to the criteria established by Odum (1971). The findings revealed the presence of 30 distinct bird species within the mangrove ecosystem, with 28 species identified at station 1 and 22 species at station 2. The calculated diversity index for avian populations stood at 2.44 at station 1 and 2.77 at station 2, both values falling within the intermediate range of diversity. The Shannon's evenness index (E) for species distribution at observation station 1 was determined to be 0.82, while at station 2, it was recorded as 0.79. These values indicate a high degree of uniformity in species composition across both locations, suggesting that most avian species observed are present at all sampling sites. Furthermore, two species, the Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and the Greater Adjutant (Mycteria cinerea), are identified as protected under the Indonesian Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Globally, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies both of these species as Near Threatened (NT), indicating a heightened risk of endangerment in the wild.
Copyright (c) 2026 Makkatenni Makkatenni, Jalil Jalil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour of Cattle Farmers Towards Anthrax Disease in Tileng Village, Kapanewon, Girisubo, Gunungkidul Regency
Anthrax is a serious infectious illness affecting ruminant animals and also poses a risk to humans. Incidents of Anthrax have been reported in the Girisubo District of Gunungkidul Regency at the beginning of 2025. The initial action in preparing to stop the spread of Anthrax is addressed. This research seeks to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of cattle farmers about Anthrax in Tileng Village, located in the Girisubo District of Gunungkidul Regency. A survey method was employed for this study, with 125 cattle farmers from Tileng Village participating. Information regarding farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards Anthrax was gathered through a questionnaire. The analysis of the data utilized descriptive statistics to assess the connections among knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The findings reveal that cattle farmers in Tileng Village, Girisubo District, Gunungkidul Regency possess a considerable understanding of Anthrax, with 112 farmers (87.2%) showing good knowledge. Additionally, 20 farmers (16%) displayed good attitudes, and 30 farmers (24%) exhibited appropriate behaviors regarding Anthrax. Only 5 farmers (4%) were identified as having strong knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning Anthrax. This research highlights that while most cattle farmers in Tileng Village have solid knowledge, their attitudes and behaviors towards the Anthrax disease remain at a moderate level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Narendra Desta Eryanta, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feeding Ecology of Philemon buceroides to Support Its Conservation Strategy
Understanding food ecology is essential for conserving wildlife because feeding resources directly influence species survival, habitat use, and ecosystem functioning. This information is particularly important for endemic and habitat-dependent birds in tropical dry forests, where environmental changes may threaten food availability. This study aimed to analyze the feeding habits of P. buceroides in Taman Buru Pulau Moyo and evaluate their implications for conservation management. Field observations were conducted at four habitat types: primary forest, forest edge, plantation area, and savanna. Vegetation sampling was performed using 50 m × 50 m quadrats to document plant species composition and potential food resources. Data collected included vegetation characteristics, food plant species, feeding frequency, and resource utilization by P. buceroides. Vegetation data were analyzed using the Important Value Index (IVI), while feeding behavior and dietary preferences were assessed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that P. buceroides primarily feeds on nectar and fruits, with insects serving as supplementary food sources. Several flowering and fruit-bearing plant species were identified as key food resources supporting the species within the tropical dry forest ecosystem of Pulau Moyo. Feeding activities varied temporally, reflecting fluctuations in resource availability across habitats and observation periods. These findings highlight the ecological dependence of P. buceroides on specific plant species and emphasize the importance of maintaining habitat heterogeneity and protecting critical food plants. The study provides baseline ecological information that can support habitat management and conservation strategies for sustaining P. buceroides populations in Pulau Moyo and similar tropical dry forest ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Yamin, Khairuddin Khairuddin, I Wayan Mertha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Wildlife Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution in the Sekaroh Forest to Support Ecotourism Potential
The Sekaroh Forest Area in Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency, possesses significant biodiversity potential that supports sustainable ecotourism and serves as an ecological buffer zone in the southeastern coastal region of Lombok Island. This study aimed to analyze the diversity, abundance, and distribution of fauna as a basis for environmental management and ecotourism development. The study was conducted across three habitat types, namely grassland, savanna, and plantation forest. The observed fauna included arthropods, reptiles, birds, and mammals, which were documented through surveys and field observations. The data were analyzed using diversity, abundance, dominance, distribution pattern, and inter-habitat similarity indices. The results revealed that the Sekaroh Forest Area exhibits relatively high faunal diversity, with distinct community characteristics in each habitat type. Savanna and plantation forest habitats had higher abundances of birds and arthropods than grassland habitats, whereas certain reptiles and mammals were found only in specific habitats. These findings indicate that the Sekaroh Forest Area has high ecological value and considerable ecotourism potential; therefore, it should be managed sustainably, with careful consideration of environmental conservation.
Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Channa striata Fish from the Miai River, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan
The Miai River in Banjarmasin is a habitat for the snakehead fish (Channa striata) located in a densely populated area with high human activity, potentially polluted by heavy metals such as cadmium. This study is important to monitor heavy metal concentration & their risks to the health & sustainability of the river ecosystem. The method used was purposive sampling with samples in the form of river water & snakehead fish (C. striata) at two different stations. Heavy metal analysis used Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that kadmium concentration in water & fish at both stations were still safe or below the established quality st&ards. There was a significant negative correlation between the two (r=-0.472) & between cadmium concentration in fish & fish weight (r:-0.424). The conclusion of this study is that cadmium concentration in water can reduce fish quality & potentially pose a health risk to humans. The implications of this study emphasize the need for routine monitoring & preventive measures for heavy metal contamination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhilaliyyah Nurhilaliyyah, Heri Budi Santoso, Muhamat Muhamat, Hameda Dhaka Kusuma Taufiq http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Trichomoniasis, Candidiasis, and HIV in Wanodyatama Social Rehabilitation Patients Surakarta
The demands of modern life have significant impacts such as psychological and social stress on society. Conditions of economic pressure, increased promiscuity, drugs, harassment, and increasing marginalization due to disability make some individuals or groups vulnerable to health problems. This study aims to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in people caught in raids and receiving counseling at Wanodyatama social rehabilitation center Surakarta. This study used a descriptive survey study design with urine and blood samples from 40 female respondents. The presence of cases was evaluated using microscopic methods, isolation cultures and rapid immunochromatography tests. The results showed that Trichomonas vaginalis was detected microscopically in 1 sample (2.5%), Candida pseudohyphae in 2 samples (5%), and germ tube tests confirmed positive for Candida albicans in 2 isolates (12.5%). From the non-microscopic results, media culture showed 16 positive samples (40%) for Candida spp. and HIV rapid test showed positive results in 3 samples (7.5%). This study shows the prevalence of trichomoniasis is the lowest case (2.5%), while fungal infections, especially Candida spp., are higher (40%) and Candida albicans (12.5%), and cases of HIV infection in the population (7.5%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Adhi Kumoro Setya, Stefanus Khrismasagung Trikusumaadi, Septiana Wahyu Wulandari, Tifani Sofiana Anugrah, Zulfi Maulita Fanani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Association Between Comorbidities and Severity of Dengue Among Adults in Lombok
Dengue remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, particularly in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, where evidence on the association between comorbidities and dengue severity is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between comorbidities and dengue severity among adults in Lombok. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of adult dengue patients treated at West Nusa Tenggara Province General Hospital between 2023 and 2024. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. A total of 154 patients were included, comprising 66 patients with comorbidities and 88 without comorbidities. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases were the predominant organ-system comorbidity category, while pneumonia and type 2 diabetes mellitus were the most common individual comorbidities. No significant association was found between comorbidities and dengue severity (p > 0.05). However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to unequal distribution of severity categories and limited number of dengue shock syndrome cases. In conclusion, no significant association was observed between comorbidities and dengue severity among adult patients in Lombok. Future multicenter studies with larger and more balanced samples are needed to investigate determinants of dengue severity. Additional clinical, immunological, and virological factors should be evaluated to improve risk stratification and patient management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairifathiyyah Khairifathiyyah, Indah Sapta Wardani, Philip Habib, Dewi Suryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetation Analysis of Tree Species in the Hungayono Karst Ecosystem
Karst ecosystems possess distinctive edaphic and hydrological characteristics that influence vegetation structure, yet information regarding tree vegetation in the Hungayono karst area remains limited. This study aimed to analyze species composition, vegetation structure, and community patterns of tree vegetation in the Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Tulabolo Pinogu Resort, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park. A survey method with purposive sampling was applied at three karst topographic zones representing the lower, middle, and upper areas. Five 20 × 20 m plots were established at each zone, resulting in 15 observation plots. Vegetation data were analyzed using density, frequency, dominance, Important Value Index (IVI), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results recorded 12 species with a total of 61 individuals belonging to the divisions Tracheophyta and Pinophyta. The lower karst zone exhibited the highest species richness and abundance, whereas the upper zone showed a simple and nearly monodominant community structure. Bambusa multiplex dominated Point I with an IVI of 76.38%, Neolamarckia macrophylla dominated Point II with an IVI of 179.5%, and Neolamarckia cadamba dominated Point III with an IVI of 300%. PCA analysis indicated heterogeneous vegetation communities influenced by topography, soil thickness, and microclimatic conditions. These findings highlight the ecological role of karst topographic gradients in shaping tree vegetation structure and provide scientific information for karst habitat management and conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafli Ishak, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Hartono D. Mamu, Novri Youla Kandowangko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pakcoy Leaves Using A UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is a green leafy vegetable known to contain various bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds that act as natural antioxidants. However, quantitative data regarding the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pakcoy leaf methanol extract remain limited and show inconsistent results depending on extraction methods and solvents used. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pakcoy leaf methanol extract using a UV–Vis spectrophotometric approach. The sample used in this study was fresh pakcoy leaves collected from the Gunung Anyar area, Surabaya. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 70% methanol as solvent. Total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as a standard at a wavelength of 764 nm, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. Data were analyzed quantitatively using linear regression for calibration curves and IC₅₀ determination. The results showed that the total phenolic content of pakcoy leaf methanol extract was 3.68 mg GAE/g extract. Antioxidant activity analysis resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 13.59 µg/mL, indicating a very strong antioxidant category. The linear regression analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between concentration and absorbance, confirming the reliability of the method used. In conclusion, the methanol extract of pakcoy leaves contains phenolic compounds that significantly contribute to its antioxidant activity. This study provides more specific quantitative evidence supporting the potential of pakcoy leaves as a natural antioxidant source and highlights the importance of solvent selection in optimizing bioactive compound extraction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Della Putri Yuansari Fatmadi, Eva Agustina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Frozen Storage Duration on Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Content in Taliwang Chicken Dishes
Taliwang Chicken is a typical dish that has been popular on Lombok Island since the time of the Selaparang Kingdom. The research was conducted with the aim of determining the Effect of Frozen Storage Duration at −20°C on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Levels of Taliwang Chicken Dishes. The research materials included 12 Balitbangtan village chickens (6 weeks old), spices for Taliwang Chicken Dishes, and chemicals for testing composition and antioxidant levels. The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) in a one-way pattern to test storage at -20°C. Three storage treatments (P1: 2 days, P2: 4 days, P3: 6 days) were tested, each with 3 replications. The measured variables were: (1) pH, measured with a digital pH meter; (2) water binding capacity by the pressing method; (3) chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat) by proximate analysis; and (4) antioxidant levels by the DPPH method. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and, if needed, the Duncan Multiple Range Test in SPSS 25. One-way ANOVA showed storage time at -20°C had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on fat and water content, but not on protein content, pH, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), or antioxidants (P>0.05). Conclusion: Storing Taliwang Chicken Dishes for 6 days at -20°C maintains quality in nutritional value, physical properties, and antioxidant levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bulkaini Bulkaini, Djoko Kisworo, Fahrullah Fahrullah, Baiq Rani Dewi Wulandani, Ahmad Jupri, I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Absorption Potential in the Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Tulabolo Pinogu Resort, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
Climate change caused by increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions has become a global issue affecting environmental balance and rising global temperatures. Tropical forest ecosystems, including the Hungayono karst area in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, play an important role as carbon sinks through vegetation biomass. This study aims to analyze vegetation density, biomass, carbon content, and carbon sequestration potential in the Hungayono karst ecosystem. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method with purposive sampling techniques at three observation points through the transect quadrat method. Vegetation data were analyzed using allometric equations and IPCC conversion factors. The results showed a tree density of 290 individuals/ha and sapling density of 335 individuals/ha. Total biomass reached 677.79 tons/ha, carbon content was 420.06 tons/ha, and carbon sequestration potential was 1541.63 tons CO₂e/ha. These findings indicate that tree-level vegetation plays a dominant role in carbon storage and climate change mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh Kirad Timbola, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Ilyas H. Husain, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Hartono D. Mamu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development Strategy for Hybrid Corn Farming on Dryland Areas in Labangka, Sumbawa Regency
Labangka District in Sumbawa Regency is a central area for hybrid maize production in West Nusa Tenggara Province; however, dryland hybrid maize farming in this region currently faces several challenges. This study aims to: (1) identify the internal and external factors affecting hybrid maize farming, and (2) formulate a development strategy for dryland hybrid maize farming in Labangka, Sumbawa Regency. A descriptive research method was employed, and data were collected through a survey utilizing interviews with 30 respondents selected via purposive sampling, consisting of 15 respondents from Suka Mulia Village and 15 from Suka Damai Village. The collected data were analyzed using SWOT analysis. The results indicate that the primary strategy for developing dryland hybrid maize farming in Labangka, Sumbawa Regency, is the WO (Weakness–Opportunities) strategy, which minimizes existing weaknesses to capture marketing opportunities. This strategy includes: (1) adopting digital technology and weather information systems to overcome information limitations and rainfall dependence, (2) participating in government-supported technical training for cultivation and integrated pest management, and (3) utilizing the People's Business Credit (KUR) scheme or government capital assistance to strengthen farmers' financial capacity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizka Azhari, Taslim Sjah, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intensity of Uret Pest Attacks and Results Sweet Potato Harvest Purpel (Ipomea batatas L.) Harvest Yields on Several Types of Mulch
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important food commodity in Indonesia and is widely used as an alternative carbohydrate source. This study aims to determine the effect of several types of mulch on the intensity of wireworm attacks and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) yield. The research method used was an experimental field trial. The experiment was designed with RAK (Randomized Block Design), with three treatments. The treatments were without mulch (K0), black silver plastic mulch (K1), and straw mulch (K2). The results of the study found two species of wireworm pests, namely Phyllophaga sp. and Leucopholis sp. The highest attack intensity was obtained in the K2 treatment at 33.42%, followed by K1 at 28.08%, and the lowest in K0 at 23.10%, but not statistically significantly different. The highest tuber yield was obtained in the K0 treatment at 2,129 g per treatment. Regression analysis showed a negative relationship between attack intensity and tuber yield with an R² value of 0.6801.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dita Dwi Putri, Bambang Supeno, A. A. K. Sudharmawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution of Megabenthos Associated with Seagrass Meadows at Batu Jimbar Beach, Sanur, Denpasar, Bali
Seagrass meadows are important coastal ecosystems that provide habitat, feeding grounds, and nursery areas for a wide range of marine organisms, particularly benthic taxa such as Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. Batu Jimbar Beach, located in the eastern part of Denpasar, Bali, supports relatively extensive seagrass coverage. Despite its ecological importance, information on the spatial distribution of megabenthos associated with seagrass meadows in this area remains limited. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of megabenthos associated with seagrass meadows at Batu Jimbar Beach, Sanur, Denpasar, Bali. Seagrass coverage was estimated using remote sensing (Sentinel-2B imagery with water column correction) and megabenthos data were collected via quadrat transect method. A total seagrass area of 94.31 ha was recorded; the community comprised 28 genera from five phyla. Synapta was the most widely distributed genus, found at 11 of 13 stations. Seagrass meadows at Batu Jimbar Beach support a relatively diverse megabenthic community with heterogeneous spatial distribution patterns influenced by seagrass coverage and substrate variability. These findings provide baseline data essential for the management and conservation of coastal ecosystems in Bali.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muji Wasis Indriyawan, I Gusti Ngurah Agung Dhananjaya, Constantein Petta, Edwin Jefri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Inlet Partition Distance on Broiler Carcass Quality in Closed House Production Systems
The significance of environmental management in closed-house systems is discussed in this paper, with a focus on the function of partition location in preserving ideal microclimate conditions for broiler production. The growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens may be impacted by uneven temperature distribution caused by improper partition distances. This study examined how the carcass quality of broiler chickens in a closed-house system was affected by partition distances from the intake (P1: 0 m, P2: 30 m, and P3: 60 m). Partition location had a substantial impact on carcass weight, carcass percentage (P<0.01), and belly fat (P<0.05), according to an analysis of 36 male broilers. Due to heat buildup in the intermediate zone, P2 had the lowest carcass weight (2059.15 g), whereas P1 and P3 had the greatest (2234.03 g and 2207.88 g). Because of the best airflow close to the blower and effective energy conversion, P3 had the greatest carcass percentage (77.5%) and belly fat (1.9%). The study comes to the conclusion that partition distance modifies the microclimate of the home, which has a direct impact on the performance of broiler production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizqon Fadhitya Anugerah, Catur Suci Purwati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove-Derived Streptomyces from the Mandeh Coast, West Sumatra
Mangrove ecosystems are recognized as potential environments for microorganisms that produce antibiotics, owing to their distinct environmental features and high levels of microbial rivalry. The objective of this research was to extract and assess the antibacterial properties of Streptomyces species sourced from the mangroves within the Mandeh coastal ecosystem in West Sumatra, Indonesia, targeting specific pathogenic bacteria. Sediment samples were collected from three mangrove locations and processed using serial dilution and spread plate methods on International Streptomyces Project 2 (ISP-2) media. Data were analyzed descriptively based on the size of the inhibition zone formed against the tested bacteria. The results showed Streptomyces-like characteristics characterized by colony morphology and Gram staining. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using a disc diffusion test against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Cutibacterium acnes. A total of seventeen isolates exhibiting typical Streptomyces characteristics were obtained. The antibacterial test showed varying inhibitory activity among the isolates against the tested pathogens. The STMMI isolate showed the strongest inhibition against MRSA with an inhibition zone of 23.61 ± 0.62 mm and also showed considerable activity against C. acnes (16.64 ± 1.12 mm). Meanwhile, the STMML isolate showed the highest inhibition against E. coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition zone of 17.06 ± 0.63 mm. Some isolates showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while others showed selective inhibition against certain pathogens. In conclusion, mangrove sediments from the Mandeh coastal ecosystem harbor a variety of Streptomyces with promising antibacterial potential. This study highlights the importance of Indonesian mangrove ecosystems as a potential reservoir of bioactive microorganisms for future antibiotic discovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Septia Fatriza, Djong Hon Tjong, Irfan Suliansyah, Anthoni Agustien, Marlina Marlina, Rusfidra Rusfidra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Anchovy Head Meal and Rice Bran on KUB-2 Chickens
This study addressed the increasing cost of conventional feed ingredients by evaluating local alternative feed resources for KUB-2 chicken production. Although anchovy heads (Stolephorus sp.) and rice bran have shown potential as low-cost feed ingredients, their combined substitution effects on KUB-2 chickens have not been previously investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting anchovy heads and rice bran in the diet on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and mortality of KUB-2 chickens. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with three treatments: T0 (0% substitution), T1 (5% substitution), and T2 (10% substitution), each with four replications, resulting in 12 experimental units. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that substitution up to 10% had no significant effect (P>0.05) on all measured parameters and tended to maintain growth performance and feed efficiency. This indicates that the nutrient contribution of anchovy heads and rice bran was sufficient to support normal physiological growth without adverse effects on survival. These findings demonstrate that anchovy heads and rice bran can serve as practical local feed alternatives for partial replacement of conventional ingredients, offering potential feed cost efficiency while maintaining productive responses in KUB-2 chickens. Further studies using higher inclusion levels are recommended to determine the optimal biological and economic substitution threshold.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irwan Setyo Nugroho, Ali Mursyid Wahyu Mulyono, Muhammad Husein http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Additional Ameliorants on The Growth of Agarwood, Jackfruit, and Durian Seedlings in Former Gold Mining Land
Post-gold mining soils generally exhibit low fertility, acidic pH, and limited nutrient availability, which constrain plant growth and revegetation efforts. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effect of compost and dolomite ameliorants on the growth of gaharu (Gyrinops verstegii), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and durian (Durio zibethinus) seedlings cultivated on post-gold mining soil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement consisting of two factors: ameliorant treatments (without ameliorant, 50 g compost + 50 g dolomite, and 60 g compost + 40 g dolomite) and plant species (gaharu, jackfruit, and durian). Each treatment combination was replicated three times, resulting in 27 experimental units. Growth parameters observed included plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, fresh biomass weight, and dry biomass weight. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the interaction between ameliorants and plant species significantly affected stem diameter, leaf number, and fresh biomass weight, but had no significant effect on plant height, root length, and dry biomass weight. The best growth performance was generally obtained from the application of 60 g compost and 40 g dolomite. Therefore, compost and dolomite can be recommended as effective soil ameliorants to support revegetation programs on post-gold mining lands using forestry and multipurpose tree species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afratullah Afratullah, Irwan Mahakam Lesmono Aji, Hasyyati Shabrina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Relationship between Lifestyle and Adaptation of Adolescents in Islamic Boarding Schools in East Java
Skin diseases remain a common health problem in boarding school environments, particularly among tensth-grade students who are undergoing early adolescent adaptation. Communal living conditions, high occupancy density, and limited personal care practices increase the risk of skin disorders such as acne and scabies. This study aimed to analyze the pattern of skin disease occurrence and the response to treatment using Mikania micrantha, with particular attention to lifestyle factors and adolescent adaptation in an Islamic boarding school in East Java. A descriptive quantitative approach with an observational design was employed. Data were obtained from health records of female tenth-grade students who experienced skin disorders and received topical treatment using Mikania micrantha. Descriptive analysis was conducted to examine case distribution and treatment outcomes. The findings indicate that acne and scabies were the most prevalent skin conditions among students. The use of Mikania micrantha showed generally positive responses; however, treatment effectiveness was closely related to environmental conditions and hygiene behaviors. This study highlights the importance of an integrative approach combining traditional herbal treatment, environmental management, and the promotion of clean and healthy living behaviors to address skin health issues among adolescents in boarding school settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erni Sulika, Henny Qurota’Ayun, Sri Utami, Mutimanda Dwisatyadini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational Insights into the Antifungal Mechanisms of Coumarin and Hexanol from Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus rotundus Against Colletotrichum spp
Chili anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., remains a major threat to crop productivity and fruit quality worldwide. The increasing resistance of fungal pathogens to synthetic fungicides highlights the need for sustainable, plant-based alternatives. This study provides computational insights into the antifungal mechanisms of coumarin and hexanol, two major bioactive compounds derived from Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus rotundus. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to examine the interactions of these compounds with key Colletotrichum proteins, including calmodulin, PETFP cutinase complex, and chitin deacetylase. The docking results revealed that coumarin exhibited stronger binding affinities and more stable conformations within the enzyme active sites than hexanol, forming multiple hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions with catalytic residues. Molecular dynamics analyses further confirmed the structural stability and compactness of coumarin–protein complexes, indicating its potential to disrupt fungal enzymatic functions critical for pathogenicity. These findings suggest that coumarin, in particular, may serve as a promising lead compound for the development of eco-friendly antifungal agents. The study contributes to a molecular-level understanding of plant-derived antifungal mechanisms, supporting future research into the rational design and optimization of biofungicides for sustainable agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Febryani, Gilang Vaza Benatar, Elya Hartini, Yanto Yulianto, Ida Hodiyah, Nur Fathurahman Ridwan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of High-Level Plant in Unaamenda Village, Kolaka Regency
A greater variety of plant species is essential for sustaining the balance of ecosystems and aiding community health. Nonetheless, data regarding the composition and diversity of higher plant life in Unaamenda Village, located in the Wundulako District of Kolaka Regency, remains insufficient. This study aims to identify higher plant species and analyze their diversity levels. The study employed a descriptive observation method through direct observation at three research stations using transect and sample plot techniques. The data obtained were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), relative abundance (KR), evenness index (e), and dominance index (C). The results showed that the diversity index (H’) values at all stations were in the moderate category, indicating a fairly diverse and relatively stable plant community. The evenness index (e) was high, indicating an even distribution of individuals between species, while the dominance index (C) ranged from low to moderate, indicating the absence of excessively dominant species. Species with the highest relative abundance values include banana (Musa paradisiaca), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), pepper (Piper nigrum), and langsat (Lansium domesticum). Environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil pH, are within a range that supports the growth of various plant species. It was concluded that the higher plant vegetation in Unaamenda Village has a moderate level of diversity with an even and relatively stable species composition. The results of this study can serve as a basis for efforts to manage, conserve, and utilize biological resources sustainably in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agistiani Agistiani, Sofia Romadani, Sekar Aulia Amanda, Ulfaidah Ulfaidah, Sapriana Sapriana, Rezki Septiya Ningsih Rahiki, Prety Wulandari, Maretik Maretik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Family Sanitation and Stunting (A Case Study in the Ampenan District, Mataram City)
A densely populated urban area with slum areas, such as Ampenan District, Mataram City, has a risk of worsening sanitation and nutritional status of toddlers. This study aimed to determine the effect of family sanitation on the incidence of stunting in Ampenan District. A total of 99 toddlers and their families were taken as samples through purposive sampling. Stunting data was collected through the PPGBM electronic document review technique from community health centers in Ampenan District. Sanitation data was collected through interviews with the families of the toddlers. The test of the relationship between sanitation and stunting was approached using regression analysis. The prevalence of stunting in Ampenan District is relatively low (6.03%), with the highest vulnerability in toddlers aged 25–36 months. Family sanitation (X) had a significant positive effect on the nutritional status (Z-score) of toddlers (Y), with the model Y = -7.4532 +0.0744 X. The implication is, to target stunting prevention (Z score >-2) in Ampenan, the sanitation score must be >73.3.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalu Galih Putra Pratama, Suripto Suripto, Ernawati Ernawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Physical Properties of Laikang II Reservoir Water in Takalar Regency as an Alternative for Clean Water
Reservoirs are essential water resources that function to store rainwater runoff, support irrigation activities, and maintain water availability during dry seasons. This study aimed to analyze the water quality of Laikang II Reservoir, Takalar Regency, based on physical water quality parameters. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed with water sampling at three locations: Well 1 (S1), the reservoir (S2), and Well 2 (S3). The analyzed parameters included temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, color, odor, taste, and pH. The results were evaluated by comparing them with Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 (Class II water quality standards) and Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023 concerning hygiene and sanitation requirements. The results showed that most physical water quality parameters in Laikang II Reservoir generally met the Class II water quality standards. However, turbidity and color in S2 (reservoir water) exceeded the permissible limits for hygiene and sanitation purposes, indicating localized water quality degradation. In contrast, S1 and S3 showed relatively better water quality conditions, suggesting that groundwater sources are less affected by surface contamination compared to the reservoir. These findings highlight that reservoir water quality is more vulnerable to environmental pressure, particularly from sedimentation and surrounding land-use activities. Therefore, continuous water quality monitoring, control of domestic and agricultural runoff, implementation of buffer vegetation zones, and sediment management are recommended to maintain the sustainability of the reservoir as a water resource.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulistiawaty Sulistiawaty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Gibberellin (GA3) Application on the Growth Rate of Hydroponic Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Fodder
Feed is a major component in livestock production; however, the availability of forage is often constrained by limited land resources and seasonal fluctuations. A leguminous plant, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is sometimes referred to as the "queen of forages" because of its abundant protein and great nutritional value. Forage production might be improved by using the plant growth regulator gibberellin (GA3). The purpose of this research was to find out how much of an impact GA3 has on the pace of growth of alfalfa fodder, taking into account factors like germination time, plant height, and biomass output (both fresh and dry weight). P0 (control group without GA3), P1 (GA3 150 ppm), and P2 (GA3 300 ppm) were the three treatments in this completely randomised design trial with four replications. Time to germination, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight of alfalfa feed were some of the noted factors. The findings showed that out of the three treatments, P0 (21.25 hours), P2 (20.30 hours), and P1 (19.45 hours) had the quickest germination times.The highest plant height was recorded in P2 (4.24±1.99 cm), followed by P1 (3.79±1.83 cm) and P0 (3.09±1.90 cm). The highest fresh weight was also observed in P2 (24.75±1.89 g), while the highest dry weight was found in P0 (10.00±0.85%). Statistical analysis indicated that GA3 application had a significant effect on germination time but did not significantly affect plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. It can be concluded that GA3 application effectively accelerates the germination of alfalfa; however, it does not significantly improve biomass production of alfalfa fodder.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahimsa Kandi Sariri, Sri Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Correlation Between Working Period and Total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in Textile Industry Workers
Exposure to chemical substances in the textile industry may cause occupational health problems, particularly allergic and immunological disorders mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Prolonged exposure to textile chemicals can increase the risk of allergic sensitization, which is characterized by elevated total IgE levels in the blood. This study aimed to determine the relationship between work duration and total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels among textile industry workers. This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 15 textile industry workers who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included as respondents. Data on work duration were obtained through interviews, while total IgE levels were measured by laboratory examination using the Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay method. Data analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between work duration and total IgE levels (p < 0.001) with a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.943). Workers with longer work duration tended to have higher total IgE levels. In conclusion, work duration is significantly associated with increased total IgE levels as an indicator of allergic immune response in textile industry workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winanti Wahyuning Putri, Hari Saktiningsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patterns of Fulfilling Life Needs of Communities Around Mangrove Areas Cemara Beach, Lembar District, West Lombok
This study aims to analyze the pattern of fulfilling the livelihood needs of communities around the mangrove area of Pantai Cemara, West Lombok, as well as to assess the economic contribution of mangroves to community income and identify supporting and inhibiting factors. The study was conducted from December to February 2026 using a descriptive method with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies from 30 respondents selected by purposive sampling. The results of the study show that the community has diverse patterns of fulfilling their livelihood needs, including ecotourism managers, fishermen, beach vendors, street vendors, and MSME actors with different income characteristics. The total economic turnover reaches IDR 66,200,000 per month, with the largest contribution coming from the trade and tourism services sectors (83.1%), while the direct utilization sector accounts for only 16.9%. Supporting factors include the potential of natural resources and community participation, while obstacles include dependence on weather, limited market access, and pressure from land conversion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Thoriq Ziad, Andi Chairil Ichsan, Fauzan Fahrussiam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions to Tuberculosis Drugs among Category 1 Patients at Bojonegoro Health Center
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health issue in Indonesia. Prolonged use of anti-tuberculosis medications may lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study aimed to describe the incidence and characteristics of ADRs among Category 1 tuberculosis patients at Bojonegoro Health Center. A descriptive observational study with a retrospective design was conducted during April–May 2026 using medical records and structured interviews. The study sample consisted of 37 patients selected from a population of 40 using the Slovin formula and purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequency and percentage distributions, while ADR causality was evaluated using the Naranjo algorithm. The results indicated that ADRs were more frequently observed in female patients, individuals aged 46–55 years, and during the intensive phase of treatment. The most commonly reported ADR was reddish urine discoloration (100.0%), followed by anorexia (67.6%) and nausea (59.5%). Most ADRs were classified as mild to moderate in severity, while decreased vision was reported in 10.8% of patients. Based on the Naranjo scale, 93.4% of ADRs were categorized as probable. Regular monitoring of ADRs is recommended to support early detection and appropriate management during anti-tuberculosis therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadhi Fatul Kholillah, Titi Agni Hutahaen, Ria Indah Kusuma Pitaloka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measurement of Lead content in Claris batrachus from Taliwang Lake
Catfish (Clarias batrachus) is one of the fish species that is an indicator of pollution in Lake Taliwang. This study aims to determine the levels of Lead (Pb) in the muscles of Catfish (Clarias batrachus). Consumers who consume Catfish exposed to Pb need to be protected from their health. Catfish were caught in the waters of Lake Taliwang using gill nets. There are 2 data collection stations, namely on the east and west sides of the lake. Fish samples were taken as many as 2 fish for each station. Furthermore, each fish sample was wrapped in a plastic bag and stored in a sample box. The fish samples were then analyzed at the West Nusa Tenggara Health, Testing and Calibration Laboratory Center. The data analysis method was carried out by taking muscle tissue from the fish and then analyzing the Pb heavy metal content using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The conclusion of this study is that the Pb heavy metal content in Clarias batrachus is less than 0.5 ppm which indicates that the fish is still safe because the Pb level is still below the threshold according to applicable regulations in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairuddin Khairuddin, M. Yamin, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Prapti Sedijani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Seeds: A Qualitative Screening Approach
Nutmeg is a warm, aromatic spice derived from the seed of the Myristica fragrans evergreen tree, native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. It features a rich, slightly sweet flavor with hints of clove and pepper, commonly used in both baked goods and savory dishes. This study aims to profile secondary metabolites of ethanolic extracts of nutmeg seeds. Dried seeds of the nutmeg were extracted using 96% ethanol, and the resulting extract was subjected to standard phytochemical screening tests to identify major secondary metabolites. The results revealed a strong presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, indicating that these compounds are dominant constituents in the ethanolic extract. In addition, tannins and phenolic compounds were detected in smaller amounts. Conversely, saponins and steroids were undetectable in the extract. These findings indicate that ethanol is an effective solvent for extracting alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids from the seeds of the nutmeg, while its efficiency for terpenoids and saponins may be limited. The presence of these secondary metabolites supports the potential biological activity of the seeds of the nutmeg and provides a scientific basis for their further pharmacological and biological activity studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsul Bahri, I Wayan Merta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant Capacity of Ethanolic Extract of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Seeds
Nutmeg is a warm, aromatic spice derived from the seed of the Myristica fragrans evergreen tree, native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. It features a rich, slightly sweet flavor with hints of clove and pepper, commonly used in both baked goods and savory dishes. In extracting secondary metabolites of nutmeg seed, we used 96% ethanol. Antioxidant capacity of the extract was analyzed by DPPH assay (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) to analyze antioxidant activity with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of nutmeg seed ethanolic extract was categorized as low, with an IC50 value of 171.95 ppm.
Vegetation Ecostructure in the Mejet Community Forest Conservation Block, North Lombok Regency
The Mejet HKm Protection Block plays a crucial role as a water catchment area and supports the livelihoods of the surrounding community. This area serves as a water source for domestic needs, agricultural irrigation, and supports the growing ecotourism activities in the surrounding area. This study aimed to determine the ecostructure of plant vegetation in the Mejet Community Forest Protection Block, including species composition, horizontal and vertical structures, and the Importance Value Index (IVI), as well as the diversity, evenness, and richness indices of plant species. The research method used grid lines with a systematic sampling technique with random origins. Vegetation data were categorized based on the growth stage of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results showed that there were 95 plant species with Coffea sp. as the species with the largest number of individuals. The horizontal vegetation structure was dominated by small to medium diameter classes, while the vertical structure was dominated by low height classes, indicating that the vegetation regeneration process was still active. The highest IVI value at the seedling and sapling levels was held by Brownlowia peltata, at the pole level by Tabernaemontana, and at the tree level by Palaquium obtusifolium. The highest species diversity index value at the tree level was 3.69. The evenness and species richness indices across growth strata were also high, indicating a relatively even distribution of individuals across species and a stable forest ecosystem. Overall, the vegetation in the Mejet HKm Protection Block reflects a diverse, stable, and regenerative plant community, which supports the sustainable ecological function of the forest area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalu Gede Galuh Wirebakti, Niechi Valentino, Hairil Anwar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of The Results of Examination of Fasting Blood Sugar and Total Cholesterol of The Elderly Using a Photometer at The Gamping II Health Center Year 2025
Older adults are vulnerable to metabolic disorders due to physiological aging processes that may increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to describe fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol levels among elderly patients at the Gamping II Community Health Center using photometric examination methods. This quantitative descriptive study employed a cross-sectional design involving 103 elderly participants selected through total sampling. Fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol levels were measured using standard enzymatic methods with a photometer. The results showed that most respondents had fasting blood glucose levels in the prediabetes category, while total cholesterol levels were generally within the normal to borderline range. The majority of participants were women and aged 60–69 years. These findings indicate a tendency toward metabolic abnormalities among the elderly and highlight the importance of routine metabolic screening for early detection, prevention, and monitoring of age-related metabolic diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasnah Hafishah Azzahro, Chairil Anwar, Titin Aryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Suji Leaf Ethanolic Extract (Dracaena angustifolia) on The Sperm Motility of Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke
Cigarette smoke exposure can induce oxidative stress, leading to reduced sperm motility. Suji leaves contain antioxidants, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. This study aims to determine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on mouse sperm motility and the effect of suji leaf ethanolic extract on the sperm motility of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. This study employed an experimental research design using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) involving 48 mice. Two factors were combined in the treatment groups: the duration of cigarette smoke exposure (0, 5, 15, and 30 minutes) and the dose of suji leaf ethanolic extract (0, 250, 500, and 750 ppm). Sperm motility was assessed using a hemocytometer under a light microscope at 400× magnification. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance. The results of statistical analysis indicated that cigarette smoke exposure had a significant effect on mouse sperm motility (0.000 < 0.05), and that suji leaf ethanolic extract significantly affected the sperm motility of mice exposed to cigarette smoke (0.036 < 0.05). These results indicate that cigarette smoke exposure can reduce sperm motility, and the administration of suji leaf ethanolic extract is able to increase and improve the sperm motility of mice caused by cigarette smoke exposure. Thus, suji leaf ethanolic extract can serve as a natural antioxidant to improve sperm motility affected by cigarette smoke exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Alfianul Hakim, Syamsul Bahri, Tri Ayu Lestari, I Wayan Merta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Rice Intensification Three Times a Year (IP300) on Rice Field Degradation in West Lombok District
The aim of this research are to: (1) Identify the main factors in the implementation of IP300 that contribute to the degradation of rice fields in West Lombok Regency; (2) Formulate a strategy for mitigating rice field degradation that supports increased productivity without sacrificing soil quality in the IP300 implementation area; and (3) Evaluate farmers' perceptions and responses to the impact of IP300 on soil fertility and sustainability of farming businesses. The method used is a descriptive method, while data collection uses survey techniques and literature studies. The results of the study indicate that: (1) The main factors of land degradation in the implementation of IP300 in West Lombok Regency are: intensification of chemical fertilizer use, intensive pesticide use, and planting systems and cultivation practices in IP300; (2) The strategy for mitigating rice field degradation that supports increased productivity without sacrificing soil quality in the IP300 implementation area is: restoration of soil function through balanced fertilization, adaptive irrigation, crop diversification, IPM, and adoption of precision technology; and (3) The perception and response of rice farmers to IP300 are starting to shift from simply pursuing productivity to awareness of sustainability. However, adaptive responses have only emerged in some farmer groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 M Yusuf, Fadli Fadli, Muji Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article on Swiftlet: Biological Overview, Nest Production, Benefits, and Economic Potential
Swiftlets, particularly species within the genus Aerodramus, are producers of edible bird’s nests (EBN), a commodity with high economic value in the global market. This article was compiled based on a synthesis of various sources (scientific journals) covering biological, morphological, physiological aspects, nest production mechanisms, as well as the utilization and economic potential of swiftlet nests. Biologically, swiftlets possess morphophysiological adaptations for intensive aerial life, including a form of simple echolocation. The nests are formed from secretions of salivary glands that undergo hypertrophy during the reproductive season and are rich in bioactive glycoproteins. Economically, Indonesia is the world’s leading producer of EBN, contributing significantly to the export market. Conclusion: Swiftlets are EBN-producing birds with very high economic value. Proper management systems and strict control across all aspects of cultivation are required to ensure the sustainability of this genetic resource and its role as a contributor to national foreign exchange.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Hasil Tamzil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Article Review: Biological Control of Aphids Using the Natural Predator Lady Beetle (Menochilus sexmaculatus) on Chili Plants
Chili production is frequently hampered by Aphis sp. infestations, necessitating eco-friendly biological control alternatives. Although the predator Menochilus sexmaculatus shows potential, previous researchers explicitly noted a lack of synthesized data quantifying its specific predation rates and predator-to-prey ratios. This study aims to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of M. sexmaculatus against aphids on chili. Following PRISMA protocols, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) used thematic analysis on articles (2017–2026) from Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using keywords "Menochilus sexmaculatus", "aphids", and "chili" under strict inclusion criteria. Synthesized findings indicate that M. sexmaculatus exhibits substantial predation efficacy, marked by high consumption rates and rapid population suppression. Higher predator-to-prey ratios significantly accelerate pest suppression without disrupting ecological dynamics. In conclusion, M. sexmaculatus serves as a potent agent to reduce aphid population density in sustainable agriculture. Integrating predator conservation into pest management is recommended, while future research should focus on mass production techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meylita Filia Pramesti, Silfina Fara Amelia, Sekar Putri Arista, Azika Saputri Haryanto, Loekas Soesanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of Various Livestock Feces for the Content of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Organic Fertilizers
The utilization of livestock manure as an organic fertilizer has gained increasing attention as a sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility, reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, and support environmentally friendly agricultural production. Livestock feces contain essential nutrients that can enhance soil nutrient availability and contribute to improved crop growth. Therefore, optimizing the processing and application of livestock manure is important to maximize its agronomic value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatments (P1, P2, and P3) on macronutrient content, including Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and pH values. The research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of three treatments with several replications. Data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine treatment effects, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level to compare differences among treatment means. The results showed that the treatments significantly affected all observed parameters (p < 0.05). Treatment P2 consistently produced the highest macronutrient contents, with mean values of 1.28% for Nitrogen, 1.52% for Phosphorus, and 1.78% for Potassium. In addition, P2 resulted in the highest pH value (8.72), indicating a more favorable condition for nutrient availability. Conversely, treatment P3 exhibited the lowest values for both nutrient content and pH. Duncan’s test further confirmed that treatment P2 differed significantly from the other treatments and demonstrated superior performance across all measured variables. These findings indicate that treatment P2 is the most effective method for enhancing the quality of livestock manure-based organic fertilizer through improved macronutrient content and pH characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isnaini Fathin Latifah, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Balanced Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Habits of College Students
Knowledge of balanced nutrition is a crucial factor influencing a person's eating habits. The purpose of this study was to identify balanced nutrition knowledge and eating habits among university students, thus providing a basis for effective education related to balanced nutrition guidelines. Respondents were Biology Education students at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, who had never taken a Nutrition Science course and were willing to complete the questionnaire. Data on balanced nutrition knowledge were collected using a test, while data on eating habits were collected using a non-test instrument. Data collection used a Google Form, and data were analyzed descriptively, categorized as insufficient, sufficient, and good. The results showed that knowledge of balanced nutrition was categorized as good (64.1%), sufficient (33.3%), and insufficient (2.6%), while eating habits were categorized as good (25.6%), sufficient (64.1%), and insufficient (10.3%). Conclusions: 1). Most students' nutritional knowledge was categorized as good, while most students' eating habits were categorized as sufficient; 2). Education on balanced nutrition knowledge and eating habits is needed for students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Anggun Cahya Ningtias, Baiq Hesti Wulandari, Dian Ismi Aulia, Sri Ayu Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Cyberbullying and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents at Mataram State Senior High School 1
Suicide represents a significant global health concern and ranks as the fourth biggest cause of death for people between 15 and 29 years old. Cyberbullying has been recognized as a contributing factor linked to suicidal actions, especially in teenagers. Indonesia's low digital civility level may increase the risk of cyberbullying in online interactions. Nonetheless, research exploring the connection between cyberbullying and suicidal actions among teens in Mataram City is still scarce. This study aimed to determine the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidal behavior among students at SMA Negeri 1 Mataram. A cross-sectional approach was used, featuring 345 students chosen by stratified random sampling. Information was gathered with the Cyberbullying Victimization Scale (CVS) and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). The data were examined through the Spearman Rank-Order correlation method. Findings indicated a notable positive relationship between cyberbullying and suicidal actions (rho = 0.375; p < 0.001), suggesting a medium connection. Increased levels of being a victim of cyberbullying were linked to a higher inclination towards suicidal actions. In conclusion, cyberbullying is significantly related to suicidal behavior among adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of preventive strategies and psychosocial interventions involving schools, families, and mental health professionals to reduce cyberbullying and support adolescent mental health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aurellia Sabela Faiz, I Putu Diatmika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Growing Media on the Growth of Stem Cuttings of Ficus benjamina in Ketapang, West Kalimantan
Peat swamp forests in Indonesia face significant pressure due to ecosystem degradation. One example is in Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan. Restoration efforts are needed to restore ecosystem function, including revegetation with Ficus benjamina, which is adaptive to peatland conditions. The restoration success rate is expected to improve with the use of. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different growing media on the growth performance of F. benjamina stem cuttings. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 planting media treatments (P0–P4) and 8 replications. Parameters included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and changes in soil chemical properties (pH and organic carbon), with supporting data of temperature, humidity, and rainfall as environmental factors. The results showed that planting media treatments significantly affected the vegetative growth of F. benjamina. Treatment P4 (peat + rice husk charcoal + compost) produced the best growth with an average height of 14.60 cm, stem diameter of 2.33 mm, and number of leaves of 8, compared to the control (P0) with a height of 11.25 cm, diameter of 1.11 mm, and 6 leaves. Furthermore, soil pH increased from acidic (4.6–5.0) to neutral (6.5–6.7). These results indicate that combining planting media with organic matter effectively improves soil chemical properties and supports the growth of F.benjamina, thus offering potential for application in peatland restoration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eti Artiningsih Octaviani, Oktarina Maulidia, Muhammad Reza, Vilda Puji Dini Anita, Robithotul Huda, Septian Faris Al-Amin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Effect of Dracaena angustifolia Ethanolic Extract on Sperm Viability of Mice (Mus musculus)
An antioxidant is a substance that helps protect cells in the body from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals. Natural antioxidants are usually better for everyday nutrition and overall wellness. Natural antioxidants that come from plants, animals, or other natural sources are generally preferred because they come with other beneficial nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, and plant compounds. Plants contain relatively high levels of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and tannins. One species of tropical plant that is rich in antioxidants is Dracaena angustifolia. The research aims to study the capability of the ethanolic extract of Dracaena angustifolia in protecting sperm viability following cigarette exposure. Data analysis showed that tobacco smoke exposure significantly decreases sperm viability, but treatment with the ethanolic extract of Dracaena angustifolia significantly maintains sperm viability. It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of Dracaena angustifolia has potential in protecting normal sperm viability following smoking cigarette exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsul Bahri, Dadi Setiadi, Tri Ayu Lestari, Heru Setiawan, Muhammad Alfianul Hakim, Lalu Zidan Cahyadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aerobic, Anaerobic, Fungal, and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in CSOM Patients
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) remains a major global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income populations. Variations in microbial etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns necessitate periodic evaluation to support appropriate treatment. Objective: To describe the aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal microorganisms associated with CSOM and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. This descriptive cross-sectional study included 24 middle ear swab specimens collected from patients with CSOM. Specimens were transported using Amies agar transport medium and cultured on appropriate media. Microorganisms were identified through macroscopic and microscopic examinations and confirmed using the VITEK® 2 Compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. Most patients were male and presented with benign CSOM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common aerobic isolate (6 specimens). Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella disiens were the predominant anaerobic bacteria, while Aspergillus spp. was the most frequently identified fungal pathogen in both benign and malignant CSOM. Amikacin and gentamicin showed the highest antimicrobial sensitivity among the bacterial isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella disiens, and Aspergillus spp. were the predominant microorganisms identified in CSOM. The high sensitivity of amikacin and gentamicin supports their continued use as therapeutic options, guided by microbiological and susceptibility testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nico Chairuar Rahman, Devira Zahara, Andrina Yunita Murni Rambe, Harry Agustaf Asroel, Farhat Farhat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Associated with Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Time in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
The mucociliary transport system is an essential defense mechanism of the nasal cavity that helps remove pathogens, allergens, and particles. Impairment of this system may prolong mucociliary clearance time (MCT) and increase susceptibility to infection. Aging and systemic conditions may influence mucociliary function. This study aimed to evaluate the association between age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and smoking history with nasal mucociliary clearance time in elderly individuals. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a nursing home in Medan over three months. A total of 40 elderly participants were included. Nasal mucociliary clearance time was measured using the saccharin test. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The mean mucociliary clearance time was 16.45 minutes. A significant association was found between age and MCT, as well as between gender and MCT, with males showing better clearance time than females. No significant associations were observed between MCT and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or smoking history. Age and gender are significantly associated with nasal mucociliary clearance time in the elderly, while diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and smoking history are not. These findings suggest that physiological aging and gender-related differences may influence nasal defense mechanisms, highlighting the importance of considering these factors in respiratory health assessment in the elderly.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Andre Nugraha Baros Baros, Delfitri Munir, Devira Zahara, Siti Nursiah, Farhat Farhat, Taufik Ashar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Ciu Alcohol on MCV and Neutrophils in White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Alcohol consumption is a public health problem that is still a concern in various countries. One type of alcoholic beverage commonly found in the Sukoharjo area is ciu. This study aims to determine the effect of giving traditional alcohol ciu on the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) value and the number of neutrophils in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study used a quasy-experiment/post test design with 27 male white rats of the Wistar strain divided into three groups, namely the 0 ml ciu control group, the 2 ml ciu treatment group, and the 4 ml ciu treatment group for 14 days. Then the MCV value was examined using the Abacus 3CT Hematology Analyzer and the number of neutrophils was calculated using the diff count method. Then, the data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene's test, and One-Way ANOVA test. The outcomes revealed that there were normal and less than normal MCV values and there was an increase in the number of neutrophils. The conclusion of this investgation is that there is no effect of giving traditional ciu alcohol to male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) on MCV values and neutrophil counts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Larasati Puspanegari, Nuriyah Nanda Beliani, Omry Tri Asmara Adi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovation in Cultivation of Caulerpa racemosa Based on Used Bottles: The Effect of Diversity of Seed Weight n Gerupuk Waters
Caulerpa racemosa is a type of seaweed that is often caught in nature. The importance of cultivating Caulerpa racemosa seaweed is to reduce dependence on natural fishing, thus reducing the Caulerpa racemosa ecosystem. The study aims to analyze the growth of Caulerpa racemosa seaweed using used bottles with different seed weights. The study was conducted in April 2026 using a completely randomized design (CRD) experimental method, consisting of three seed weight treatments, namely P1 (25 g), P2 (50 g), and P3 (75 g) with three replications. Maintenance for 14 days, the parameters observed included Growth, SGR, SR, Nitrate content, Phosphate, Antioxidants, Chlorophyll-a, and Water Quality. The results showed that the best growth occurred on the 7th day, with the P3 treatment reaching a weight of 100 g. The highest SGR value was obtained by the P1 treatment at 7.99%, while the highest SR value was in P1 at 181.3%. However, on the 14th day, all treatments experienced a decrease in growth, suspected to be influenced by changes in environmental conditions. The results of the Normality Test showed that the results were not normally distributed because P3 <0.05. Meanwhile, the results of the Homogeneity Test obtained homogeneous data because the significance value was >0.05. Continued ANOVA Test obtained results that did not have a significant effect, so it was not tested further with the Duncan test. Although growth decreased in the second week, water quality during the study was still within the range that supports the cultivation of C. racemosa. These findings indicate that the use of used plastic bottles has the potential to be an inexpensive, environmentally friendly cultivation medium and supports the development of sustainable seaweed cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Naufal Hawari, Nunik Cokrowati, Abdul Syukur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Snakehead Fish Albumin Extract Supplementation on SGOT and SGPT Levels in Tuberculosis Patients
Long-term use of OAT in tuberculosis patients carries a high risk of triggering drug-induced liver damage characterized by a spike in serum transaminase enzyme levels SGOT and SGPT. This study aims to determine the effect of snakehead fish extract therapy on SGOT and SGPT levels in TB patients undergoing intensive phase treatment. This study is quasi-experimental study with a randomized controlled trial design post-test only control group design. The research population was TB patients at the Sidotopo Community Health Center, Surabaya, who were selected using a random sampling technique purposive sampling until 20 respondents were obtained. Respondents were systematically divided into two groups, control group (OAT therapy) and treatment group (OAT therapy accompanied by supplementation of 500 mg albumin extract capsules). Comparative data analysis between groups was conducted using Independent Sample T-test. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the average SGOT level in intensive phase patients was 21.95 U/L and the average SGPT level was 19.65 U/L, where both valuesremained within normal clinical limits. The inter-group comparison hypothesis test produced a value p-value for SGOT levels of 0.907 and the value p-value for SGPT levels of 0.346. These data indicate no significant difference in the fluctuation of SGOT or SGPT levels between control and treatment groups. Supplementation with snakehead fish albumin extract did not show a significant difference in effect on SGOT and SGPT levels, but was proven to be able to maintain a stable and normal liver transaminase enzyme profile during intensive phase of OAT treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfia Andriyani, Jusak Nugraha, Retno Indrawati, Theresia Budhy S, Nurul Hidayah, Mariana Asmaningdiah, Inas Hasna Azizah, Ahmad Hidayat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Hydrological Flood Risk Communication and Community Preparedness in Ancar Riverbank, Mataram
Urban flooding is a hydrometeorological threat that is influenced by the interaction between river systems, spatial planning, rainfall, and community social readiness. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the communication strategy of disaster information management and community preparedness in dealing with floods on the banks of the Ancar River, Mataram City. The study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional associative survey design on 43 respondents selected through multistage stratified random sampling; data were collected using Likert scale questionnaires, documentation, limited observations, and supporting interviews, then analyzed descriptively and correlated Spearman Rank. The results showed that communication strategies were in the low category (average 2.47), while community preparedness was in the medium category (average 2.65). There was a positive and significant relationship between communication strategies and community preparedness (rs = 0.509; p < 0.001). These findings conclude that the quality of messages, access to information, and community participation are more determinants of preparedness than one-way information dissemination. Implication, disaster information managers need to strengthen community-based risk communication, local early warning, and disaster education that is integrated with the management of urban socio-hydrological systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janati Janati, Agus Purbathin Hadi, Muhajira Muhajira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of The Effectiveness of Watershed Rehabilitation in West Lombok District
The watershed (DAS) in West Lombok Regency has experienced environmental degradation due to land-use conversion and unsustainable agricultural practices in upstream areas, resulting in increased critical land, erosion, and declining hydrological functions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of watershed rehabilitation programs, assess their impacts on vegetation recovery, identify factors influencing program success, and formulate sustainable management strategies. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative analysis utilized Geographic Information System (GIS)-based remote sensing, applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess vegetation cover and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate erosion levels. Qualitative data were collected through field observations and semi-structured interviews to evaluate community participation, institutional support, and implementation constraints. The results showed that watershed rehabilitation improved environmental conditions, as indicated by increased vegetation density, expanded canopy cover, and reduced critical land areas. The use of multipurpose tree species (MPTS), including mahogany, sengon, durian, and candlenut, was well adapted to local conditions and provided additional economic benefits through agroforestry practices. Plant survival rates were generally moderate to high. However, program effectiveness was constrained by limited maintenance funding, seasonal water shortages, livestock disturbances, and weak monitoring systems. Strong community participation and local institutional support were associated with better rehabilitation outcomes. This study concludes that integrating vegetative and mechanical conservation measures with community-based economic empowerment is essential for enhancing watershed rehabilitation effectiveness and sustaining hydrological ecosystem functions in West Lombok Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Welmy Soumena, Taslim Sjah, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aspiration Pneumonia: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management
Aspiration pneumonia is a pulmonary infection caused by the inhalation of oropharyngeal secretions, gastric contents, or foreign materials into the lower respiratory tract. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults and patients with neurological disorders. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of aspiration pneumonia, including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. A literature review was conducted by searching articles published between 2019 and 2025 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “aspiration pneumonia,” “dysphagia,” “risk factors,” “diagnosis,” and “management.” A total of 15 relevant articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed descriptively to summarize current evidence regarding aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when airway protective mechanisms fail, allowing foreign materials to enter the lower respiratory tract. Major risk factors include dysphagia, impaired consciousness, stroke, neurological disorders, and advanced age. Clinical manifestations range from cough, fever, and dyspnea to severe complications such as lung abscess and empyema. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, physical examination, laboratory findings, and radiological imaging. Management depends on disease severity and etiology, including supportive care and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Aspiration pneumonia remains an important clinical condition with substantial health consequences. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate management are essential to improve patient outcomes and reduce complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh. Rizky Yolanda B. S, Lalu Dane Pemban Paerdoe, Shira Putri Wardani, Arwinda Febri Yulianti, Philip Habib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0