Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about toto slot Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. situs parlay slot toto Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id slot gacor gampang maxwin
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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Effect of Temperature on Life Cycle Traits of Callosobruchus spp. Infesting Stored Mungbeans
Bruchid beetles are primary pests of stored pulses, causing significant post-harvest losses. Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis L. are the most common species in tropical and subtropical regions, often co-occurring in storage. This study aimed to evaluate the temperature-dependent life cycle parameters of C. maculatus and C. chinensis infesting mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds. The life cycle of both species was observed under two different conditions: controlled (27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH) and room temperature: uncontrolled (34 ± 4°C, 70 ± 5% RH). Three experimental sets were maintained, each with 10 replicates in completely randomized design. Life cycle duration was recorded, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine mean durations. Under controlled conditions, C. maculatus and C. chinensis completed their life cycles in 33.40–39.80 days (mean 36.84 ± 1.61) and 31.30–36.70 days (mean 34.20 ± 1.23), respectively. At room temperature, development accelerated, with durations of 28.53–32.70 days (mean 30.84 ± 1.17) and 26.30–31.80 days (mean 29.32 ± 1.55), respectively. Higher temperatures shorten the life cycle of both beetle species, potentially increasing infestation rates. These findings highlight the need for temperature management and timely monitoring in stored mungbean to reduce bruchid damage and improve storage outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh Singh, Rakesh Pandey, Ashutosh Rai, Mukesh Kumar Mishra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on In Vitro Callus Growth of Momordica cochinchinensis
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng., locally known as dumbaya in Gorontalo, is a tropical climbing plant with potential as a functional food and medicinal resource, but its natural availability is limited by low seed germination, slow growth, and environmental sensitivity. This study aimed to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations on callus growth of young stem explants of M. cochinchinensis under in vitro conditions. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments: MS without plant growth regulators, MS + 2,4-D + BAP, MS + MeJA 6 mL/L, MS + MeJA 11 mL/L, and MS + MeJA 16 mL/L. The observed parameters were callus formation percentage, callus initiation time, and callus morphology. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test at 5%, while morphological data were described qualitatively. All treatments produced 100% callus formation within 14 days. MeJA affected callus initiation time, with MS + MeJA 6 mL/L showing the fastest average response at 3.67 days after culture. The callus was mostly friable with varied coloration. This treatment may support further development of M. cochinchinensis callus culture and provides preliminary information for optimizing in vitro propagation protocols for this locally valuable species in future studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widyawati S. Isima, Jusna Ahmad, Devi Bunga Pagalla, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Indriati Husain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Daily Living Activity Improvement After William Flexion Exercise in Low Back Pain Patients
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a leading cause of functional limitation, often impairing Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Evidence regarding ADL outcomes following combination physiotherapy in Indonesian hospital settings remains limited. This study evaluated the effect of William Flexion Exercise (WFE) combined with physiotherapy modalities on ADL among LBP patients at Mataram University Hospital. A quantitative quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted with 11 participants recruited through consecutive sampling. ADL was assessed using the validated Barthel Index and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the McNemar test. Before intervention, all participants (100%) were categorized as having mild dependence. After combination therapy administered twice weekly for four weeks, eight participants (72.7%) achieved independence, while three (27.3%) remained mildly dependent. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in ADL following the intervention (McNemar, p = 0.008). These findings suggest that WFE combined with physiotherapy modalities may improve functional independence in LBP patients. However, the small sample size and absence of a control group limit causal inference and generalizability. Further randomized controlled studies with larger samples are recommended to confirm these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nyoman Tri Karisma Dewa, Anak Agung Ayu Niti Wedayani, Mukaddam Alaydrus, Emmy Amalia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Potential for Developing Educational Tourism as a Source for Learning Biology in the Nantu–Boliyohuto Wildlife Sanctuary Buffer Zone
This study analyzed the potential of educational tourism as a Biology learning resource in the buffer zone of the Nantu–Boliyohuto Wildlife Reserve, Gorontalo. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed. Data were collected through field observations, semi-structured interviews with 12 informants, documentation, and field notes at four observation stations representing different habitat types. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while source triangulation ensured validity. The findings revealed high biotic potential, including diverse flora and fauna, and abiotic potential, such as air temperature, soil pH, light intensity, vegetation structure, and habitat variation. These characteristics are relevant to senior high school Biology topics, including biodiversity, ecosystems, classification, adaptation, conservation, and human–environment interactions. The area can support field-based learning through species identification, ecosystem observation, environmental measurements, and conservation projects. Strong community support and relatively natural environmental conditions enhance its educational tourism potential. However, limited road access, inadequate interpretation boards, lack of observation trails, and insufficient learning facilities remain challenges. Overall, the buffer zone has strong potential to be developed as a conservation-based educational tourism destination that supports Biology learning through active community involvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deltias Ntolu, Mustamin Ibrahim, Marini Susanti Hamidun, Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan, Ilyas H. Husain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immune Pathogenesis and Risk Factors Associated with Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a significant public health problem in many endemic countries, including Indonesia. This study aimed to review the immune pathogenesis and associated risk factors of leprosy based on recent scientific evidence. A narrative literature review was conducted using articles retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases, published between 2015 and 2025. The literature search applied predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and study selection was performed through title, abstract, and full-text screening. A total of 4,791 records were identified from all databases, and 31 articles were included in the final analysis. The selected literature was synthesized using a descriptive approach. The clinical spectrum of leprosy is determined by the interaction between M. leprae and the host immune response. Tuberculoid leprosy is associated with a dominant T helper 1 (Th1) response characterized by increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production and enhanced macrophage activation, while lepromatous leprosy is associated with a T helper 2 (Th2)-dominant response characterized by elevated interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), leading to ineffective bacterial clearance. Emerging evidence also highlights the roles of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in immune modulation and disease progression. In addition, host and environmental factors such as age, sex, history of contact, housing conditions, personal hygiene, and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination status contribute to susceptibility and transmission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfira Safitri, Ni Luh Putu Eka Widya Ananta Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Nano Fern Extract (Diplazium esculentum) and Humic Acid on Chlorophyll Content of Soybean (Glycine max)
As the population continues to increase, the demand for soybeans in Indonesia is rising, necessitating effective strategies to enhance soybean growth and production. One such strategy is the use of biostimulants, including nano-fern extract and humic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of nano-fern extract and humic acid, as well as their interaction, on the chlorophyll content and flowering time of soybeans. The experiment was conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors and six replications. Factor A (fern extract) consisted of a control, 100 mg/L of crude fern extract, and nano-fern extract at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/L. Factor B (humic acid) consisted of a control, 1200 mg/L, and 2500 mg/L. The results showed that the application of nano-fern extract at 150 mg/L and humic acid at 2500 mg/L resulted in higher chlorophyll content than other treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tita Nopiyanti, Zozy Aneloi Noli, M. Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Simplicia Prepared from Wild and Cultivated Phallus indusiatus
Phallus indusiatus is a macrofungus that has attracted attention because of its nutritional value and reported biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated P. indusiatus against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Wild samples were collected from Central Java, Indonesia, whereas cultivated samples were obtained from Hong Kong. Simplicia suspensions were prepared in sterile distilled water at a concentration of 100 mg/mL and tested against the selected microorganisms. No inhibition zones were observed in any treatment, indicating that the tested samples did not exhibit detectable antimicrobial activity under the conditions applied in this study. The positive control produced a mean inhibition zone of 32 mm, while no inhibition was observed in the negative control. Gene annotation data from previously generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the wild sample were also reviewed to support the interpretation of the results. The selected annotated genes were mainly associated with cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation, respiration, and metabolite transport. However, the genomic analysis was limited to a small number of annotated genes and was used only as supporting information. Overall, the findings suggest that aqueous suspensions of P. indusiatus simplicia did not show detectable antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms under the experimental conditions employed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hikmah Zikriyani, Mutimanda Dwisatyadini, Inggit Winarni, Na’ilah Insani Alifiyah, Arie Aryanto, Primasari Pertiwi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological Growht of Oil Palm on Biomass-Amended Post-Coal-Mining Land
Post-coal mining land generally has low soil fertility due to the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, which limits the growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oil palm biomass-based ameliorants on the morphological growth of immature oil palm planted on post-mining land using mineral soil as a comparison. The study was conducted at PT Pola Kahuripan Inti Sawit, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, from November 2025 to January 2026 using a quantitative-comparative survey method. The treatments consisted of P1 (150 kg plant⁻¹ empty fruit bunches on mineral soil), and P2 (150 kg plant⁻¹ empty fruit bunches + 30 kg plant⁻¹ boiler ash) on post-mining land. Observed parameters included plant height, stem diameter, frond number, male flowers, female flowers, and abortive flowers at 12–14 months after planting. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that P2 increased vegetative growth in post-mining land, with a plant height of 226.62 cm, a stem diameter of 19.12 cm, and 29.82 fronds at 14 months after planting, approaching growth on mineral soil. The combination of empty fruit bunches and boiler ash has the potential to be an effective remedial material for sustainable rehabilitation of post-coal mining land.
Copyright (c) 2026 Romadhon Nur Rohim, Sutan Tarmizi Lubis, Agung Lesmana, Arjuna Manurung, Muhammad Aqwan A. U, Said Asyrof Auvvarof http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Antibacterial Test and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test from Extract Sponge Derived Fungi
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has increased the demand for new antibacterial agents from natural sources, including marine organisms. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity and toxicity of sponge-associated fungal extracts. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was tested using the disc diffusion method, while toxicity was assessed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The extract was obtained by maceration with 95% methanol and tested at various concentrations. The extract showed antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zones at 100 and 1,000 ppm after 24 hours, which decreased after 48 hours. BSLT results showed 100% mortality of Artemia salina larvae at concentrations ≥100 ppm. The main BSLT test revealed a dose–response relationship, with higher doses and longer exposure reducing larval survival. These results indicate that sponge- associated fungal extracts are promising antibacterial agents, although their toxicity requires further evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktora Susanti, Nisa Karima, Ervina Damayanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Types of Asteraceae Plants in the Palangka Raya University Area (Indonesia)
The Universitas Palangka Raya (UPR) campus, located adjacent to the Sebangau National Park, contains extensive green open spaces that support diverse plant communities, including the Asteraceae family. However, information regarding its diversity and potential utilization remains limited. This study aimed to inventory and identify Asteraceae species and describe their habitat distribution and potential uses within the UPR campus. An exploratory descriptive study with a field floristic approach was conducted from October 2025 to June 2026 using the exploration (cruise) method and purposive sampling. Species identification was based on morphological characteristics and validated using botanical references and the Plants of the World Online (POWO) database. A total of 10 Asteraceae species representing 10 genera were identified. Introduced species dominated the flora (80%), while native species accounted for only 20%. Most taxa occurred in disturbed habitats, including roadsides, drainage areas, agricultural fields, shrubs, and peatland transition zones. Several introduced species, including Praxelis clematidea, Chromolaena odorata, and Mikania micrantha, were identified as invasive weeds with allelopathic properties that may threaten native vegetation. Despite their invasive potential, Asteraceae species also possess significant economic and ecological value, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and larvicidal properties, as well as applications as green manure and erosion-control ground cover. These findings provide baseline data for biodiversity management, invasive species monitoring, and the sustainable utilization of Asteraceae resources within the UPR campus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umi Novita Fitriah, Ria Windi Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Decade of Dugong (Dugong dugon) Strandingsin Indonesia: Frequency and Response Efforts (2016–2025)
Indonesian waters constitute a crucial habitat for the dugong (Dugong dugon), a herbivorous marine mammal currently classified as vulnerable. Despite being legally protected, its existence remains threatened by anthropogenic activities and stranding phenomena. This study aims to analyze the temporal frequency of dugong stranding events in Indonesia and the effectiveness of their technical response schemes. The method employed is a descriptive approach with quantitative and qualitative analyses utilizing verified secondary data from the 2016–2025 period. The results show that a total of 54 stranding events occurred fluctuatingly, with an average of 5–6 cases per year. The highest spike occurred in 2021 with 12 events, while the lowest was in 2020 with 1 event. The monthly stranding pattern is dynamic, reaching its highest peak in February, whereas the monsoon-based analysis demonstrates an even distribution of approximately 24%–26% per monsoon. This finding indicates that the risk of stranding remains persistent throughout the year. Out of the total cases, the majority of dugongs were found dead (90.74%), while the remaining (9.26%) were found alive. Qualitatively, the systematic handling procedures in the field have been structured into four main phases that separate actions based on the animal's condition code. Response for the live code (Code 1) focuses on first aid and release, whereas the dead code (Code 2–5) is prioritized for medical investigation (forensic necropsy) and burial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suprabadevi Ayumayasari Saraswati, I Putu Gede Eka Handrayana Putra, I Wayan Darya Kartika, Rizka DZulfikar, Dewa Gde Tri Bodhi Saputra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diffusion and Adoption of Destana in Tropical Disaster-Prone Socio-Ecological Systems
Tropical island villages face complex disaster risks due to the interaction between geophysical hazards, hydrometeorological threats, social vulnerability, and local institutional capacity. This study aimed to analyze the diffusion and adoption of the Disaster Resilient Village Program (Desa Tangguh Bencana, Destana) in strengthening community preparedness in Sambelia District, East Lombok, Indonesia. A qualitative multi-site case study was conducted in Sugian, Belanting, and Obel-Obel villages from November to December 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and document review involving 17 informants from the regional disaster management agency, village governments, disaster volunteers, NGO/TSBD actors, community leaders, and residents. Data were analyzed thematically using Rogers’ diffusion of innovations framework and a disaster risk perspective linking hazards, vulnerability, and capacity. The results show that Destana is relevant for multi-hazard villages, but its adoption remains partial. Administrative recognition was not fully followed by strong village documentation, active local institutions, continuous communication, or integration into village development planning. Community members accepted disaster preparedness practices, yet they did not always recognize Destana as a formal village-based innovation. The study concludes that Destana needs stronger risk communication, institutional renewal, regular simulation, and integration into village planning to transform administrative designation into sustained socio-ecological resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfa Rosdiana, Moh. Taqiuddin, Agus Purbathin Hadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of The Invasive Plant Acrostichum aureum with Flora of Degraded Mangrove Forests
The mangrove ecosystem in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF), Banyuasin Regency, has experienced ecological pressure due to land conversion, which has facilitated the proliferation of invasive species in degraded areas. This study aimed to analyze plant association patterns in mangrove areas affected by the dominance of Acrostichum aureum. The research employed a descriptive method with a purposive sampling approach across four observation stations. Interspecific associations were analyzed using the Jaccard Index based on species presence data collected during the study. The results revealed 36 plant species associated with A. aureum. Similarity values among stations ranged from 0.1 to 0.53, with the highest similarity observed between Stations 2 and 3 and the lowest between Stations 3 and 4. Association values between A. aureum and other species ranged from 0.25 to 1.00, with very high associations recorded for Nypa fruticans and Schoenoplectus subulatus, and high associations for Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris trifoliata. The dominant association types identified were positive and neutral associations, with Derris trifoliata, Nypa fruticans, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Schoenoplectus subulatus exhibiting positive associations with A. aureum. Ecologically, the presence of A. aureum plays a role in shaping species distribution patterns through interactions influenced by environmental heterogeneity and habitat conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizki Wahyudi, Syaiful Eddy, Dian Mutiara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution and Selected Beta-Lactam Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Suspected Sepsis Patients at RSUD Ir. Soekarno
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and antimicrobial resistance may compromise empirical therapy. This retrospective descriptive study described the distribution of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and selected beta-lactam susceptibility patterns among patients with suspected sepsis at RSUD Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo during 2024–2025. Secondary data from blood, urine, sputum, and pus cultures, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 Compact system, were analyzed descriptively as counts and proportions. Escherichia coli accounted for five isolates in 2024 and four in 2025, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was represented by one isolate in 2024 and was not identified in 2025. Resistance to ceftazidime was observed in 3/5 (60.0%) Escherichia coli isolates in 2024 and 3/4 (75.0%) in 2025, while ceftriaxone resistance occurred in 4/5 (80.0%) and 3/4 (75.0%), respectively. The single Staphylococcus aureus isolate was resistant to oxacillin and phenotypically consistent with MRSA. These findings indicate frequent resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among a small number of Escherichia coli isolates. Interpretation should be cautious because of the limited number of isolates and the absence of confirmatory ESBL or MRSA testing data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusianti Silviani, Mustofa Tri Wijayanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upper Airway Obstruction as a Life-Threatening Emergency
Upper airway obstruction (UAO) is a life-threatening emergency characterized by partial or complete blockage of airflow through the upper respiratory tract due to mechanical obstruction or anatomical narrowing. It may occur acutely or chronically and result from congenital or acquired conditions, including infection, inflammation, trauma, malignancy, anatomical abnormalities, and foreign body aspiration. This study employed a literature review by analyzing publications retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. Clinically, UAO presents with noisy breathing, including stertor and stridor, accompanied by dyspnea, dysphagia, hypoxemia, and respiratory distress. Children are particularly susceptible because of their relatively smaller airways. Diagnosis is established through history taking, physical examination, flexible laryngoscopy, and imaging studies such as neck radiography and computed tomography. Management focuses on restoring airway patency and maintaining adequate oxygenation through interventions including endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, cricothyrotomy, high-flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure, and the Heimlich maneuver for foreign body airway obstruction. Delayed recognition and treatment may lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and timely emergency management are essential to improve clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firman Khalif Yuwono, Arsy Muchlisa Putri, Baiq Whafiq Azizah, Septrajismi Dinda Juwita, Rina Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Marriage and Reproductive Immunology: A Critical Literature Review
Early marriage is a reproductive health issue associated with an increased risk of maternal complications and reproductive immune system disorders in adolescent females. The immaturity of reproductive organs and the immune system at a young age increases susceptibility to infections, anemia, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. This article aims to examine the relationship between early marriage and reproductive immune dysregulation from the perspective of reproductive immunology. The method used was a systematic literature review through the analysis of various scientific publications related to reproductive health, adolescent pregnancy complications, and immune responses. The findings indicate that early marriage is associated with disturbances in both innate and adaptive immunity, including alterations in the activity of T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, which play essential roles in maintaining immunological tolerance during pregnancy. This immune dysregulation increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections, obstetric complications, and impaired fetal and neonatal growth. Furthermore, malnutrition and psychosocial stress among adolescents may further worsen immune function and maternal health. Therefore, early marriage represents an important risk factor for reproductive immune disorders and maternal-child health problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pauzan Pauzan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Ornamental Plants the Araceae and Asteraceae Families at Griya Tambakrejo Jombang for E-Catalog
Ornamental plants play an important role in improving the aesthetic, ecological, and educational quality of residential environments. This study aims to identify ornamental plant species from the Araceae and Asteraceae families in the Griya Tambakrejo Asri Jombang Housing Complex, describe their morphological characteristics, and compile a digital e-catalog as an information medium. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach through field observation, inventory, morphological identification, documentation, and literature study. Species identification was carried out based on diagnostic morphological characters and verified using taxonomic literature, determination keys, and botanical databases Plants of the World Online (POWO), GBIF, and Flora of Java. The results showed that there were 18 ornamental plant species, consisting of 15 species from the Araceae family and 3 species from the Asteraceae family. The Araceae family is dominated by decorative leafy plants with spadix-covered spathe-like flowers, while the Asteraceae family is characterized by capitulum-like compound flowers with diverse color variations. The presence of these two families provides aesthetic benefits by improving landscape quality, ecological benefits as air pollutant absorbers and food sources for pollinators, and educational benefits as learning objects for plant morphology and taxonomy. The inventory results were then compiled into an Instagram-based digital e-catalog containing the scientific name, common name, classification, morphological characteristics, benefits, and photo documentation of each species. This e-catalog is expected to be an information medium that is easily accessible to the public, although its effectiveness as a learning medium still requires expert validation and user testing in further research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asna Lutfiatul Ummah, Anggun Wulandari, Ospa Pea Yuanita Meishanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Literature Review: Management of Paralysis and Prevention of Acute Respiratory Failure in Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. In severe cases, respiratory muscle involvement may lead to acute respiratory failure, which remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with GBS. This literature review aims to discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, management of paralysis, and strategies for preventing acute respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. A literature review was conducted by analyzing scientific journal articles, textbooks, and international clinical guidelines retrieved from electronic databases. The findings indicate that GBS is the most common cause of acute non-traumatic flaccid paralysis worldwide and is frequently preceded by an infectious illness. Diagnosis is primarily established based on clinical features and supported by cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electrodiagnostic studies, with diagnostic certainty commonly assessed using the Brighton Collaboration Criteria and clinical evaluation guided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) criteria. Respiratory complications occur in approximately 20–30% of patients and often require intensive monitoring and mechanical ventilation. Early recognition of respiratory muscle weakness through serial assessment of respiratory function, prompt airway management, and timely ventilatory support are essential to prevent acute respiratory failure and improve clinical outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, intensivists, pulmonologists, rehabilitation specialists, and nursing teams is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with GBS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Sa'Bi Al Qindi, Cantika Brilliant Senna, Muhammad Hilmy As Shiddiq, Moh. Rizky Yolanda B.S, Yasmin Sabrina Zulkifli, Prima Belia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Banana Corm Local Microorganisms and Irrigation Frequency in Improving Pakcoy Growth under Verticulture Condition
Urban agriculture and verticulture systems have gained increasing attention as strategies to enhance food production in areas with limited land availability. Among leafy vegetables, pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is widely cultivated due to its short growth cycle and high market demand. This review examines the potential of banana corm-derived local microorganisms (MOL) and adaptive watering intervals as complementary approaches to improve pakcoy production in verticulture systems. A descriptive literature review was conducted by synthesizing studies related to banana corm MOL, liquid organic fertilizers, irrigation frequency, pakcoy growth, and verticulture-based cultivation. The reviewed literature indicates that banana corm MOL can enhance nutrient availability, stimulate microbial activity, and promote vegetative growth, leading to increased fresh biomass production. Watering frequency was also identified as a key factor influencing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and moisture availability within the restricted rooting environment typical of verticulture systems. The available evidence suggests that interactions between MOL application and watering management may affect pakcoy performance through their combin
Copyright (c) 2026 Ardi Yoga Pramesthi, A. A. Sudharmawan, Taufik Fauzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acute Pharyngitis and Acute Laryngitis as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Literature Review
Severe upper respiratory infections are a major health issue globally, including in Indonesia. Conditions like acute pharyngitis and acute laryngitis are frequently seen in medical settings and lead to many healthcare appointments. These illnesses vary in their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, necessitating a thorough comprehension for the best patient care. This article aims to review various aspects of acute pharyngitis and acute laryngitis, including definition, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, complications, prognosis, and prevention. A narrative literature review approach was employed using scientific sources obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official publications of the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The selected literature included research articles, review articles, clinical guidelines, and relevant reference books. The review found that acute pharyngitis is predominantly caused by viral infections, although Group A Streptococcus (GAS) remains the most important bacterial pathogen due to its potential complications. Acute laryngitis is mainly caused by viral infections and is generally self-limiting. The diagnosis is made by gathering medical history, conducting a physical check, and performing additional tests if necessary. Treatment relies on the root cause and consists of supportive care, measures to ease symptoms, and antibiotic treatment in certain situations. Appropriate diagnosis and rational management are essential to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Frieskha Naurah Paradiesta, Amanda Azkiyah Rachman, Tsania Zulfa Salsabila, Anak Agung Ayu Regina Larasati, Muhammad Rifki, Rina Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cocoa Bean Shell Flour Concentration Affects Cookie Sensory Acceptance
Utilization of agro-industrial waste as a raw material for functional food is one way to increase product added value while reducing waste. Cocoa bean husk is a byproduct of cocoa processing that still contains dietary fiber and bioactive compounds, making it potentially useful in pastry products. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding cocoa bean husk flour on the organoleptic quality of pastries, including color, aroma, taste, and texture. The study used a design with four concentration treatments of cocoa bean husk flour, namely A0 (0%), A1 (5%), A2 (7.5%), and A3 (10%). Organoleptic tests were conducted using a hedonic scale of 1–5 by 15 semi-trained panelists. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tests at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of cocoa bean husk flour significantly affected the attributes of color, taste, and texture, but did not significantly affect aroma. Treatment A1 (5%) produced the highest taste scores (4.07 ± 0.70) and texture (4.27 ± 0.70) and still had a good level of color and aroma acceptance. Increasing the flour concentration to 10% tended to decrease panelists' preference, particularly for flavor attributes due to increased bitterness, thought to be due to phenolic compounds. The results showed that cocoa bean hull flour has the potential to be used as an additive in cookies, with the best acceptance at a concentration of 5%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thitin Binalopa, Andi Hermina Julyaningsih, Rahman Syam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of Social Forestry to Carbon Stock Reserves through Land Cover Change Analysis in the Forest Management Unit Area I NTB
Social forestry is one of the policy instruments expected to maintain forest carbon stock while supporting the achievement of Indonesia's climate change mitigation targets. This study aims to analyse the dynamics of carbon stock in social forestry areas within the Forest Management Unit (KPH) Region I of West Nusa Tenggara and to evaluate the difference in carbon stock before and after permit issuance. A before-after approach was applied to 45 Forest Farmer Groups, using the year of decree issuance as the reference point over a span of five years before to five years after issuance. Carbon stock was estimated by multiplying the area of each land cover class by its carbon factor, and the difference between periods was tested using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results show that the total carbon stock of the area declined from 1,594,074 tons C to 1,038,944 tons C, a reduction of 555,130 tons C equivalent to 2,035,475 tons of CO2-equivalent. As many as 37 of the 45 groups experienced a decline, and the statistical test confirmed a significant difference between conditions before and after permit issuance (p < 0.001). This decline was primarily caused by the conversion of forested land cover into agricultural land with lower carbon factors. These findings indicate that the issuance of social forestry permits in the study area has not succeeded in maintaining carbon stock, thus requiring strengthened post-permit governance and supervision so that social forestry can contribute positively to the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 target.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bangkit Maulana, Taslim Sjah, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Salinity Stress and ACC Deaminase Sidr Root PGPR Frequency on Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper
Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor limiting chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production by reducing water and nutrient uptake and increasing stress-induced ethylene accumulation. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase have emerged as a promising biological approach to alleviate salt stress by lowering ethylene levels and promoting plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between salinity levels and the application frequency of ACC deaminase-producing PGPR isolated from bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) roots on chili pepper growth. A factorial randomized complete block design was employed with two factors: salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 8 dS m⁻¹) and PGPR application frequencies (0, 1, 2, and 3 applications). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD test at a 5% significance level. Significant interactions were observed for plant height, leaf number, fresh biomass, root biomass, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight. Increasing salinity significantly reduced plant growth, whereas repeated PGPR application improved vegetative performance. The highest biomass was obtained under non-saline conditions with two PGPR applications, while three applications produced the greatest plant height and leaf number. These findings demonstrate that ACC deaminase-producing PGPR from bidara roots effectively mitigates salinity stress and has potential as an environmentally friendly bioinoculant to improve chili pepper growth under saline conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niza Isfiyana, Aluh Nikmatullah, M. Taufik Fauzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact Sugar Type, Fermentation Duration, and Concentration of Eco-Enzyme on pH, TDS, and Antibacterial Activity
Eco-enzymes produced from fruit and vegetable waste are increasingly used for waste valorization and natural disinfection, but the combined effects of sugar type, fermentation duration and dilution on their quality remain unclear. This study examined eco-enzymes from mixed fruit peels prepared with granulated sugar, brown sugar and molasses, fermented for 1, 2 and 3 months, and diluted to 20%, 10%, 1%, 0.2% and 0.1%. Physicochemical properties (pH, TDS) and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were measured; data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test and Pearson correlation. Eco-enzymes were strongly acidic (≈3.5–3.9) at 20–10% and approached neutrality at 0.1%, with molasses-based formulations maintaining the lowest pH at high dilutions. TDS showed fermentation‑time‑dependent trends that differed between concentrated and dilute solutions. No inhibition was observed in month 1; activity appeared after ≥2 months and was highest at 3 months, with three‑month molasses eco-enzymes at 20% giving the largest inhibition zones and retaining activity at 0.1–0.2%. These findings identify molasses and extended fermentation as key levers to improve eco-enzyme performance as low-cost natural antibacterial agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Vidya Primarista, Damiana Nofita Birhi, Faustina De Yesu Prisila Abi, Fena Retyo Titani, Arya Wiranata, Abdul Rohman Wali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing BAP and NAA Concentrations for In Vitro Shoot Initiation of Black Potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius)
Black potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng.) has potential as an alternative food crop, but the limited availability of high-quality planting material necessitates in vitro propagation. This study evaluated the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) combinations on the initiation-stage growth of black potato shoot explants. A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 16 treatment combinations, three replications, and 48 experimental units was used. Quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% significance level, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The combination of BAP and NAA significantly affected root emergence time (p = 0.019), number of roots (p = 0.002), number of leaves (p = 0.013), and fresh weight of plantlets (p = 0.001), but had no significant effect on shoot emergence, callus emergence, shoot number, shoot length, root length, or dry weight (p > 0.05). Treatment B0N3 produced the highest number of roots (11.33 roots explant⁻¹), B1N0 produced the highest number of leaves (8.33 leaves explant⁻¹), and B3N3 resulted in the highest fresh weight (1.48 g). These findings indicate that NAA alone was more effective for root induction, whereas higher BAP–NAA combinations promoted greater plantlet biomass accumulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aprilia Eristiana, Aluh Nikmatullah, Kisman Kisman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Personal Protective Equipment Use and Laboratory-Confirmed Onychomycosis Among Farmers
Onychomycosis has been reported as common in occupations involving prolonged exposure to moist soil; however, the association with personal protective equipment (PPE) requires more rigorous methodological consideration. This cross-sectional study included 33 farmers in Sumbaga Village, Bumijawa District, Indonesia. Direct microscopy using Lactophenol Cotton Blue and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were performed to detect fungal elements, and participants were categorized according to self-reported PPE use. Fifteen participants reported using PPE, while 18 did not. Laboratory positivity was identified in 11 of 15 PPE users (73.3%) and 18 of 18 non-users (100%). The observed distribution indicates a lower proportion of positive findings among PPE users; however, this association should be interpreted with caution. Analysis using Fisher’s exact test indicated a statistically significant association between PPE use and onychomycosis (p = 0.033). Fungal isolates showing morphological characteristics consistent with Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were identified. However, as participants were partly selected based on nail discoloration and non-dermatophyte fungi were identified without repeat isolation criteria, these findings reflect suspected cases within the sampled population and should not be interpreted as population-level estimates or evidence of causal protection; future studies should employ more representative sampling strategies, validated measurement of PPE exposure, and adjustment for relevant confounding factors to improve inferential validity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Jalaludin, Jaova Layla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Salinity and Concentration of ACC-deaminase PGPR from Bidara Root on Chili Growth and Yield
Soil salinity is an escalating challenge in dryland agriculture, where rising electrical conductivity disrupts water balance and nutrient uptake. These stresses stimulate excessive ethylene production, which suppresses root growth and reduces overall plant vigor. Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with ACC deaminase activity offer a promising mitigation strategy by degrading ACC, the ethylene precursor, thereby helping plants maintain growth under saline conditions. This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ACC deaminase producing bacteria isolated from Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) roots on chili (Capsicum annum L.) growth under graded salinity stress. Bacterial cultures were harvested at OD₆₀₀ = 0.8 and applied at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mL/L) to chili seedlings exposed to four salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 8 dS/m). Growth parameters—including plant height, leaf number, biomass, and root development—were measured to assess physiological responses. Results showed that increasing salinity progressively reduced plant growth, with substantial inhibition observed at 8 dS/m. In contrast, bacterial application significantly improved plant performance across all salinity levels, and the 20 mL/L concentration consistently produced the greatest enhancement. The improved growth is attributed to enhanced root system function and chlorophyl concentration. These findings highlight the essential role of ACC deaminase producing bacteria in mitigating salinity stress in chili cultivation under dryland conditions and underscore the importance of optimizing bacterial concentration to maximize their beneficial effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Safinatun Naja, Aluh Nikmatullah, Ni Made Laksmi Ernawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Structure of Rhopalocera Butterflies in The Sendang Gile Waterfall Area, North Lombok
Butterflies of the suborder Rhopalocera play an important ecological role as pollinators and bioindicators of environmental quality. The Sendang Gile Waterfall area, North Lombok, contains diverse habitats that potentially support a high diversity of butterfly species, yet information on their community structure remains limited. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the community structure of Rhopalocera butterflies in the area. The research was conducted from April to May 2026 at four observation sites using a survey method. Butterflies were collected using sweep nets and identified based on morphological characteristics. Community structure was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), Pielou evenness index (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). A total of 1,207 individuals representing 31 species from six families were recorded. Pieridae was the most abundant family, followed by Nymphalidae and Papilionidae, whereas Riodinidae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae were represented by relatively few individuals. The waterfall site showed the highest diversity (H′ = 2.73) and evenness (E = 0.91), while Gate 1 had the lowest diversity (H′ = 2.10) and evenness (E = 0.67). Dominance values at all observation sites were low (D < 0.5). These results indicate that the Rhopalocera butterfly community in the Sendang Gile Waterfall area is relatively stable, with moderate to high species diversity, high evenness, and low dominance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurrifta Zaitun, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, I Putu Artayasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Red Onion Peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer and NPK Fertilizer on Chlorophyll Content and Vegetative Growth of Kangkung Darat (Iphomoea reptans Poir)
This study aimed to determine the effect of red onion peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, and their interaction on the chlorophyll content and vegetative growth of Kangkung Darat. The research used a completely randomized design factorial with two factors: Liquid Organic Fertilizer dosage (0, 10, 20, 30 ml) and NPK dosage (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g). Four nitrogen rates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose) and two phosphorus rates (50% and 100% of the recommended dose), each replicated three times, were used in the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design experiment, which was carried out in Rembige Village, Mataram City, between February and April of 2026. Analysis of variance and the Honestly Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level were used to evaluate the data. At 42 and 49 days following planting, nitrogen had a substantial impact on both the number of bulbs per clump and plant height. While the interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus had a substantial impact on leaf chlorophyll content, phosphorus had a considerable impact on bulb number, bulb diameter, and fresh bulb weight. This study concludes that the application of red onion peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer can complement or optimize the efficiency of NPK fertilizer, reducing environmental reliance on chemical inputs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raudatul Jannah, Ahmad Raksun, Gde Cahyadi Wirajagad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Growth and Yield under Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization in Former Long Bean Fields
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is a high-value horticultural crop whose productivity depends on adequate nutrient availability and fertilizer management. Former yardlong bean land has the potential to improve fertilizer efficiency through residual nitrogen derived from biological nitrogen fixation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates and their interaction on the growth and yield of shallot cultivated on former yardlong bean land. Four nitrogen rates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose) and two phosphorus rates (50% and 100% of the recommended dose), each replicated three times, were used in the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design experiment, which was carried out in Rembige Village, Mataram City, between February and April of 2026. Analysis of variance and the Honestly Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level were used to evaluate the data. At 42 and 49 days following planting, nitrogen had a substantial impact on both the number of bulbs per clump and plant height. While the interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus had a substantial impact on leaf chlorophyll content, phosphorus had a considerable impact on bulb number, bulb diameter, and fresh bulb weight. The combination of 75–100% recommended nitrogen and 100% recommended phosphorus produced the best growth and yield, indicating that former yardlong bean land can enhance fertilizer use efficiency in shallot cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miftahul Jannah, Anjar Pranggawan Azhari, Afifah Farida Jufri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Decoction Extract Spray as a Botanical Insecticide against House Flies (Musca domestica)
The housefly (Musca domestica) is a mechanical vector for various infectious diseases, the control of which is still dominated by synthetic pesticides. This study aims to formulate and test the efficacy of a spray preparation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf aqueous extract with variations in concentration (F1: 20%, F2: 40%, and F3: 60%) against housefly mortality. The experimental design used three replications for each treatment, utilizing a total of 120 houseflies, with 10 flies placed in each test container. A negative control group was included to ensure validity. Observations were conducted every 10 minutes over a 1-hour exposure period, and the collected data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that an increase in extract concentration was directly proportional to the speed and rate of fly mortality. The negative control showed no mortality (0.00%). The F1 formulation resulted in an average mortality of 43.33%, while F2 and F3 demonstrated very high efficacy at 86.66% and 90.00%, respectively. Based on the killing speed, F3 recorded the highest cumulative mortality within the first 10 minutes (17 flies) compared to F2 (8 flies) and F1 (2 flies). The 40% (F2) and 60% (F3) concentration papaya leaf extract spray preparations possess potential and environmentally friendly insecticidal activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kiki Arianti Agustin, Surahmaida Surahmaida, Floreta Fiska Yuliarni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response Fruit Flies to Methyl Eugenol Trap Heights in Guava Orchards in Rawamerta, Karawang, West Java
Guava is a popular fruit commodity widely cultivated in Indonesia due to its refreshing taste and suitability for tropical climates. Several commonly cultivated guava varieties include water apple (Syzygium aqueum), crystal guava (Psidium guajava), and Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense). During its cultivation, guava crops often face constraints from fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) infestations, which can diminish both the quality and quantity of the harvest. Conventional control practiced by farmers typically involves wrapping the fruit in plastic; however, this method is considered inefficient and potentially increases plastic waste. Therefore, eco-friendly control alternatives are required, such as the utilization of attractant traps. This study aimed to determine the most effective attractant trap height for capturing fruit flies. The research employed a single-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five trap height treatments: P1 (100 cm), P2 (150 cm), P3 (200 cm), P4 (250 cm), and P5 (300 cm) above ground level, with five replications each. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level if significant differences were observed. The results indicated that the different trap heights significantly affected the number of fruit flies captured. The 300 cm trap height treatment yielded the highest catch, with a total of 521 fruit flies. Furthermore, five Bactrocera species were identified among the trapped population: Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera kandiensis, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera occipitalis, with Bactrocera carambolae being the most dominant species. Key words: Attractant, fruit flies, guava, trap height
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabilla Yusran Apriliyana, Siti Latifatus Siriyah, Nurcahyo Widyodaru Saputro, Febrina Herawani, Slamet Abadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Gastropoda in the Intertidal Zone of Tanjung Pinggir Beach, Batam City
The intertidal zone is a coastal ecosystem with high biological productivity that supports various benthic organisms, including gastropoda. Increasing anthropogenic activities in coastal areas may influence the composition and community structure of gastropoda as ecological indicators. This study aimed to analyze the species composition, density, and community structure of gastropoda in the intertidal zone of Tanjung Pinggir Beach, Batam City. The research was conducted in April 2026 using a survey method with line transect–quadrat techniques at five sampling stations. We laid out a single, 50-m long transect perpendicular to the shoreline at each site. Quadrats were placed every 10 m along this line, which resulted in five sampling units per station (n = 6 quadrats). Gastropod samples were identified morphologically, while data analyses included species composition, density, diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index. The results showed that 42 gastropod species belonging to 5 orders and 17 families were identified, with Caenogastropoda and Neogastropoda as the dominant orders. The highest gastropod density was recorded at Station 4 (5.88 ind./m²), while the lowest was found at Station 1 (0.96 ind./m²). Relative density analysis indicated that Batillaria zonalis and Batillaria attramentaria were the dominant species across most stations. Diversity and evenness indices were categorized as moderate to high, whereas the dominance index was low, indicating a relatively stable community structure. Overall, the intertidal ecosystem of Tanjung Pinggir Beach remains ecologically supportive for gastropod communities. Sustainable coastal management is recommended to minimize future anthropogenic pressures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadani Fitra, Witri Winanda, Wardatul Aini, Khairul Anwar, Mona Fathia, Hansen Fandy Winata http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between BRCA1 Expression Status and Breast Cancer Metastasis Index (cM) in West Nusa Tenggara
Breast cancer remains a major cause of mortality among Indonesian women, with metastasis as its primary prognostic determinant. Although BRCA1 is a key tumor suppressor involved in genomic stability, its association with the breast cancer metastasis index in Indonesian patients remains limited. This research was designed to evaluate the association between BRCA1 expression and breast cancer metastasis index (cM), as well as differences in BRCA1 expression across metastasis categories. A cross-sectional observational study design was employed using 32 samples selected by purposive sampling, consisting of medical records and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks obtained from Pathology Anatomy Laboratory of the NTB provincial hospital. BRCA1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Bivariate analysis between variables was performed using the Fisher’s Exact test. Of 32 patients, 78.1% were classified as cM1. No significant association was identified between BRCA1 expression and metastasis index (p = 0.394), although low BRCA1 expression was descriptively more frequent in metastatic cases. BRCA1 expression alone is not an independent determinant of metastasis in breast cancer patients in NTB. This suggests that metastasis is multifactorial. Studies with larger samples and additional biomarkers such as hormonal receptors, proliferation index, and metastasis-related proteins are suggested to investigate the metastatic risk in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alia, Rizka Vidya Lestari, Yan Adhitya Kusuma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Characterization of White Turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) Extract as a Candidate Natural Immunostimulant for Aquatic Organisms
The increasing intensity of aquaculture practices has elevated the risk of disease outbreaks, which may negatively affect aquaculture productivity. The use of natural products containing bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for improving the health status of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical constituents of white turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) extract to identify bioactive compounds with potential applications as natural immunostimulants in fish feed. The extraction process was carried out using 250 g of white turmeric powder by the maceration method. The resulting extract was subsequently filtered, concentrated using a rotary evaporator, and subjected to phytochemical screening based on colorimetric assays. Phytochemical analysis revealed that white turmeric tested positive for the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The findings indicate that white turmeric extract has considerable potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for incorporation into fish feed formulations. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate its effects on immune responses, growth performance, and disease resistance in aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalin Ulaan, Numisye I. Mose, Yeni Indriani, Jetti T. Saselah, Yessi A. P Manganang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Suitability of Physical Elements and Visual Landscape Aesthetics in Mataram City Parks: A Scenic Beauty Estimation Approach
its vision of a harmonious, safe, welcoming, outstanding, and self-reliant city. The utilization of Green Open Spaces (GOS) plays a crucial role in improving quality of life, supporting environmental sustainability, fostering social interaction, and providing support for small and medium-sized enterprises to grow. This study aims to: 1) analyze the suitability of these spaces based on the principles of a sustainable city at Mayura Park, Udayana Park, and Sangkareang Park; 2) analyze the aesthetic quality of Mayura Park, Udayana Park, and Sangkareang Park. Using a deductive approach with quantitative research methods, this study examined Mayura, Udayana, and Sangkareang Parks as samples of Mataram’s urban parks and found that elements such as vegetation, biodiversity, microclimate, activity variety, sociocultural facilities, accessibility, and nature-based tourism activities align with the concept of sustainable cities. However, aspects related to water management, the utilization of renewable resources, cultural identity, comfort, safety, cleanliness, and economic activities still do not meet the expected criteria. Mayura and Sangkareang Parks demonstrate a moderate level of compliance, while Udayana Park exhibits a high level of compliance. Overall, the suitability of Mataram’s urban parks is still considered moderate, so efforts are needed to improve their quality so that Mataram can become a sustainable, welcoming, and inclusive city.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tegar Djulfiqar Rafif, Niechi Valentino, Andrie Ridzki Prasetyo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stability of Encapsulated Vitamin C in Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF)-Based Composite Noodles
This study evaluated the effect of Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF) substitution on the stability of encapsulated vitamin C (ascorbic acid), crude fiber content, and color index of starch-based composite noodles. Vitamin C was encapsulated using a maltodextrin–CMC matrix (18.2:1.8%) via freeze-drying and incorporated into noodles with varying wheat-to-MOCAF ratios: MCF00 (100:0), MCF01 (90:10), MCF02 (70:30), and MCF03 (50:50). These were compared with Control 1 (unfortified) and Control 2 (fortified with non-encapsulated vitamin C). Encapsulation significantly improved vitamin C retention, reaching 0.32–0.38 mg/g, approximately twofold higher than the non-encapsulated control (0.15 mg/g). Thermal processing caused a marked decline in the Modified Noodle Color Index (NCIm) of Control 2 (62.67 to 51.44), likely due to Maillard-like browning reactions. In contrast, noodles with encapsulated vitamin C maintained a stable color (NCIm 61.06 to 63.44). Increasing MOCAF substitution significantly enhanced crude fiber content (up to 4.97% in MCF03) and improved noodle lightness (L*). Overall, the maltodextrin–CMC system effectively protected vitamin C from thermal degradation, regardless of starch matrix variation. Further studies are recommended to investigate shelf-life stability and in vitro release of vitamin C in the gastrointestinal tract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Resti Pranata Putri, Nadiyah Zuhroh, Nadhifah Al Indis, Annisa'U Choirun, Amellia Dwi Rizkyana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of Dragonfly Diversity in Sendang Gile Waterfall and its Development as Local Potential-Based Biology Learning
This study aimed to inventory the dragonfly species inhabiting the Sendang Gile Waterfall area, evaluate their diversity, and develop the findings into a local biodiversity-based biology learning resource for senior high school students. A descriptive exploratory approach was employed using a sweep net sampling method along three observation transects. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), evenness index (E), and dominance index (C). The research findings were subsequently developed into a biology booklet and evaluated through expert validation involving material and media specialists. A total of 364 dragonfly individuals representing 12 species from five families were recorded. Euphaea lara lombokensis was the most abundant species, accounting for 119 individuals. The overall Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′ = 1.81) indicated a moderate level of species diversity, accompanied by a relatively balanced species distribution and low dominance. The developed booklet obtained an average validation score of 90.09%, indicating that it was highly valid and suitable for educational use. These findings demonstrate that the Sendang Gile Waterfall area supports a moderately diverse dragonfly community and that the developed booklet can serve as an effective local biodiversity-based learning resource for biology education in senior high schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Susilawati, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, I Putu Artayasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seagrass Community Structure in the Coastal Waters of Pandanan Sekotong Barat, West Lombok
Seagrass ecosystems play a crucial role in marine environments, particularly in supporting coastal biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. The coastal waters of Pandanan Beach are ecologically vital but potentially exposed to anthropogenic pressures such as boat mooring and local foraging ("madak") activities. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the community structure, including density, diversity, dominance, and coverage of seagrass in coastal waters at Pandanan Beach. Data collection were conducted using a quadrate transect method across three distinct transects. The results showed that a total of 7 seagrass species were identified, namely Cymodocea rotundata, C. serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila decipiens, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Thalassia hemprichii. The overall community structure of the seagrass was relatively stable and healthy, characterized by a mean total density of 163 ind/m² and an average canopy coverage of 52.28%. The species diversity index (H' = 1.65) fell into moderate category, supported by a low dominance index (D = 0.22), indicating an even distribution of species across the habitat. These findings suggest that despite ongoing human activities, the seagrass ecosystem in the coastal waters at Pandanan Beach remains in a resilient and healthy condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulida Suryatni, Didik Santoso, Lalu Japa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Level of Damage Caused by the Sweetpotato Weevil (Cylas formicarius) Attack on Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Under Two Mulch Treatments
The sweetpotato weevil (Cylas spp.) is one of the major pests of sweet potato that can reduce both the quality and quantity of yield, as it attacks not only the tubers but also acts as a stem borer. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulch application on the attack intensity of Cylas spp. on purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), to examine the distribution pattern of pest populations on tubers and stems, and to analyze the relationship between pest population and the resulting attack intensity. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three treatments, namely control (F0), plastic mulch (F1), and straw mulch (F2), each replicated nine times, resulting in 27 experimental units. The results showed that the application of different types of mulch did not significantly affect the attack intensity of the sweetpotato weevil. Nevertheless, the straw mulch treatment produced the lowest attack intensity at 4.07%, followed by the control at 4.99%, and plastic mulch at 5.13%, with all treatments classified under the mild attack category (intensity below 10%). Cylas populations were found attacking both tubers and stems, with the highest population recorded in the control treatment (10.33 individuals on tubers and 5.00 individuals on stems), followed by straw mulch (4.33 and 2.56 individuals), and the lowest in plastic mulch (3.67 and 0.78 individuals). Pest populations on tubers were consistently higher than on stems, indicating that tubers are the primary target of adult Cylas spp. attack. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between pest population and attack intensity, although classified as weak, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.314, indicating that an increase in pest population tends to be followed by an increase in attack intensity, although not consistently strong.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Madiah Syafira, Bambang Supeno, Irwan Muthahanas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Protein Intake and Stunting Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in the Bagi Community Health Center Catchment Area, Central Lombok Regency
Stunting is still a long-term nutritional issue and a significant concern for public health, especially in children younger than two years. Protein is a vital nutrient that is important for growth in height; however, the information about its relationship with stunting is not consistent. Understanding this relationship is crucial for designing effective nutritional interventions. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 43 children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Protein intake was assessed using a 1×24-hour food recall and analyzed with NutriSurvey software. Stunting status was determined based on height/length-for-age (HAZ) according to WHO standards. The association between protein intake and stunting was analyzed using the Chi-Square test with the Monte Carlo Exact method. The results of the study showed that of all toddlers studied, 62.8% experienced stunting and 37.2% experienced severe stunting. The majority of toddlers had good protein intake (55.8%). Statistical evaluation through the Chi-Square test with the Exact (Monte Carlo) method indicated that there was no meaningful connection between protein consumption and the occurrence of stunting (p = 0.584). In the region served by Bagu Community Health Center, Central Lombok Regency, there was no significant association between protein intake and the prevalence of stunting in children aged 6–24 months.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rafly, Lina Nurbaiti, Wiwin Lastyaana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leaf Morphology and Functional Traits of Four Mangrove Seedling Species Under Nursery Conditions
Mangrove species exhibit variations in leaf functional traits that reflect differences in resource-use strategies; however, information on the coordination of these traits during the seedling stage remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate leaf functional trait variation among four mangrove species (Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, and Rhizophora apiculata) by analyzing leaf economic traits, leaf morphological traits, and their interrelationships. A total of 120 seedlings grown under relatively uniform nursery conditions were evaluated. The measured traits included Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC), Aspect Ratio (AR), and Shrinkage Index (SI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that all measured traits differed significantly among species (P < 0.05), with effect sizes ranging from moderate to very large. PCA revealed that the first two principal components explained 73.75% of the total variation in leaf traits, indicating that interspecific variation was driven by the coordination of multiple leaf traits rather than by a single trait. These findings demonstrate that a multivariate approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of leaf functional trait variation among mangrove seedlings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lefdi Agung Nugraha, Pebriandi Pebriandi, Viny Volcherina Darlis, Muhammad Mardhiansyah, Ewi Irfani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Herbal Prevention Potential
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer has continued to increase, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly chronic hyperglycemia, has been proposed as one of its contributing risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of herbal compounds as complementary approaches targeting molecular pathways linking T2DM and colorectal cancer. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and ScienceDirect. Original articles published between 2021 and 2026, written in English, available in full text, and investigating single herbal compounds or plant extracts in colorectal cancer models were included. The reviewed studies demonstrated that several herbal compounds, including glycyrrhizin, freeze-dried jaboticaba peel, Osmanthus fragrans extract, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, Corallocarpus glomeruliflorus extract, galangin, dictamnine, silymarin, Portulaca oleracea extract, and curcumin, modulated key molecular pathways involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, particularly NF-κB, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and YAP/TAZ signaling. Although these preclinical findings suggest potential complementary roles for herbal bioactive compounds in colorectal cancer prevention, further translational studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to confirm their efficacy and safety in individuals with T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wibisono Hasanul Muhtaram, Mira Nupila Rahma, Ashila Sallama Nur Fadlila, Indri Tiffani, Lalu Abdul Mubarak, Retno Dwi Utami, Baiq Mayada Isqie, Florentcia Davina Gunawan, Made Prajnana Adhi Parasikan Susana, Nensy Dwi Astika, Pande Komang Inten Widya Iswara Oka, Kurniati Kurniati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Response of Mentik Wangi Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Under Drought Stress
Mentik wangi rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a local aromatic Indonesian variety known for its superior grain quality but susceptible to drought Stress. 2Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been widely investigated as nano-fertilizers to improve plant physiological performance under abiotic stress; however, information regarding their effects on the local aromatic rice cultivar Mentik Wangi remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of Mentik Wangi rice to ZnO-NPs application under drought stress and to identify the most effective ZnO-NPs concentration for each physiological parameter. The experiment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Design with two water regimes (50% and 100% field capacity) and six ZnO-NPs concentrations (0, 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, 3.00, and 3.75 ppm). Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level. Under drought stress, ZnO-NPs at 2.25 ppm produced the highest photosynthetic rate (0.79 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) and improved membrane stability index, whereas 1.50 ppm resulted in the lowest transpiration rate (0.016 mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹) and the highest proline accumulation. Chlorophyll content also increased under normal conditions following the application of 2.25 ppm ZnO-NPs. In contrast, ZnO-NPs did not significantly affect ascorbic acid content or relative water content. These findings indicate that the physiological response of Mentik Wangi rice to ZnO-NPs depends on the parameter evaluated, with 2.25 ppm and 1.50 ppm producing the most favorable responses for different physiological traits under the conditions of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Zaki, Yovi Avianto, Henra Henra, Rina Puji Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Culturable Microbial Abundance and Morphotypes in Stingless Bee Honey from Urban and Rural Landscapes
Stingless bee honey contains culturable microorganisms that may vary with floral resources, hive conditions, handling, and surrounding landscapes. This descriptive study compared total culturable counts and colony/cell morphotypes in Heterotrigona itama honey collected from one urban site in Pontianak and one rural site in Ambawang, Kubu Raya. Honey was serially diluted, cultured on Glucose Peptone Agar, and characterized using colony morphology, Gram staining, and endospore observations. Total Plate Count (TPC) values varied among isolates within each landscape: urban isolates ranged from 1.98 × 105 to 1.12 × 106 CFU/mL, while rural isolates ranged from 8.9 × 104 to 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL. Urban cultures included bacterial and yeast-like morphotypes, whereas rural cultures were represented by Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterial morphotypes. These observations describe culturable abundance and morphology but do not establish taxonomic identity, community diversity, or a causal landscape effect because site replication, molecular identification, physicochemical covariates, and inferential statistics were not reported. The study provides preliminary data that can guide replicated surveys combining culture-based and sequencing approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitriyan Kurnia, Elpe Bibas, Muftiah Yasi Dwi Wahyuni, Etha Marista, Adityo Raynaldo, Nur Exsanty Rembulan, Jani Putri Rara, Riza Linda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mouse Models in Sarcopenia Research: A Literature Review
Sarcopenia is defined as the progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function associated with the aging process. This literature review aims to analyze various mouse models used in sarcopenia research, with a primary focus on the C57BL/6 strain. A narrative literature review was conducted systematically by searching the Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “sarcopenia”, “mouse model”, “muscle atrophy”, and “C57BL/6”. A total of 12 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2024 were selected based on the inclusion criteria.The analysis results showed that muscle mass decline in mice generally begins progressively at the age of 18–24 months and becomes more significant at 23-32 months, with male mice being more susceptible than females. Natural aging, dexamethasone induction, and immobilization models were the most frequently used, consistently demonstrating type II fiber atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased ROS, and suppression of the mTORC1 pathway. Therapeutic candidates such as Delta-Like 1 Homolog (DLK1) and Ulmus macrocarpa extract showed promising effects in reducing muscle atrophy. Although mouse models provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of sarcopenia, biomechanical differences and sex-specific responses between mice and humans must be considered to enhance the translational value of the research. This review is expected to serve as a reference for researchers in selecting the appropriate mouse model for sarcopenia studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Julia, Nani Asyahri, Fitriya Setiani, Lili Sardona, Jodion Siburian, Afreni Hamidah, Desfaur Natalia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nocturnal Insect Diversity in Budeng Mangrove Forest, Jembrana, Bali
The mangrove ecosystem in Budeng Village plays an important ecological role, yet information on nocturnal insect diversity remains limited. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the diversity of nocturnal insects in the Budeng Village mangrove forest. An exploratory study was conducted using light traps. A total of 1.900 individuals representing 8 orders, 17 families, and 19 species were recorded. The diversity (0.550), species richness (2.384), and evenness (0.186) indices were low, whereas the dominance index was high (0.801) due to the predominance of Phlebotomus sp. (1.700 individuals). Overall, the nocturnal insect community showed low diversity and high species dominance. These findings provide baseline data for biodiversity monitoring and support the potential use of nocturnal insects as bioindicators of mangrove ecosystem condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia Handayani, I Made Oka Riawan, Moh Jafron Syah, Edgar Bernal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Rainfall and Fire Caterpillar on Oil Palm Yield at Tor Gamba
As a strategic plantation commodity, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plays a crucial role in supporting Indonesia's national economy, yet its productivity is strongly influenced by climatic variability and pest pressure, particularly fire caterpillar (Limacodidae) attacks that damage foliage and reduce photosynthetic capacity. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between annual rainfall, fire caterpillar attack intensity, and fresh fruit bunch (FFB) productivity at PT Perkebunan Nusantara III Tor Gamba I Plantation over a five-year period (2012–2016; n = 5 annual observations). A quantitative observational-correlational design was applied using secondary archival data on rainfall (mm/year), pest attack intensity (mean larvae per frond), and FFB yield (kg/ha/year). Pearson correlation and paired T-tests were conducted at a 5% significance level (df = 3; T-table = 2.78). Rainfall showed a very strong positive correlation with FFB productivity (r = 0.95; T-count = 9.34) and a very strong negative correlation with fire caterpillar attack intensity (r = 0.98; T-count = 12.96), indicating that higher rainfall suppressed pest population growth. Furthermore, pest attack intensity had a very strong negative correlation with FFB productivity (r = 0.97; T-count = 9.83). The small sample size (n = 5) constrains statistical power and limits causal inference; results should be interpreted as descriptive associations. Nevertheless, findings suggest that rainfall monitoring could support early warning systems for pest outbreaks and inform integrated pest management strategies for oil palm plantations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yudi Fahmi, Anna Kusumawati, Sutan Borohim Siregar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biophysical Suitability of Dondon Beach for Recreational Beach Tourism in Central Lombok, Indonesia
Dondon Beach in Mertak Village, Central Lombok, is a potential site for recreational beach tourism, but site-specific evidence of its biophysical suitability remains limited. This study assessed tourism suitability and identified the main supporting and limiting factors across three stations representing the western, central, and eastern beach sectors. Field surveys were conducted in March–April 2026. Ten parameters—water depth, beach type, beach width, bottom substrate, current velocity, beach slope, relative water transparency, coastal land cover, hazardous biota, and distance to freshwater—were evaluated using the Tourism Suitability Index (Indonesian: Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata, IKW) with normalized weights. The calculated IKW values were 2.52, 2.80, and 2.62 for Stations 1, 2, and 3, respectively, placing all stations in the highly suitable category (S1). Suitability was supported by white sand, adequate beach width, high relative water transparency, and proximity to freshwater. Deeper water, moderate slopes, gravelly sand at one station, localized sea urchins, and spatial variation in current velocity require safety-based management. These findings indicate biophysical suitability but do not alone establish sustainable tourism feasibility; additional assessments of ecological carrying capacity, seasonal variability, visitor safety, infrastructure readiness, and community acceptance are required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Fahria, Sadikin Amir, Rhojim Wahyudi , Saptono Waspodo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Green Revolution in Gili Balu: Policy Convergence, Blue Economy, and Community Empowerment
The Green Revolution has become a prominent policy framework for promoting sustainable development in Indonesia’s marine and fisheries sector. However, its implementation in small island regions often reveals a significant gap between policy objectives and local socio-ecological realities. This study aims to critically examine the convergence and tensions among the Green Revolution as a policy framework, the Blue Economy as a development model, and community empowerment as the ultimate goal of sustainable development in small island contexts. Using a qualitative approach, this study employs a Critical Narrative Review of 13 selected articles and policy documents, complemented by contextual reflections on Gili Balu, a small island cluster in West Sumbawa Regency, Indonesia. The analysis identifies three dominant themes: technocratic development approaches, community-based Blue Economy practices, and participatory empowerment. The findings indicate that while these concepts are theoretically complementary, their implementation is often constrained by weak local institutions, limited community authority, fragmented policy integration, and unequal access to resources. In Gili Balu, locally driven initiatives such as community-based tourism and marine resource conservation demonstrate the potential of adaptive and inclusive governance. The study concludes that sustainable transformation in small islands requires stronger integration between policy frameworks, local institutions, and community participation. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analytical framework that connects Green Revolution, Blue Economy, and community empowerment to explain the dynamics of sustainable development in small island regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jalaluddin Jalaluddin, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flora Inventory in the Pantangolemba Village Waterfall Tourism Area, Poso Pesisir Selatan District, Poso Regency
Pantangolemba Waterfall Tourism Area, located in South Poso Coastal District, Poso Regency, has considerable floral diversity that has not yet been scientifically documented. This study aimed to inventory, identify, and describe the morphological characteristics of flora in the area and to evaluate its potential as a learning resource and a basis for conservation. The study employed a descriptive exploratory approach using the cruise survey method combined with purposive sampling. Species identification was conducted based on morphological characteristics using taxonomic references and online flora databases. The collected data were analyzed descriptively using a qualitative approach. The results revealed a total of nine plant species belonging to seven families, namely Ruellia simplex, Muntingia calabura, Psidium guajava, Syzygium aqueum, Ageratum conyzoides, Peperomia pellucida, Mecardonia procumbens, Musa paradisiaca, and Asystasia gangetica. The vegetation was dominated by herbaceous species, while only three species were classified as trees. Morphological observations demonstrated variations in root systems, stem types, leaf morphology, and reproductive organs, reflecting plant adaptations to the humid environment and varying light intensity of the waterfall ecosystem. The findings indicate that the Pantangolemba Waterfall Tourism Area has strong potential as a natural laboratory, a biology learning resource, and an important baseline for flora management and conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nining Kasim Muhdin, Andi Salahuddin, Endah Angraeni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant Activity and Nanoemulsion Formulation of Chlorella vulgaris Ethanolic Extract for Potential Topical Applications
Chlorella vulgaris is a marine microalga abundant in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) that contains flavonoids and other bioactive compounds exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. Antioxidant compounds can be utilized in skin maintenance. This research investigated the antioxidant activity of C. vulgaris ethanolic extract while developing a nanoemulsion formulation intended for topical application. Biomass was processed into simplisia and extracted by maceration using ethanol 96%. Phytochemical identification and total flavonoid content were determined using TLC and aluminum chloride methods. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and expressed as IC₅₀ values. The extract was subsequently formulated into nanoemulsions using virgin coconut oil, Tween 80, and Span 80, followed by physical characterization. The extraction process produced a C. vulgaris extract yield of 7.14% (w/w). TLC analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, and the TFC of the extract was 89,31 ± 0,03 mg QE/g extract. Strong antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the ethanolic extract, with an IC₅₀ of 52.869 ppm. The nanoemulsion formulation containing 1% extract exhibited a green color, characteristic odor, clear appearance, with a pH value of 6,96, viscosity of 990 cPs, a transmittance value of 89,8%, particle size of 16,5 nm, and polydispersity index 0,294, indicating the formation of a nanosized dispersion with moderate particle size distribution. Overall, Nanoemulsion delivery enhances C. vulgaris antioxidant performance, supporting its potential application in skin maintenance and cosmeceutical products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eskarani Tri Pratiwi, Windah Anugrah Subaidah, Neneng Rachmalia Izzatul Mukhlishah, Baiq Dwiyan Nugrahani, Muhammad Dimas Arzy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Medicinal Plants Among the Community of Blangjerango, Gayo Lues Regency
Traditional knowledge regarding medicinal plants in Blangjerango District, Gayo Lues Regency, is increasingly threatened by modernization and the growing preference for modern medicine among younger generations. This study aimed to identify medicinal plant species used by the community, document the plant parts utilized, preparation methods, and their medicinal benefits. The study utilized a qualitative descriptive framework combined with an ethnobotanical perspective. Information was gathered via on-site observations, thorough interviews, record keeping, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) that engaged local residents, traditional healthcare practitioners, and senior community members. The research identified 13 species of medicinal plants belonging to different families that are employed to address health issues like fever, coughing, wounds, high blood pressure, digestive problems, and skin ailments. The leaves emerged as the most commonly used part of the plants, while methods of preparation involved boiling, grinding, incinerating, and applying directly. The findings indicate that medicinal plants remain an important component of traditional healthcare practices in Blangjerango; however, knowledge of their use is predominantly retained by older generations, with declining interest among younger people. Therefore, documentation and preservation of ethnobotanical knowledge are essential to support biodiversity conservation and safeguard local cultural heritage. Collaboration between educational institutions and local governments is recommended to promote the transmission of traditional medicinal plant knowledge to younger generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Pahiza Br. Panjaitan, Rizky Ahadi, Nurdin Amin, Eriawati Eriawati, Lina Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Biofermentation Duration of Chromolaena odorata with Liquid Palm Sugar as A Carbon Source on Content and in vitro Digestibility of Crude Protein and Crude Fiber
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biofermentation duration of Chromolaena odorata using liquid palm sugar as a carbon source on crude protein content, crude fiber content, and the in vitro digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and four replications, resulting in 16 experimental units. The treatments were biofermentation for 0 days (LB-0), 7 days (LB-7), 14 days (LB-14), and 21 days (LB-21, control). The observed parameters included crude protein content, crude fiber content, in vitro digestibility of crude protein, and in vitro digestibility of crude fiber. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that biofermentation duration significantly affected (P<0.05) crude fiber content and in vitro crude fiber digestibility but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on crude protein content or in vitro crude protein digestibility. The lowest crude fiber content (17.55%) and the highest in vitro crude fiber digestibility (17.88%) were obtained after 7 and 14 days of biofermentation, respectively. Overall, biofermentation using liquid palm sugar effectively reduced crude fiber content and improved crude fiber digestibility, with 7 days identified as the optimal biofermentation duration. However, this treatment did not improve crude protein content or in vitro crude protein digestibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hilda Anggriani Ratu, TwenfoTwenfosel O. Dami Dato, Gusti Ayu Yudiwati Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnomedicine and Medicinal Plant Conservation Study in the Oben Village Community, Nekamese District, Kupang Regency
Ethnomedicine represents indigenous knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for healthcare and plays an important role in supporting biodiversity conservation. However, documentation of ethnomedicinal knowledge in Oben Village, Nekamese District, Kupang Regency, remains limited, creating a risk of knowledge erosion across generations. This study aimed to document medicinal plant diversity, traditional utilization patterns, and community-based conservation practices in Oben Village. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed involving 30 purposively selected respondents. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and documentation, and analyzed descriptively. A total of 44 medicinal plant species belonging to various families were identified and used to treat 20 categories of diseases. Leaves were the most frequently utilized plant part (55%), while boiling was the predominant preparation method (66%), followed by oral administration as the primary mode of use. The community also applies multi-species herbal formulations for certain ailments, reflecting a rich body of local therapeutic knowledge. Conservation is primarily conducted through home gardens, mixed cropping systems, and the sustainable use of naturally growing plant resources. These findings highlight the richness of local ethnomedicinal knowledge and demonstrate its contribution to both primary healthcare and in situ plant conservation. The documented information provides a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation, preservation of indigenous knowledge, and future pharmacological investigations of medicinal plant resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeanet Anggiany Sabaat, Muntasir Muntasir, Cahyani Purnasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Turtle Nesting and Conservation Management in Amping Parak, West Sumatra
Sea turtles are protected marine animals that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of coastal and marine ecosystems. This study aims to examine the nesting behavior of sea turtles and evaluate the management of the conservation area in Amping Parak, Pesisir Selatan Regency. Conducted from April 15 to May 28, 2026, this research employed a qualitative descriptive method utilizing observation and literature reviews. The results indicate that turtles nest at night, with an incubation period of 45–60 days, which is strongly influenced by nest temperature and humidity. Although Amping Parak has high potential as a nesting habitat, its management is hindered by limited funding and resources. Therefore, optimizing conservation efforts requires nest protection, semi-natural hatchery practices, and community education to ensure the sustainability of sea turtle conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zettyra Sandova, Firly Widuri, Aulia Rizky, Fauri Yatul Irfan Yanti, Jabang Nurdin, Wilson Novarino, Aprizal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Erosion of Ethnobotanical Knowledge in the Younger Generation: Level of Student Knowledge of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Culture in North Sumatra
Traditional knowledge preservation is a fundamental component of sustainable development, contributing to biodiversity conservation, community health resilience, and the safeguarding of cultural heritage. North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with its rich ethnic and cultural diversity, represents an important setting for ethnobotanical research. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge among the younger generation regarding the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, cultural practices, and traditional ceremonies. A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted involving 61 respondents, predominantly university students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively through frequency and percentage distributions. Most respondents were female (68.85%), aged 17–20 years (63.93%), and belonged to the Toba Batak ethnic group (45.90%). The findings revealed that 41% of respondents had a moderate level of ethnobotanical knowledge, indicating that while most participants possessed basic knowledge of medicinal plants, only 10% were familiar with more than 15 medicinal plant species. Overall, the younger generation demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge; however, the limited recognition of medicinal plant diversity and the low understanding of their cultural and symbolic functions suggest a gradual erosion of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. These findings provide baseline information for developing educational and cultural preservation programs aimed at strengthening ethnobotanical knowledge among younger generations and supporting the conservation of Indonesia's traditional biocultural heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dini Hardiani Has, Ratna Sari, Sahat Raja Marogo Girsang; Dela Arianda; Firman Syah, Eva Oktaviani, Sutan Sahala Muda Marpaung http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Health Education Through TikTok Media on Adolescents' Knowledge and Attitudes about Premarital Sex
Premarital sexual conduct in teenagers is a matter of reproductive health that may lead to an increased chance of unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and dropping out of school. Social media platforms, especially TikTok, could serve as a powerful tool for education, as they align well with the traits of adolescents. This research seeks to evaluate how effective TikTok education is in influencing knowledge and attitudes regarding premarital sex among female pupils from SMA Negeri 1 Rengasdengklok. The approach taken for this investigation was a pre-experimental design involving a one-group pretest–posttest. The participant group included 85 female students from grade XI IPA, chosen through proportionate stratified random sampling. Information was collected via a validated and reliable questionnaire, subsequently analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Prior to the educational intervention, 95.3% of participants displayed poor knowledge while 84.7% exhibited negative attitudes. Following the TikTok education, all participants (100%) demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitudes. The analysis revealed a notable difference between the pretest and posttest results concerning both knowledge and attitude (p < 0.001). Health education utilizing TikTok proves effective in enhancing knowledge and developing favorable attitudes towards premarital sexual behavior. This approach could represent an innovative option for advancing reproductive health education that resonates with young people's traits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Liawati Liawati, Rika Mahardika Nuraeni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Eating Patterns on the Learning Achievement of Grade X DKV Students at SMK Budi Bakti Ciwidey
Academic success is a measure of educational progress that is shaped by multiple factors, one of which is nutrition. A poor diet can interfere with cognitive abilities and may adversely impact the academic performance of teenagers. This research aims to explore the link between eating habits and the academic performance of 10th-grade students in Visual Communication Design (DKV) at SMK Budi Bakti Ciwidey, located in Bandung Regency. A quantitative research method with a cross-sectional layout was employed for the study. The sample included 58 students chosen through simple random sampling from a total of 135 students. Data on dietary habits were gathered using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), while academic performance information was collected from report card grades for the odd semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately utilizing Fisher's Exact Test at a significance level of 5%. Findings indicated that 74.1% of participants maintained a nutritious diet, and 96.6% exhibited commendable academic performance. The bivariate test results revealed no significant correlation between dietary habits and academic achievement (p = 0.064). The study concluded that dietary habits were not meaningfully connected to academic achievement among students in this case. It appears that academic performance is more impacted by other elements such as motivation to learn, support from family, and the educational environment. However, maintaining a healthy diet continues to be essential for fostering the health and cognitive abilities of adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Puspita Sari, Al-Ainna Rossel Ekasuci Elhany http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Acetobacter xylinum Starter Concentration and Fermentation Time on the Quality of Nata de Pina
The utilization of pineapple peel waste as a fermentation substrate has the potential to increase product value while reducing environmental pollution. One product that can be developed from this waste is nata de pina. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Acetobacter xylinum starter concentration and fermentation time on the quality of nata de pina. The research employed a quantitative experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The treatments consisted of starter concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, and fermentation periods of 8, 10, and 12 days. The observed parameters included nata thickness, yield, color, and texture. Data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that starter concentration and fermentation time significantly affect the thickness and yield of nata de pina with the results showing a significant effect (p < 0.05). The highest thickness (0.78 mm) and yield (48%) were obtained at a 20% starter concentration with 12 days of fermentation. The best color and texture were produced by nata de pina fermented with a 20% starter concentration for 10 days. Furthermore, The results showed no significant interaction between starter concentration and fermentation time on nata thickness (p > 0.05), whereas a significant interaction was observed for nata yield (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the concentration of A. xylinum starter and extending fermentation time improved the physical quality of nata de pina, while the combination of a 20% starter concentration and 10 days of fermentation produced the best characteristics. These findings demonstrate the potential of pineapple peel waste as a sustainable raw material for producing value-added functional food.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mila Aulina Agustin, Lalu Zulkifli, Prapti Sedijani, AA Sukarso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Structure of Phytoplankton as Bioindicators of Water Quality in Kuwang Wae Coastal Waters, East Lombok, Indonesia
Phytoplankton play a crucial role as a primary producer in aquatic ecosystems and can be used as a bioindicator to assess water quality. Aquaculture activities in coastal areas have the potential to alter the phytoplankton community structure through changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the aquatic environment. This study aimed to analyze the composition, abundance, community structure, and role of phytoplankton as a bioindicator of water quality in Kuwang Wae Coastal Waters, East Lombok Regency. A descriptive-exploratory method with purposive sampling was employed at three observation stations, namely the pond outlet, transition zone, and reference area. The observed parameters included species composition, abundance, diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, importance value, and water quality parameters. The reserch identified 72 species of phytoplankton belonging to five divisions: Chrysophyta, Dinophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, and Euglenophyta. The species with the highest importance values were Gonyaulax spinifera, Bacteriastrum biconicum, Melosira sp., Chaetoceros brevis, and Bacteriastrum elongatum. The average phytoplankton abundance was 1,614 ind/L, with variations among observation stations. The species diversity index ranged from 2.318 to 2.813, the species evenness index from 0.686 to 0.709, and the species dominance index from 0.130 to 0.174. Water quality of Kuwang Wae Beach is still in relatively good, stable condition, and has not experienced significant ecological pressures. The results of this study are expected to provide baseline information for sustainable management, conservation, and monitoring of coastal water quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Maria Ulfa, Karnan Karnan, Lalu Japa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Codon Optimized MMLV Reverse Transcriptase Expression and Functional Evaluation in Escherichia coli
Dependence on imported reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes remains a challenge for the development of molecular diagnostic reagents, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to design, express, purify, and functionally evaluate a recombinant Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV-RT) as a candidate locally produced molecular biology reagent. A codon-optimized synthetic MMLV-RT gene was cloned into the pET-21a(+) expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Recombinant protein expression was induced using IPTG, followed by purification using Ni²⁺-NTA affinity chromatography and characterization using SDS-PAGE. Functional activity of the recombinant enzyme was evaluated through reverse transcription of RNA templates followed by conventional PCR amplification. The optimized MMLV-RT gene was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), producing a recombinant protein band at approximately 55.4 kDa. The highest protein yield was obtained after overnight induction, reaching 3.385 mg/mL. Purification resulted in a dominant protein band corresponding to the expected molecular weight of MMLV-RT. Functional evaluation demonstrated that recombinant MMLV-RT successfully generated specific PCR amplicons with performance comparable to commercial reverse transcriptase without detectable non-specific amplification. These findings indicate that recombinant MMLV-RT produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) retains functional reverse transcriptase activity and has potential for further development as an alternative locally produced reagent for molecular diagnostic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elsa Alfiyanti, Andani Eka Putra, Rita Maliza, Alponsin Alponsin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Optimization of a CD4 Primer for Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is being explored as an affordable alternative to flow cytometry for monitoring CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients, but detailed design and validation of CD4-specific primers are rarely reported. To design a CD4-specific primer-probe set for qRT-PCR, assess its in silico specificity, and determine the optimal annealing temperature. A forward primer, reverse primer, and hydrolysis probe targeting CD4 transcript were designed from published CD4 gene sequences. Specificity was evaluated using NCBI Primer-BLAST against the Human mRNA RefSeq database. Optimal annealing temperature was determined using an 8-point thermal gradient (54.0-66.0°C) on a Bio-Rad CFX96 system with SensiFAST™ Probe No-ROX chemistry, comparing Cq values across the gradient. Results: Primer-BLAST confirmed specificity of the forward (20nt, Tm 57.42°C, GC 50.00%) and reverse (24nt, Tm 57.69°C, GC 41.67%) primers, with low self-complementarity (3.00 and 2.00) and no 3' self-complementarity. Cq values were tightly clustered (23.25-23.76) across the gradient; with the lowest Cq (23.25) at 54.8°C. The CD4-specific primer-probe set showed confirmed specificity and robust tolerance across a wide annealing temperature range, with an optimum of 54.8°C, supporting its use as a foundational tool for CD4+ T lymphocyte monitoring where flow cytometry is inaccessible.
Copyright (c) 2026 Puji Oktavia, Andani Eka Putra, Gestina Aliska, Zelly Dia Rofinda, Dwitya Elvira, Dessy Arisanty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of the Dengue Ranger Educational Board Game on Elementary School Students' Knowledge of Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites and 3M-Plus Practices
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) remains a major public health problem, requiring effective mosquito breeding site control through the 3M-Plus program involving community participation, including elementary school students. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Dengue Ranger educational board game and the Ministry of Health leaflet in improving students' knowledge of Aedes aegypti breeding sites and 3M-Plus practices. A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design was conducted among 213 students from grades 3–6 at SD Negeri 37 Ampenan. Participants were selected using cluster sampling and assigned to the board game group (n = 108) or the leaflet group (n = 105). Knowledge was assessed using a validated questionnaire before the intervention, immediately after, and seven days later. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U test. Knowledge scores increased significantly in both groups (p < 0.05). The mean score increased from 10.50 to 12.44 in the board game group and from 10.79 to 12.05 in the leaflet group. The board game demonstrated significantly greater improvement than the leaflet (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in knowledge retention after seven days (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that the Dengue Ranger educational board game is more effective than leaflets in improving elementary school students' knowledge of Aedes aegypti breeding sites and 3M-Plus practices, while both media provide comparable short-term knowledge retention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Ari Wirya Pratama, Adnanto Wiweko, Wayan Sulaksmana Sandhi Parwata, Titi Pambudi Karuniawaty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plant Photoreceptors in Photomorphogenesis and Thermomorphogenesis: Mechanistic Insights: A Literature Review
Light and temperature are major environmental factors that shape plant growth and development through interconnected signaling networks. Photomorphogenesis is regulated by photoreceptors, whereas thermomorphogenesis represents developmental adjustment to elevated ambient temperature. This narrative literature review synthesized peer-reviewed studies published from 2002 to 2025 and retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, Nature, MDPI, Frontiers, and Google Scholar based on their relevance to photoreceptor-mediated light and temperature signaling. The review compares the roles of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8 in photomorphogenesis, thermomorphogenesis, and thermosensing. Available evidence identifies phytochrome, particularly PhyB, as the best-established direct thermosensor, whereas cryptochrome modulates temperature-responsive growth through PIF4. Phototropin conveys temperature information through the lifetime of its photoactivated LOV state in specific physiological responses, while UVR8 acts predominantly as a negative regulator of thermomorphogenesis. Crosstalk among these photoreceptors converges on PIFs, COP1/SPA, HY5, ELF3, and auxin-related pathways. This integrated signaling framework coordinates developmental plasticity, stress acclimation, and vegetative and reproductive performance under fluctuating environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathrissa Amal Syifa, Fiona Zhafirah, Miftahatil Jannah, Rahima Taher, Putra Santoso, Muhammad Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Various Types of Chitosan on Biomass and Callus Morpology of Momordica Cochinchinensis in Vitro
Momordica cochinchinensis is a medicinal, herbs locally known in gorontallo as dumbaya. Tradisionally, this plant has been utilized as both a food of food course a herbal medicine. Due to its rich contains of bioactive compounds, making it a potential candidate for development through plant tissue culture. This study aimed to determine the effects of different chitosan concentrations on the biomass and callus morphology of M. cochinchinensis cultivated in vitro. The experiment was arranged in a non-factorial completey randomized design consisting of three chitosan concentrations: 15 mg L -1, 25 mg L-1, and 35 mg L-1, respectively, as well as a 5000 mg L-1 chitosan stock solution per liter of MS medium. Each treatment consisted of three replicates. The observed parameters included callus fresh weight, dry weight, color, texture, and the percentage of callus formation. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level. Since the fresh weight data showed significant differences, it was followed by a Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that different chitosan concentrations significantly affected the callus fresh weight (F = 7.932; p = 0.021). the 15 mg L-1 treatment yielded the highest fresh weight, 0.04067 ± 0.0115 g, which was significantly different from the 35 mg L-1 treatment (0.3000 ± 0.0458 g) but not significantly different from the 25 mg L-1 treatment (0.3300 ± 0.0346 g) conversely, chitosan concentration did not significantly affect the culls dry weight (F = 3.519); p = 0.097). all treatmeants resulted in 100% callus formation with white and friable callus morphology. These findings indicate that among the tasted concentrations, 15 mg L-1 of chitosan is the most favorable concentration for demonstrating callus fresh weight accumulation of M. cochinchinensis under in vitro culture conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazwa S. Lamante, Devi Bunga Pagalla, Jusna Ahmad, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Indriati Husain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum) and Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans) and Their Concentrations on the Number of Captured Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.)
Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are important pests of fruit crops that cause serious yield losses. Therefore, environmentally friendly control methods are needed to reduce reliance on synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethanol extracts of basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans), and their combination on the number of fruit flies captured. The experiment was conducted in a guava orchard in Lembar District, West Lombok. A completely randomized design was employed using three extract treatments (basil leaf extract, nutmeg seed extract, and their combination) at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25%, with water as the control. Fruit fly traps were installed for nine days with three replications. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test. The ANOVA results indicated that traps containing plant extracts captured significantly more fruit flies than the control (p < 0.05). However, the HSD test revealed no significant differences among the three extract types or among the concentrations tested (15%, 20%, and 25%) (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that all tested plant extract formulations were similarly effective in attracting fruit flies and performed better than the control, suggesting their potential as environmentally friendly plant-based attractants for fruit fly management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmadin Ahmadin, Prapti Sedijani, Syamsul Bahri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobotanical Study of Forest Tuber Plants as Local Food Resources in Sonraen, Indonesia
Forest tuber plants are important non-timber forest products that contribute to local food security and the preservation of traditional knowledge in rural communities. However, the use of these indigenous food resources has declined due to changing dietary patterns and limited documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge. This study aimed to identify forest tuber species used as local food resources and describe their traditional processing practices in Sonraen Village, South Amarasi District, Kupang Regency, Indonesia. The research was conducted from 1–28 February 2026 using a descriptive ethnobotanical approach. Data were collected through field observations, exploration surveys, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and plant specimen identification. Five forest tuber species were identified: Dioscorea esculenta L., Colocasia esculenta L., Canna edulis Kerr (red and white varieties), and Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, and Dioscorea alata showed the highest citation frequency (20%), whereas white Canna edulis had the lowest (8%). Community knowledge of forest tuber utilization was categorized as good and has been transmitted across generations as part of local wisdom. Traditional processing includes washing, peeling, cutting, and boiling the tubers over wood-fired stoves before consumption as staple foods or rice substitutes. These findings demonstrate the potential of forest tubers as alternative local food resources and provide baseline data for developing food diversification programs based on local wisdom, while supporting biodiversity conservation and the sustainable management of non-timber forest products. Further studies on nutritional composition, cultivation, and value-added processing are recommended to promote their broader utilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Aini Bunyani, Olivia Jihan Stifani Bait, Maya F. Roman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Insomnia and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents at SMAN 11 Mataram
Adolescence is a vulnerable period for mental health problems, including suicidal behavior. Insomnia is frequently experienced by adolescents and may be associated with emotional dysregulation and psychological distress. This intention of this study was to analyze relationship between insomnia and suicidal behavior among adolescents at SMAN 11 Mataram. This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design involving 89 students of SMAN 11 Mataram. The sample size was determined using the Slovin from a population of 113 students with a 5% margin of error. Sampling was conducted using stratified random sampling based on grade level: grade 10(29 students), grade 11(36 students), and grade 12(48 students), with proportional random selection resulting in 23, 28, and 37 students, respectively. Data were collected using the validated Indonesian version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Insomnia was categorized based on ISI score ≥10, while suicidal behavior risk was identified using SBQ-R score ≥7. Reliability analysis showed Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.750 for ISI and 0.896 for SBQ-R.Spearman’s rank correlation test showed a significant association between insomnia and suicidal behavior (r = 0.229; p = 0.031). It was concluded there is a positive association between insomnia and suicidal with a weak correlation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nensy Dwi Astika, I Putu Diatmika, Lale Justin Amelinda Elizar, Arfi Syamsun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase-Bearing Bacteria Isolated from Shrimp Intestines as Potential Probiotics: an in Silico Study
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LLD) is a key enzyme in lactic acid metabolism, found in various bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are potential probiotics for aquaculture. This study aims to analyze bacterial species isolated from shrimp intestines that possess LLD genes in their genomes and to examine the phylogenetic relationships of their LLD proteins, as a basis for assessing their potential as probiotics in the future. Bacterial species were collected through a literature review on isolates from shrimp intestines or culture media. After excluding pathogenic bacteria, the protein sequences fromthe included specieswere retrieved from NCBI using the Bio.Entrez and SeqIO modules in Biopython. Afterward, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) was performed using MEGA X software with the ClustalW algorithm, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replications. In total, 23 bacterial species were identified from the literature, of which 15 were found to possess LLD protein sequences that were successfully retrieved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed groupings of bacteria based on thekemiripanof their LLD sequences. LAB species, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus, clustered together, while species from the genus Bacillus and related taxa (e.g., Geobacillus thermoleovorans) formed a separate cluster. Overall, this sequence-based analysis successfully reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among the identified bacteria based on their LLD sequences and highlighted groups of LLD-producing bacteria with potential probiotic applications in aquaculture. The findings provide a foundation for the further selection and development of promising indigenous lactic acid bacteria from shrimp intestines as probiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frentina Murti Sujadi, Jefri Anjaini, Lilik Setiyaningsih, Dandi Setio Wibowo, Rudi Nirwantono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Potential of Probiotics for Modulating The Gut-Brain Axis to Enhance Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review
Cognitive decline is an important health issue because it is closely linked to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired intestinal barrier function, and microbial imbalance, all of which accelerate neuronal aging and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. This article aims to review and analyze the biological mechanisms through which probiotics modulate communication between the digestive tract and the brain and how these mechanisms relate to cognitive outcomes. This review discusses key mechanistic pathways reported in the literature, including enhanced production of neurotransmitters such as gamma aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and dopamine; increased short chain fatty acids; improved integrity of the intestinal barrier and the blood–brain barrier; reduced inflammatory activity; increased neurotrophic factors; and regulation of physiological stress responses. Synthesis of the seven included studies shows that probiotics improve cognition through interconnected pathways that support memory performance, synaptic plasticity, and mood stability, and may prevent cognitive impairment associated with aging, inflammation, or postoperative stress. The implications of these findings suggest that probiotics hold considerable potential as a supportive approach for brain health, although their effectiveness depends on strain selection, dose, and duration. This article provides a comprehensive overview of mechanistic consistency across studies and offers a foundation for future research aimed at identifying optimal probiotic strategies to enhance cognitive function.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farhan Aimarsa Latuconsina, Ahsanal Kasasiah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fishery waste such as offal, skin, and bones still contains high-value protein that has the potential to be processed into protein hydrolysates and gelatin. This study aims to analyze the utilization of fish waste and its biochemical changes during storage. The method used was a descriptive literature review. The results show that protein hydrolysis produces bioactive peptides with antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the formation of natural formaldehyde in fish occurs due to the degradation of TMAO by enzymes, which persists at low temperatures. The use of natural ingredients as preservatives can slow down deterioration, while pH sensor technology can help visually monitor fish freshness. Utilizing fish waste and implementing supporting technologies is a strategic step in increasing the added value and quality of fishery products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kiki Haetami, Aditita Aditia, M. Azmi Dhiyaulhaq, Abun Abun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Analysis of Forest Betel Leaves (Piper aduncum L.) Using GC-MS and Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus
Skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus continue to be a major health issue, particularly with the increase in antibiotic resistance. Traditionally, forest betel leaves (Piper aduncum L.) have been utilized for treating wounds and skin ailments. The goal of this research is to explore the chemical components of a 95% ethanol extract of Piper aduncum L. leaves through GC-MS and to evaluate its effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. This research was carried out experimentally using a design featuring a control group. The extract was prepared via maceration with 95% ethanol. Chemical analysis was conducted using GC-MS, while the antibacterial properties were examined through the disk diffusion technique at concentrations of 0.5% w/v, 1% w/v, 2% w/v, 5% w/v, and 10% w/v. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA along with Tukey’s post hoc test. The yield from the extract was 6.42%. The GC-MS analysis identified compounds including hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and piperlonguminine. The extract demonstrated inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus growth at all concentrations tested, with inhibition zones measuring from 6.65 to 12.72 mm. The statistical analysis indicated significant differences between the treatment groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the 95% ethanol extract of wild betel leaf (Piper aduncum L.) contains bioactive compounds and shows antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yoseph Putra Albertino Mawo, Muntasir Muntasir, Cahyani Purnasari, Muhajirin Dean http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetation Structure of Mangroves in Bagek Kembar, Sekotong, West Lombok
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of coastal environments by supporting biodiversity and protecting shorelines. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the vegetation structure of mangroves in the Bagek Kembar area, Sekotong, West Lombok, Indonesia. The research was conducted in January - May 2026 using a descriptive-exploratory approach with purposive sampling. Vegetation data were collected from 9 quadrats using line transect and quadrat methods. Data were analyzed using the species diversity index (H′), species evenness index (E), species dominance index (D), and Important Value Index (IVI). A total of 306 individuals belonging to five mangrove species were recorded, namely Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa, and Sonneratia alba. The species diversity index (H′) was 1.30, indicating moderate diversity, the species evenness index (E) was 0.80, indicating high evenness, and the species dominance index (D) was 0.30, indicating low dominance. Rhizophora mucronata showed the highest Importance Value Index of 115.86, indicating its dominant ecological role in the mangrove community. These findings indicate that the mangrove vegetation in the Bagek Kembar area is in relatively good condition and highlight the ecological importance of the dominant species as a priority for conservation and sustainable mangrove ecosystem management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vivi Maulida Cahyani, Lalu Japa, Didik Santoso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of a Facial Mask Prepared from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste and Honey as a Cosmetic for Acne-Prone Skin
Acne is a skin condition influenced by excessive sebum production, clogged pores, and the growth of Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. Green tea dregs retain catechins, flavonoids, and tannins compounds with potential antioxidant and antibacterial properties while honey possesses humectant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial qualities, making both suitable candidates for development as natural cosmetic active ingredients. This study aimed to formulate a paste-type face mask using green tea dregs and honey, evaluate the product's physical characteristics, identify the optimal formula, and assess the selected formula's antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. An experimental laboratory method was employed using four formulas containing varying concentrations of green tea dregs: F0 (0%), F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Evaluations included organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, drying time, stability, irritation potential, and antibacterial activity via the disc diffusion method. The results demonstrated that all formulas met the physical quality standards for face masks, exhibiting a pH of 5.4–6.4, viscosity of 12,422–42,582 mPa.s, spreadability of 5.1–5.9 cm, and drying times ranging from 15 minutes 38 seconds to 23 minutes 21 seconds; they were stable during storage, homogeneous, and non-irritating. Based on the physical evaluations, Formula F3 was determined to be the best formulation. Antibacterial testing revealed that Formula F3 produced an inhibition zone diameter of 15.15 mm against Cutibacterium acnes, falling into the "strong" activity category. Thus, the green tea dreg and honey face mask shows potential for development as a safe, stable, natural cosmetic product with antibacterial activity suitable for acne-prone skin care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marsha Dwicahya Utami, Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati, Lilis Jubaedah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of a Traditional Scrub Cream Based on Cocoa Powder (Theobroma cacao L.) and Klanceng Honey
The purpose of this study was to create and assess the physical quality of a body scrub cream made with stingless bee honey (kelulut honey) and cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao L.) as a natural skincare product. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this study created four formulations based on varying amounts of stingless bee honey (2.5% and 5%) and cocoa powder (5% and 10%). Organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity, hedonic, irritation, and stability tests were conducted using the freeze-thaw method for three cycles at 4°C and 40°C. The findings demonstrated that every formulation had pH values within the proper range for skin and satisfied the physical quality standards for body scrub cream preparations. The preliminary irritation test on 10 panelists showed no signs of erythema, itching, burning sensation, or edema during the observation period, while the hedonic test demonstrated good panelist acceptance. Formula F4 exhibited the best characteristics based on the evaluated physical quality parameters and obtained the highest panelist acceptance score.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marsya Batrisyia Bazla, Nurul Hidayah, Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Consumption Level of Kalug Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) on Several Types of Local Vegetables in Palembang
The research method utilized an experimental design with 6 treatments of local vegetable types: water spinach leaves (P1), spinach leaves (P2), cassava leaves (P3), sweet leaf leaves (P4), lettuce leaves (P5), and mustard greens (P6), replicated 5 times. The parameters observed were the weight of vegetables consumed (feed reduction) and the body weight growth of the crickets over 7 days. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level.The ANOVA results showed that the different types of vegetables significantly affected feed consumption levels. The highest average percentage of feed weight reduction was found in lettuce leaves (61.2%) and cassava leaves (58.2%), followed by sweet leaf leaves (51.0%), mustard greens (47.2%), spinach leaves (46.9%), and the lowest was in water spinach leaves (43.5%). Lettuce leaves were preferred due to their soft texture and high moisture content, while cassava leaves were favored for their nutritional protein value. Conversely, spinach and water spinach leaves were less preferred due to antinutritional compounds (oxalic acid) and the rapid wilting nature of the leaves. The daily body weight growth of the crickets was directly proportional to the feed consumption rate. The study concludes that providing lettuce leaves and cassava leaves represents the most effective local alternative feed to maximize the body weight growth of the field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus).
Copyright (c) 2026 Riza Kurnia, Dian Mutiara, Marmaini Marmaini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Dust Flea Leaf Sucking Pests (Bemisia Tabaci) and The Incidence of Viral Diseases in Sweet Potato Plants in Two Agroecosystems
Whitefly pests (Bemisia tabaci) are leaf-sucking pests that act as vectors for the spread of viral diseases in sweet potato plants. Differences in agroecosystem conditions are suspected to affect pest populations and the development of viral diseases. This study aims to (1) identify and compare whitefly pest populations on sweet potato plants in two agroecosystems, (2) identify and compare viral disease incidence in two agroecosystems, and (3) analyze the relationship between temperature and humidity on whitefly populations and viral disease incidence. The research was carried out in drylands and technical irrigated lands by observing whitefly populations, viral disease symptoms, percentage of disease incidence, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The data were analyzed using a t-test at a real level of 5% and simple linear regression. The results showed that whitefly populations and the percentage of viral disease incidence differed significantly between the two agroecosystems, with higher values on drylands than on technical irrigated land. In dry land, diseases caused by Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) were found, while in technical irrigation land diseases were found caused by Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD). Regression analysis showed that temperature was positively correlated, while humidity was negatively correlated with whitefly populations and viral disease incidence, with a stronger relationship in dry land than in technical irrigated land. The results of the study show that differences in agroecosystem characteristics affect the dynamics of whitefly populations and the development of viral diseases in sweet potato plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firda Widya Sari, M. Sarjan, Aluh Nikmatullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of 70% Ethanol Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) against Cutibacterium acnes
Acne ranks among the most prevalent skin issues and is linked to infection by Cutibacterium acnes. The rising rates of antibiotic resistance seen in Cutibacterium acnes necessitate the exploration of alternative plant-based treatments with antibacterial properties. One such plant that has demonstrated these antibacterial effects is the kersen leaf (Muntingia calabura L.). This research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of a 70% ethanol extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) on the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. The research employed a true experimental design featuring a posttest only control group. The treatment categories included a positive control using Clindamycin, a negative control with sterile aquadest, and varying concentrations of kersen leaf extract at 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 12%, with each group replicated four times. Data were assessed using the One-Way ANOVA method. The findings of the antibacterial test indicated that the 70% ethanol extract of kersen leaves effectively inhibited the growth of Cutibacterium acnes. The One-Way ANOVA analysis produced a p-value of less than 0.0001, which is lower than α = 0.05, signifying a notable discrepancy in the average inhibition zone diameters across the treatment groups. Ethanol extract from kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) exhibits antibacterial properties against Cutibacterium acnes growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Willybrordus Dewanto Un Lala, Tadeus A. L. Regaletha, Cahyani Purnasari, Insani Fitrahulil Jannah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Medicinal Plant Species in the Mount Puntang Area, Bandung Regency, West Java
Indonesia’s forest areas are rich in medicinal plant species that have been traditionally used by local communities; however, much of their potential remains undocumented and underutilized. Mount Puntang, Bandung Regency, West Java, is a mountainous forest area with high potential for medicinal plant diversity; however, scientific studies on the identification of species and the pharmacological potential of medicinal plants in this area remain limited. This study aims to identify medicinal plant species in the Mount Puntang area of Bandung Regency. The research was conducted in August 2020 utilizing a descriptive exploratory method. Primary data collection was carried out through fieldwork observations on individual plants in medicinal plant demonstration plots as well as in the home gardens of local residents surrounding the Mount Puntang forest area, supplemented by semi-structured interviews with 20 local informants. Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics. The results showed the presence of 48 medicinal plant species from 29 families. The most dominant family was Acanthaceae, accounting for 10.42%, followed by Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae, each accounting for 6.25%. The plant parts most frequently utilized were leaves (36.78%), roots (16.23%), stems (13.67%), fruits (10.26%), seeds (5.98%), flowers (5.13%), bark (4.27%), rhizomes (4.27%), and tubers (3.42%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Yossi Dharma, Faradila Mei Jayani, Mhd Muhajir Hasibuan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MA11 Dose Effects on Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Cattle and Goat Urine
This study investigated the effect of different doses of MA11 microorganisms on the quality of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) produced from a mixture of cow and goat urine based on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and pH. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with three treatments: P0 (100 mL MA11), P1 (200 mL MA11), and P2 (300 mL MA11), each with four replications. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that MA11 dosage significantly affected (P < 0.05) the N, P, K, and pH of the LOF. Increasing the MA11 dose increased nutrient concentrations, with nitrogen rising from 0.033% to 0.063%, phosphorus from 0.055% to 0.107%, and potassium from 0.032% to 0.077%, while pH decreased from 4.32 to 4.03. Treatment P2 (300 mL MA11) produced the highest N, P, and K contents and the lowest pH. The pH value met the Indonesian quality standard for liquid organic fertilizer (4–9). These findings indicate that the application of 300 mL MA11 improved the nutrient characteristics of liquid organic fertilizer derived from cow and goat urine under the conditions of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrey Febri Pramana, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Toner Formula Based on Piper Betle Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) to Control Excess Oil on Acne-Prone Skin
Oily and acne-prone skin are common skin problems caused by excess sebum production by the sebaceous glands. Betel leaves (Piper betle L.) contain bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and hydroxychavicol, which have the potential to help control sebum levels through astringent, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to formulate a betel leaf extract toner, determine the physical characteristics of the preparation, and analyze its effectiveness in reducing sebum levels in acne-prone facial skin. This experimental study used two formulas: Formula 1 (F1) with a 3% extract concentration and Formula 2 (F2) with a 5% concentration. These formulas were tested on 20 respondents (10 per group) for seven days. Evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, irritation, and sebum level measurements using a skin analyzer before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Paired Sample t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed that both formulas were homogeneous, non-irritating, and had pH (4.91 and 5.16) and viscosity (46.41 and 47.10 cPs) that met the standards for topical preparations. Formula 1 experienced a significant decrease in sebum levels from 51.00 to 45.40 (p = 0.005), while Formula 2 decreased from 51.20 to 48.70 (p = 0.011). However, the Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference in effectiveness between the two concentrations (p = 0.102). It can be concluded that betel leaf extract toner at concentrations of 3% and 5% is effective in reducing sebum levels, but increasing the extract concentration does not provide a statistically significant difference in effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aini Nur Rohmah, Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati, Lilis Jubaedah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fungal Resistance of Canvas and Dluwang in Humid Tropics
Canvas and dluwang are cellulose-based painting supports that differ in material composition and surface characteristics, resulting in different susceptibilities to fungal biodeterioration. This study evaluated fungal colonization dynamics on canvas and dluwang using Trichoderma sp., a cellulolytic fungus commonly associated with deterioration of organic cultural materials. Sterile canvas and dluwang were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) colonized by Trichoderma sp. and incubated at room temperature under a relative humidity of >70% for 28 days. Fungal growth was assessed every seven days using a semi-quantitative surface coverage categorization (0%, <25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, >75%). The results revealed different colonization patterns between the two materials. Dluwang showed rapid colonization, increasing from 25–50% at day 7 to >75% by day 14 and remaining fully colonized thereafter. In contrast, canvas remained at <25% colonization throughout the incubation period. These findings highlight the importance of considering material characteristics and resistance to fungal biodeterioration in preventive conservation and support the development of effective conservation strategies for organic artistic supports in tropical environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Septiyana Baroroh, Lontar Sauh Tantarlia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Mimosa pudica Extract on NF-κB Expression in Blastocystis sp. Inoculated Rats
Blastocystis sp. is an intestinal protozoan capable of inducing intestinal inflammation through activation of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Current treatment relies on metronidazole, although its efficacy is limited by variable therapeutic responses and adverse effects. Mimosa pudica contains bioactive compounds with potential antiprotozoal and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Mimosa pudica extract on NF-κB expression in Blastocystis sp.-infected Wistar rats. An experimental post-test control group design was conducted using 30 male Wistar rats randomly assigned to six groups: negative control, positive control, metronidazole (9 mg and 13.9 mg), and Mimosa pudica extract (40 mg and 80 mg). Rats were orally inoculated with 10⁵ Blastocystis sp., followed by treatment. Phytochemical screening and FTIR was performed, and NF-κB expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. Administration of Mimosa pudica extract reduced NF-κB expression compared with the positive control. A significant difference in NF-κB expression was observed among the study groups (p = 0.028). These findings suggest that Mimosa pudica extract exhibits antiprotozoal and anti-inflammatory activity and may serve as a potential complementary therapy for blastocystosis through modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dzakiyyah Nafies Zirma, Eka Nofita, Nuzulia Irawati, Roza Silvia, Yanti Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in Gekbrong Village, Cianjur, West Java
Medicinal plants are an important component of local health practices and biodiversity-based knowledge systems. This study aims to identify medicinal plant species used by the people of Gekbrong Village, Cianjur, West Java, and to describe their plant parts, sources, preparation methods, and perceived benefits. A descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach was applied from January to March 2022 through field exploration, documentation, and interviews with community respondents selected purposively. 30 respondents were selected using purposive sampling by considering the interview results, which showed that they used medicinal plants in their daily lives. The study identified 42 medicinal plant species from 30 families, with Lamiaceae as the most represented family. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part, while boiling was the dominant preparation method. Most plants were obtained from home gardens, indicating the importance of household-level conservation of medicinal plant knowledge. These findings support the need to document local ethnobotanical knowledge and develop educational or conservation materials for younger generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novia Nurul Khairunnisa, Maryanti Setyaningsih, Ranti An Nisaa, Devi Anugrah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Necrotizing Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) Post-MDT in Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease: A Case Report
Necrotic erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a rare and severe type 2 leprosy reaction that mainly affects patients with multibacillary Hansen's disease and may progress to tissue necrosis. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman with released-from-treatment (RFT) multibacillary Hansen's disease who presented with recurrent painful erythematous nodules, cutaneous necrosis, paresthesia, numbness, and peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed enlarged and tender peripheral nerves with sensory and motor impairment, while slit-skin smear demonstrated a bacteriological index of +3. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and mild microcytic anemia, indicating an active inflammatory process. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent necrotic ENL after completion of multidrug therapy and was treated with systemic corticosteroids, analgesics, wound care, emollients, neurotropic supplementation, and iron therapy. Clinical improvement and a reduction in the bacteriological index were observed during follow-up, although recurrent skin lesions and residual sensory neuropathy persisted. This case emphasizes that necrotic ENL may occur after RFT and highlights the importance of early recognition, appropriate treatment, and close follow-up to reduce recurrence, prevent irreversible nerve damage, and improve long-term outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mira Nupila Rahma, Made Prajnana Adhi Parasikan Susana, Wibisono Hasanul Muhtaram, Ashila Sallama Nur Fadlila, Indri Tiffani, Lalu Abdul Mubarak, Retno Dwi Utami, Baiq Mayada Isqie, Florentcia Davina Gunawan, Nensy Dwi Astika, Pande Komang Inten Widya Iswara Oka, Kurniati Kurniati, Yunita Hapsari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Biomass Accumulation of Mucuna bracteata in Response to Rhizobium sp Biofertilizer Dosages as Legume Cover Crop in Oil Palm Plantation
Effective ground-cover management in oil palm plantations is essential for limiting soil erosion, suppressing weed growth, and sustaining soil fertility. Among available options, the legume cover crop (LCC) Mucuna bracteata stands out for its fast growth rate and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen biologically through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium sp. This study was designed to identify the most effective dose of Rhizobium sp biofertilizer for supporting the growth and biomass accumulation of Mucuna bracteata as an LCC in oil palm plantations. It was carried out in the practice garden of Politeknik LPP Yogyakarta, located in Wedomartani, between April and June 2022, applying a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) that consisted of four treatment levels (0, 2, 8, and 15 g/polybag) with three replicates each, yielding a total of 12 experimental units. The resulting data were subjected to ANOVA, and treatment means were compared through the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance threshold. The analysis revealed that Rhizobium sp biofertilizer application had a significant effect on every parameter examined. Among the treatments, the 15 g/polybag dose (R3) delivered the highest nodulation and biomass values, with root nodule counts reaching 19.22, nodule weight of 1.93 g, fresh shoot weight of 36.97 g, dry shoot weight of 9.16 g, fresh root weight of 14.01 g, and dry root weight of 2.03 g. At seven weeks after planting, plant height (150.00 cm) and leaf count were significantly greater than the untreated control (142.00 cm; 30.56 leaves), although no significant differences were detected among the biofertilizer dose levels themselves. Taken together, these results support applying Rhizobium sp biofertilizer at 15 g/polybag to optimize the establishment of Mucuna bracteata as an LCC within oil palm nursery systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Romi Dongoran Siregar, Anna Kusumawati, Muhammad Fiqi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Residual Blotong (Sugarcane Filter Cake) as Organic Matter on EarlyGrowth of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Sandy Media
Sandy soil is dominated by macropores, which causes low water-holding capacity and leads to rapid evaporation before plants can absorb the water. Since water availability is a key factor in plant growth and development, especially in supporting the photosynthesis process, improving soil water retention becomes essential. Applying organic matter has been shown to enhance soil physical properties, increase nutrient availability, and improve water retention within the root zone. This study was carried out to examine the effect of organic matter application on the early growth of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), as well as on soil pH, temperature, and moisture. Conducted from February 14 to June 6, 2023, at the Practice Field of Politeknik LPP Yogyakarta, the research employed a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatments, namely soil media with organic matter and soil media without organic matter, each consisting of 30 sugarcane plants of the Bululawang variety established through the bud set method. Parameters observed included plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, soil pH, temperature, and moisture, with data analyzed using a t-test and correlation analysis. Findings revealed that organic matter application significantly increased both plant height and stem diameter relative to the control. Plants grown in organic matter treated soil achieved an average height of 57.11 cm and stem diameter of 0.55 cm, compared to 31.95 cm and 0.45 cm in the control group. Leaf number was likewise greater in the organic matter treatment (4.00 leaves) than in the control (3.09 leaves), though this difference was not statistically significant. Correlation analysis further showed that soil temperature was positively associated with plant growth, whereas soil moisture had a negative correlation with plant height. Taken together, these results indicate that organic matter application improved overall soil conditions and promoted better early vegetative growth in sugarcane.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angga Ardiansyah, Anna Kusumawati, Sutan Borohim Siregar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Begonia Inventory Along the Rantau Malam Hiking Trail, TNBBBR, Indonesia
Begonia is a herbaceous plant that grows in tropical rainforests from lowland and highland areas. Until now, exploration of Begonia in West Kalimantan is mostly done in lowland areas. Data on Begonia spread in highland areas in West Kalimantan are still limited. The study aims to investigate Begonia types, morphological characteristics, and habitats. The hiking track of the Rantau Malam Resort in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, Sintang Regency, was the site of this study. The cruising method was used for sampling. The results showed that there were five types of Begonia, namely B. lailana Kiew & Geri, B. mariaensis Rimi & Simun, B. paoana Kiew & S. Julia, B. danumensis F.Y Chong and B. bawangensis Houghes. Four of the five Begonia types grow on soil, while one grows on rocks. Begonia mariaensis is a new record for Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siska Debora, Irwan Lovadi, Dwi Gusmalawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Riparian Vegetation and Invasive Species in the Boyong River, Yogyakarta
Riparian ecosystem in Boyong river represents an urban stream ecosystem exposed to multiple environmental pressures, including agricultural runoff, domestic wastewater discharge, and periodic post-eruptive material flows originating from Mount Merapi. The study was conducted through vegetation exploration and macrophyte species identification across several river segments (n sites= 3). The results revealed that the macrophyte community was predominantly composed of herbaceous and shrub species with high tolerance to environmental disturbances (the number of species =259). Native non-invasive plant species were relatively limited in number, whereas several introduced species exhibited high invasive potential within the riparian zone. These findings indicate the presence of ecological pressures that influence vegetation community structure and potentially contribute to the degradation of river ecosystem quality. This study provides preliminary ecological information on the condition of the Boyong River and highlights the importance of riparian vegetation management and invasive species control to maintain the ecological health of urban river ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Sulistiyowati, Dias Idha Pramesti, Abdul Rafi Hidyatulah, Asya Nur Hayati, Ilham Ikhlasul Amal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of Ethnomedicine for Open Wound Treatment in The Community of Fatumuti Village, Noemuti Subdistrict, North Central Timor
Fatumuti Village, Noemuti Subdistrict, North Central Timor Regency, is served by one primary health center covering 12 villages. Most residents work in agriculture, increasing the risk of open wounds and encouraging the continued use of medicinal plants. Although ethnomedicinal studies on wound treatment have been conducted in other regions of Indonesia, this practice has never been scientifically documented in Fatumuti Village. This study aimed to document the ethnomedicinal practices used by the Fatumuti Village community for treating open wounds, including medicinal plant diversity, plant parts used, and methods of preparation and application. Methods. A qualitative descriptive design with purposive sampling was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation involving 3 key informants and 27 triangulation informants from March to May 2026. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. Nineteen medicinal plant species from 13 families were identified. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (13 species). Preparation methods included squeezing, pounding, chewing with rice, extracting sap, grating, and oil preparation, while remedies were applied topically one to three times daily, either singly or in combination. This study provides the first scientific documentation of medicinal plants used for open wound treatment in Fatumuti Village and offers baseline data for future pharmacological research and preservation of local ethnomedicinal knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggriani Angela Alim, Muntasir Muntasir, Cahyani Purnasari, Tadeus AL. Regaletha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NGS-Based Metagenomic Approaches for Bacterial Community Analysis: A Review
Microorganisms play a crucial role in biological, ecological, and biogeochemical processes; however, most environmental microorganisms cannot be readily grown under standard laboratory conditions, driving the development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based metagenomic approaches that enable culture-independent characterization of microbial communities directly from environmental DNA. This review synthesizes the principles of NGS-based metagenomics, contrasts amplicon and shotgun approaches, compares major sequencing platforms and platform-selection criteria, and evaluates the applications and limitations of bacterial community analysis across the health, agricultural, and food sectors—an integration not commonly addressed together in previous reviews. Based on literature from 2018–2026 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, amplicon and shotgun metagenomics were found to offer complementary taxonomic and functional resolution, while platform choice depends on accuracy, read length, and budget. Across sectors, metagenomics supports pathogen surveillance and gut microbiome profiling in health, soil microbiome-based sustainability indicators in agriculture, and fermentation microorganism and antimicrobial resistance gene detection in food safety. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding the accuracy of function prediction from amplicon-based data, bioinformatics pipeline standardization, and the validation of predicted microbial functions through complementary multi-omics approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifda Hayati, Marlina Marlina, Anthoni Agustien http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Coconut Water, Glycerol, and Storage Temperature on the Viability of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Sperm
The high production of catfish (Clarias sp.) requires a sustainable seed supply, which is frequently constrained by the asynchronous gonad maturity of broodstock. Sperm preservation using young coconut water as a natural extender and glycerol as a cryoprotectant offers a viable solution to address this limitation. This study aimed to analyze the interactive effects of extender formulations and storage temperatures on the viability of catfish spermatozoa after four days of preservation. Semen was extracted by stripping from a single mature male broodstock weighing 3,000 g. The experiment employed a two-factor factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 30 experimental units consisting of 0.2 mL microtubes were used, including 27 units for the factorial treatment combinations and 3 unreplicated control units (100% young coconut water), with one control assigned to each storage temperature. The factorial treatments consisted of two factors with three replications: extender formulation (P1: 75% young coconut water + 25% glycerol; P2: 50% young coconut water + 50% glycerol; and P3: 25% young coconut water + 75% glycerol) and storage temperature (27°C, 5°C, and −20°C). Sperm viability was evaluated using 1% eosin staining and analyzed by two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). The results showed that storage at 27°C and −20°C caused complete spermatozoa mortality (0% viability) across all extender treatments and the control. In contrast, storage at 5°C produced the highest sperm viability in treatment P1 (82.88%), followed by P2 (65.38%), while P3 and the control exhibited 0% viability. In conclusion, the combination of young coconut water and glycerol stored at 5°C effectively maintained the viability of catfish spermatozoa, with the formulation containing 25% glycerol (P1) identified as the optimum treatment for short-term preservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Restu Gusmanda Putri, Yusni Atifah, Yuni Ahda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IoT-Based Precision Aquaculture: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends from 2020 to 2026
The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed aquaculture from manual monitoring into data-driven precision management. This study maps the intellectual structure, publication trends, key contributors, and emerging research directions in IoT-based precision aquaculture, spanning sensor-based monitoring to decision support systems. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 303 Scopus-indexed documents retrieved using a TITLE-ABS-KEY query combining “Internet of Things” and related terms with “aquaculture.” Document screening followed the PRISMA 2020 protocol. Performance analysis and science mapping were performed using VOSviewer through citation-network and keyword co-occurrence analyses. Because data retrieval occurred during the partial publication year 2026, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR = 19.5%) was calculated only for the complete-year period 2020–2025, while 2026 publications were included in citation and mapping analyses. The dataset accumulated 4,791 citations (mean = 15.81 citations per document; h-index = 38). Sensors was the most productive journal, whereas Indonesia and India were the leading publishing countries. Keyword co-occurrence identified five major research themes: sensor-based water-parameter monitoring, environmental quality monitoring, IoT–machine learning integration, smart fish farming, and AI-based decision support. These findings indicate a shift from environmental monitoring toward intelligent, predictive, and decision-oriented aquaculture management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jefri Anjaini, Radhi Fadhillah, Rahmat Hidayat, Farkhana Laily, Susilo Budi Priyono, Frentina Murti Sujadi, Rangga Idris Affandi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Peel Off Gel Mask Containing Nutmeg Seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Extract with Different Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Concentrations
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) serves as a film-forming substance that significantly influences the physical properties of peel-off gel masks. Changes in the concentration of PVA can impact the formulation's quality, affecting factors like viscosity, ease of spreading, stickiness, and drying duration. The ethanolic extract of nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is rich in flavonoids that possess antioxidant properties, making it an advantageous active component for the formulations of peel-off gel masks. This study aimed to formulate a peel-off gel mask containing nutmeg seed extract with different PVA concentrations (10%, 12%, and 14%) and to evaluate its physical characteristics. The extract was acquired through maceration with 96% ethanol, and its antioxidant ability was assessed by the DPPH method. The physical assessment involved examining organoleptic features, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and drying duration. The results were evaluated using One-Way ANOVA or Welch ANOVA, along with Tukey's HSD or Games-Howell post hoc tests based on the data characteristics. The findings indicated that the nutmeg seed extract displayed exceptionally strong antioxidant abilities, with an IC₅₀ value of 9.648 ppm. An increase in PVA concentration led to higher viscosity, adhesiveness, and drying duration, while it decreased spreadability. All formulations fulfilled the standards for organoleptic features, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and drying time. Nonetheless, the formulation with 14% PVA had a viscosity slightly over the suggested standard range. From the overall initial physical assessment, the formulation with 12% PVA was regarded as the most well-balanced formulation. Nevertheless, this formulation exhibited a more turbid appearance than the formulation containing 10% PVA. Further studies, including physical stability and safety evaluations, are required to confirm its suitability as the optimal formulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adelia Marsaoly, Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati, Dwi Atmanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metabolite Profile of Boiled Ndusuk Leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) from Manggarai Based on GC-MS Analysis
Ndusuk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) are traditionally used by the Manggarai community to reduce the fatty appearance of pork dishes, yet the molecular basis of this practice has not been investigated using a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach. This study compared the metabolite profiles of Ndusuk leaf decoctions prepared without and with pork. Dried leaves (35 g) were decocted in 2.5 L of water at 100°C for 30 min under two treatments: leaves only (control) and leaves with 100 g pork (sample), each performed in triplicate (n = 3). Metabolites were analyzed by GC-MS and tentatively identified using the NIST library (similarity index ≥80%). The control contained 118 tentatively identified metabolites, whereas the pork-treated extract contained 126. Boiling with pork increased cis-vaccenic acid (+4.07%) and palmitic acid (+1.92%), while decreasing melezitose (−2.80%) and glycerol (−0.73%). These findings demonstrate that cooking with pork alters the metabolite profile of Ndusuk leaf decoctions without providing evidence of direct fat reduction. The observed metabolite shifts may suggest possible phenolic–lipid interactions, antioxidant-related processes, and Maillard reaction-associated changes; however, these mechanisms require confirmation using targeted metabolomics and authentic standards. This study provides the first metabolomic evidence supporting the traditional culinary use of Ndusuk leaves and establishes a scientific basis for Manggarai pork-cooking practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bernadeta Stien Julian Nabuasa, Muhajirin Dean, Matias Nataniel Kolobani, Yantus Aristarkus B. Neolaka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Quercetin Content in Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Ndusuk Leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Based on UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis
Ndusuk leaf (Melastoma malabathricum L.) is a plant containing flavonoid compounds, including quercetin, which has potential as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal agent. Different types of solvents and extraction methods may affect the quercetin content obtained. This study aimed to determine and compare the quercetin content in aqueous and 95% ethanol extracts of Ndusuk leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This was a laboratory experimental study. Ndusuk leaf simplicia was extracted using the infusion method with water as the solvent and the maceration method with 95% ethanol. Quercetin content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 361 nm. A quercetin standard curve was prepared at concentrations ranging from 4–12 ppm, yielding a linear regression equation of y = 0.0453x + 0.2356 with R² = 0.9942. The yields of aqueous and 95% ethanol extracts were 6.12% and 10.17%, respectively. The quercetin content in the aqueous extract was 0.84 ± 0.04 mg/g, while in the 95% ethanol extract it was 16.27 ± 0.15 mg/g. The 95% ethanol extract demonstrated significantly higher quercetin content compared to the aqueous extract. The use of 95% ethanol with the maceration method was more effective in extracting quercetin from Ndusuk leaves compared to aqueous extraction using the infusion method.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulien Brigita Damang, Muhajirin Dean, Cahyani Purnasari, Yantus A. B. Neolaka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Patient Characteristics and Polypharmacy with the Potential for Drug Interactions among Hypertensive Patients at Bakunase Community Health Center
Chronic hypertension frequently has comorbidities, necessitating the use of several drugs (polypharmacy), which raises the possibility of drug interactions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy, potential drug interactions, and the association between patient characteristics, polypharmacy, and potential drug interactions among hypertensive patients at Bakunase Primary Health Center. 572 hypertensive patients' medical data from January to December 2025 were used in this analytical observational study, which used a retrospective cross-sectional approach. Drugs.com® and Medscape® were used to identify potential drug interactions, and the Chi-square test was used to evaluate the results. According to the findings, 32.3% of patients had polypharmacy and 63.7% of patients had possible drug interactions. While polypharmacy was substantially linked to possible drug interactions (p = 0.001), age was significantly linked to both polypharmacy and potential drug interactions (p = 0.003). We conclude that among hypertension patients, age and polypharmacy are strongly linked to a higher likelihood of possible medication interactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agatha Febryani Charmy Tanggung, Magdarita Riwu, Cahyani Purnasari, Syahrir Syahrir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predominantly Diurnal, Bimodal-Crepuscular Activity Patterns of Sun Bears (Helarctos malayanus) in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, Sumatera, Indonesia
The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a vulnerable species listed on the IUCN Red List, whose behavioral ecology is critically shaped by habitat conditions. Increasing deforestation pressure in and around Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park (BTNP), Sumatra, highlights the urgency of understanding the spatiotemporal activity patterns of this species to support evidence-based conservation. This study analyzes the diel activity patterns of sun bears using secondary (bycatch) camera trap data collected by PKHS from 103 stations in BTNP between 2017 and 2022. From a total of 35,619 trap-days, 647 independent video detections were obtained. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis revealed a predominantly diurnal (62.44%) and strongly bimodal activity pattern. Activity peaks were recorded in the morning (06:00–09:00 WIB) and late afternoon (16:00–19:00 WIB), with a marked reduction during midday (11:00–14:00 WIB). This bimodal pattern indicates crepuscular characteristics, likely reflecting thermoregulatory adaptation and foraging strategies. The persistence of a strong diurnal signal suggests that BTNP continues to function as a relatively potential refuge from anthropogenic disturbance, although this inference is indirect, as human disturbance intensity was not measured directly. These findings provide a temporal basis for designing more effective anti-poaching patrol schedules and human–wildlife conflict mitigation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Subagyo, Joshua Sinaga, Winda Dwi Kartika, Muhammad Hisan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Community Knowledge Level Regarding the Dagusibu Program for Antibiotic Medicines in Penfui Timur Village
Antimicrobial resistance, treatment failure, and higher healthcare expenditures are all consequences of inappropriate antibiotic usage, which continues to be a significant public health concern. The goal of the DAGUSIBU (Get, Use, Store, and Dispose of Medicines Properly) campaign is to increase public awareness and encourage sensible medication management. This study described community knowledge regarding the DAGUSIBU program for antibiotic medicines among residents of Penfui Timur Village, Kupang Tengah District, Kupang Regency. A descriptive quantitative study was conducted from March to April 2026 involving 99 respondents selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Knowledge was classified into good, moderate, and poor categories based on predetermined scoring criteria. Overall knowledge of the DAGUSIBU program and antibiotic use was categorized as moderate, with scores of 66.67% and 69.56%, respectively. The highest score was found in obtaining medicines (74.75%), whereas the lowest was in disposing of medicines (57.37%). Most respondents had a moderate level of knowledge. Community knowledge regarding the DAGUSIBU program was generally moderate. The low score for medicine disposal highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to improve appropriate disposal practices and support rational antibiotic use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Concitha Katarina Neno Mabu, Tadeus Andreas Lada Regaletha, Nurul Fatmawati Pua Upa, Cahyani Purnasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of PANI/ZnO Composites: Structure and Conductivity Analysis Supervised
Technological advances have accelerated the development of functional materials for sensing applications. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer with attractive electrical properties, but its gas-sensing performance remains limited. This study aimed to synthesize a PANI/ZnO composite and evaluate its structural and electrical characteristics as a potential gas-sensing material. The composite was prepared by interfacial polymerization and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and electrical conductivity measurements. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful formation of the PANI/ZnO composite through the presence of characteristic functional groups and crystalline phases of both PANI and ZnO, indicating effective interaction between the two materials. The composite exhibited an electrical conductivity of 1.038 × 10⁻⁵ S/cm, demonstrating semiconducting behavior suitable for sensing applications. The incorporation of ZnO into the PANI matrix is considered to improve the structural characteristics of the composite while maintaining its electrical conductivity. These findings confirm the successful synthesis of the PANI/ZnO composite and indicate its potential as an active material for gas sensor development. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate its gas-sensing performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and long-term stability under various operating conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Khairani Nasution, Lela Mukmilah Yuningsih, Devi Indah Anwar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coral Reef Condition in Popaya Island Waters, North Gorontalo
This study aimed to describe the condition of coral reefs in the waters of Popaya Island, Mas Popaya Raja Nature Reserve, North Gorontalo Regency, using the Coral Point Count with Excel Extensions (CPCe) method. Data collection was conducted using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method through skin diving along a 50-meter transect at a depth of 3–6 meters. Coral reef conditions were documented using a 60 × 40 cm frame placed alternately on the left and right sides of the transect line at one-meter intervals, resulting in 50 photographs. Data analysis was performed using 30 random points applied to each photograph to classify live and dead substrate categories. Environmental parameters, including water temperature, pH, current velocity, and water clarity, were also measured. The results showed that the environmental conditions of the waters supported coral growth, with a temperature of 28.7°C, pH of 7.8, current velocity of 0.51 m/s, and water clarity of 90%. The percentage of live coral cover was 74.37%, which was categorized as good. The composition of live coral cover was dominated by Acropora Branching (78.21%), followed by Coral Massive (12.34%), Acropora Tabulate (7.10%), and Coral Foliose (2.33%). The diversity index (H' = 1.41) and dominance index (D = 0.48) indicated a moderate category. The mortality index value of 0.10 indicated a low level of coral mortality. It can be concluded that the coral reef ecosystem in the waters of Popaya Island is in good and stable condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh Rizal N. Matau, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Marini Susanti Hamidun, Mustamim Ibrahim, Ilyas H. Husain, Chairunnisah J. Lamangantjo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis the Quality of Biofertilizers Made from Local Biomass with Variations of Microbial Bioactivators to Support Ngada Regency Organic Agriculture
In line with Ngada Regency long-term plan to achieve eco-friendly farming/ go organic, the demand for high-quality organic inputs continues to increase. However, that areas still face limitations in the supply of organic fertilizers and the high prices of chemical fertilizers, which hinder the optimization of crop yields. The agricultural, rice milling, local wood processing industries and farm produce abundant biomass like green leaves, dry leaves, rice husks, sawdust, and manure which have not yet been optimally utilized. In fact, the combination of that biomass has a complex nutrient that is potential as a biofertilizer to restore soil fertility. However, lignin and cellulose wood materials such as sawdust and rice husks require a long natural decomposition time, so fermentation technology using microbial bioactivator agents is needed to accelerate the breakdown of these organic materials. The purpose is to analyze the characteristics of the fermentation process on a mixture of the biomass using different types of microbial bioactivators, namely decomposer microbes, local microorganisms from rice soaking, and soil microbes from bamboo roots. The research used fermentation method with a Completely Randomized Design research design and physical quality include temperature, pH, color, aroma, and biofertilizer texture. The results show that all bioactivators successfully decomposed the local biomass mixture within 35 days. The treatment using bamboo root soil microbes showed the best physical quality results with the fastest temperature stability, ideal neutral pH (7.2), dark black humus color, fresh soil aroma, and the finest and crumbliest fertilizer texture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonia P. Bao, Umbu N. Limbu, Monika M. Meo, Silverius Betu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sensory Profile of Fruit Wine Made from Local Commodities: A Case Study on Tomato, Amberella, Pomelo, Tamarillo, and Cocoa Wine
Traditionally, wine is produced using grapes as the raw material because their sugar content and natural acidity are very ideal for yeast growth. However, dependence on grapes limits the utilisation of other horticultural potentials, especially in tropical regions rich in local fruit diversity. Diversification of raw materials through the production of fruit wine becomes a strategic alternative to increase the economic value of local commodities while also reducing post-harvest losses. Ngada Regency has a variety of tropical fruits that can be utilised as a strategic alternative for making fruit wine while also increasing the market value of the fruits. The objective of this research is to evaluate and map the sensory profile, including clarity, colour, aroma, and taste, of fruit wine made from five local commodities (tomato, ambarella, pomelo, tamarillo, and cocoa). The method used is an experiment with a Completely Randomised Design research design consisting of 5 fruit type treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The stages include the preparation of fruit filtrate, fermentation of fruit wine for 14 days, and sensory profile (organoleptic) testing involving 30 untrained panellists. Data were analysed using the One-Way Anova test. The research results show that out of the five types of fruit wines, tomato wine has a very clear level of clarity, with a golden yellow colour, a characteristic tomato and alcohol aroma, and a taste of alcohol with a slight sweetness. The Anova test indicates a significant difference in the sensory profiles of wines from various local fruits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonia P. Bao, Umbu N. Limbu, Monika M. Meo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the GC-MS Volatile Compound Profile and Antibacterial Activity of 95% Ethanolic Extract of Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) Leaves from Kupang Regency Against Staphylococcus aureus
The need for new antibacterial medicines derived from natural sources is highlighted by the dangerous bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which causes a variety of diseases and is increasingly linked to antibiotic resistance. The leaves of Chromolaena odorata (L.) contain a variety of bioactive compounds that may have antibacterial qualities. This study aimed to characterize the metabolite profile of the 95% ethanol extract of C. odorata leaves using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against S. aureus. This true experimental post-test-only control group study was conducted from January to May 2026 using leaves collected from Mata Air Village, Kupang Tengah District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Antibacterial assays were performed in four replicates using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 5–25%. GC-MS identified 118 compounds, with ethyl palmitate, α-linolenic acid, phytol, stigmasterol, squalene, caryophyllene oxide, and α-muurolol as dominant metabolites that may contribute to the observed antibacterial activity based on previous studies. S. aureus was inhibited by the extract in a concentration-dependent manner; inhibition zones increased from 8.03 ± 0.04 mm (5%) to 11.41 ± 0.13 mm (25%), and there were significant differences between treatments (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). This study shows how GC-MS metabolite profiling and antibacterial assessment of the 95% ethanol extract of C. odorata can be combined in a unique way. These results suggest that the extract has antibacterial action against S. aureus and could be a source of natural antibacterial chemicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mathias Endrico Saingo, Tadeus A. L. Regaletha, Cahyani Purnasari, Matias Nataniel Kolobani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of (Peperomia pellucida L.) Extract against Streptococcus sanguinis
Streptococcus sanguinis is a type of bacteria that plays a role in dental plaque development. Sirih cina (Peperomia pellucida L.) is recognized for having secondary metabolites that may have antibacterial effects. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites and the effectiveness of sirih cina extract in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis. The investigation utilized the disk diffusion method with six different treatments and three repetitions. Results were assessed using a one-way ANOVA along with Duncan’s test at a significance level of 5%. The phytochemical analysis revealed that sirih cina extract (Peperomia pellucida L.) has alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and steroids. Tests showed that the extract successfully stopped the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis at all tested concentrations. The concentration of 1000 mg/mL showed the greatest inhibition zone size of 10.33 mm, while the positive control had an inhibition zone of 10.83 mm, showing moderate inhibition. A one-way ANOVA indicated an F-value of 13.145 with a significance of p < 0.001, and Duncan’s test showed that the 500 mg/mL, 750 mg/mL, and 1000 mg/mL concentrations were as effective as the positive control. Therefore, the extract (Peperomia pellucida L.) shows promise as a natural antibacterial agent against Streptococcus sanguinis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulfatul Ula, Zuraidah Zuraidah, Muslich Hidayat, Nafisah Hanim, Emalfida Emalfida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Shigella sp. in a Traditional Medicine Product
The high consumption of traditional medicine in Indonesia requires strict microbiological safety standards to prevent gastrointestinal infections caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella sp. This study aimed to identify the presence of Shigella sp. in a traditional medicine product using selective media. The research was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Balai Besar Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Padang. One sample from batch number 08 of a traditional medicine product in form was processed through pre-enrichment, enrichment, and isolation stages using MacConkey Agar. The results showed that there was no growth of bacterial colonies with characteristics of Shigella sp. on the medium. Therefore, the tested sample was declared negative for Shigella sp. and met the microbiological safety requirements. These findings emphasize the importance of routine microbiological monitoring and confirmatory analyses across a broader range of production batches to maintain consistent product safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda putri kunanti, Elsa Yuniarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Difference Between Sucrose and NaCl Flotation Method for Detecting Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH)
This in vitro study aimed to compare the detection performance of sucrose and NaCl flotation solutions in detecting Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) eggs. A total of 24 pooled stool samples were examined using four treatments: 25% sucrose (specific gravity 1.10), 26% sucrose (specific gravity 1.11), 25% NaCl (specific gravity 1.19), and 26% NaCl (specific gravity 1.20), with six replicates for each treatment. Because the number of eggs found was low, the data were analyzed descriptively using a count data approach based on the positivity rate and the total number of eggs detected. The results showed that in the 25% sucrose, 26% sucrose, and 25% NaCl treatments, no Soil-Transmitted Helminths eggs were found (0/6 replicates; 0%). In contrast, in the 26% NaCl treatment, 3 STH eggs were found in 3 replicates with a positivity rate of 50%, consisting of 2 Ancylostoma duodenale eggs and 1 Trichuris trichiura egg. These results indicate that only the 26% NaCl solution (specific gravity ≥1.20) was capable of detecting Soil-Transmitted Helminths eggs under the conditions of this study. However, the low number of eggs detected is thought to be related to the mild degree of infection, which limited statistical analysis between treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Ghofur, Cici Purnamasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pathogenicity Characteristics of Front, Middle, and Hind Nipah Worm (Namalycastis rhodochorde) Digestive Tract Bacteria
Nipah worms (Namalycastis rhodochorde) are one of Indonesia's invertebrate species used as high-protein aquaculture feed. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is a factor in the decline in quality and quantity in nipah worm cultivation, especially bacteria originating from the digestive tract of nipah worms. This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of pathogenicity of bacteria originating from the digestive tract of Nipah worms in the form of hemolysis and DNase activity. The hemolysis and DNase activity tests were performed using the streak plate method on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and DNase Agar media. The results obtained in the hemolysis test showed a positive reaction in 68 isolates (90.7%), consisting of 5 α-hemolysis isolates, 63 β-hemolysis isolates, and 7 γ-hemolysis isolates. β hemolysis or complete hemolysis was found in 27 isolates in the foregut, 18 isolates in the midgut, and 18 isolates in the hindgut. The results obtained in the DNase activity test were positive in 17 isolates (22.7%), consisting of 9 isolates from the front digestive tract, 1 isolate from the middle digestive tract, and 7 isolates from the rear digestive tract. This study concludes that the high levels of hemolysis and DNase activity in bacterial isolates from the digestive tract of the nipah worm are predictors of pathogenicity. Bacterial isolates from the foregut showed the highest pathogenic activity, which is thought to be due to the presence of bacteria carried during the feeding process of the nipah worm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Indrawati, Ari Hepi Yanti, Rikhsan Kurniatuhadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Overview of Triglyceride Levels and Estimated VLDL in Atherosclerosis Development among Patients over 50 Years
Atherosclerosis is a chronic arterial disease caused by disorders of lipid metabolism, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased production of Very Low-Density Lip oprotein (VLDL), which plays an important role in the process of atherogenesis and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the measurement of triglyceride levels and the estimation of VLDL are important for the early detection of atherosclerosis risk, particularly in patients aged over 50 years. This study aimed to describe triglyceride levels and VLDL estimation in relation to atherosclerosis formation among patients aged over 50 years at QIM Batang Hospital. This study employed a descriptive research design involving 27 patients aged over 50 years. Triglyceride levels were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric GPO-PAP method with a chemistry analyzer, while VLDL levels were estimated using the Friedewald formula (VLDL = triglycerides/5). Data were analyzed descriptively and presented as frequency distributions and percentages. The laboratory results showed that normal triglyceride levels were found in 10 respondents (37.04%), borderline-high triglyceride levels in 10 respondents (37.04%), and high triglyceride levels in 7 respondents (25.92%). High estimated VLDL levels were observed in 17 respondents (62.96%), whereas normal estimated VLDL levels were found in 10 respondents (37.04%). These findings indicate that most patients aged over 50 years had elevated estimated VLDL levels, suggesting a potential increase in the risk of atherosclerosis development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Zaul Haq, Bekti Mastiadji, Subur Wibowo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indigenous Microorganisms for Biodegradation of Household Detergents in Aquatic Bioremediation: A Meta-Scientific Review
Household wastewater containing detergent residues is a major source of aquatic pollution due to synthetic surfactants, particularly Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Alkyl Sulfate (AS), which are toxic and resistant to natural degradation. Bioremediation using indigenous microorganisms offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative for degrading these pollutants. This narrative review evaluated the potential of indigenous microorganisms for biodegradation of household detergent residues and their prospects for aquatic bioremediation. Literature was systematically collected from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, including primary research articles published in Indonesian or English between 2018 and 2025. Twenty eligible studies were analyzed. The findings showed that Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Corynebacterium were the most frequently reported indigenous bacteria capable of degrading detergent surfactants and related organic compounds, with degradation efficiencies ranging from 7.7% to 100%, depending on microbial characteristics, substrate type, and environmental conditions. Bacterial consortia and biofilm-based systems consistently achieved higher degradation efficiencies than single isolates. Biodegradation primarily involves extracellular enzymes, including monooxygenases, sulfo-transferases, and amidases, which convert surfactants into less harmful compounds. Despite most studies being limited to laboratory-scale experiments, indigenous microorganisms demonstrate strong potential as sustainable bioremediation agents. Future research should focus on consortium optimization, molecular characterization, and field-scale validation to improve practical implementation in aquatic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashhabul Kahfi Khaer, Putri Nabila Tsabitah Arman, Asri Malisan, Nurul Hikma Ardianto, Ramlawati Ramlawati, Sahrani U http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Gadget Usage Patterns and The Incidence of Asthenopia Among Junior High School Students in Mataram
Gadget use among junior high school students continues to rise, clearly contributing to asthenopia through extended exposure and inadequate self-regulation. This study directly assesses the impact of gadget use on asthenopia among junior high school students in Mataram City. Observational analytical research using a cross-sectional design enrolled 118 participants via simple random sampling. Data collected from gadget-use questionnaires and the Visual Fatigue Index (VFI) were analyzed with chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Results confirmed that 57.6% of participants demonstrated poor usage habits, while 31.4% experienced asthenopia. No statistically significant relationship was found between overall gadget use and asthenopia (p = 0.785). Nonetheless, device use exceeding 2 hours emerged as the primary factor linked with asthenopia. In summary, poor gadget use is widespread, and prolonged use increases the risk of asthenopia, although this study did not find a significant overall link. Eye itching clearly dominated reported symptoms. To advance understanding and support student well-being, future research must employ objective measures of visual function and develop effective strategies for healthier use of devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komang Dewi Savitri, Ni Nyoman Geriputri, Marie Yuni Andari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Potential of Endophytic Fungi from Avicennia marina Against Pathogenic Bacteria Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern, driving the search for new antibacterial sources. Owing to their ability to biosynthesize diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plants have emerged as a sustainable resource for natural antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Avicennia marina collected from the Nusawiru Mangrove Conservation Area, Pangandaran, Indonesia. Isolation was performed using the direct plating method on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by purification to obtain six pure isolates. The isolates were screened for antibacterial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an agar plug diffusion assay. Among the six isolates obtained, only AVM BT 4.2 exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA, producing total inhibition zones of 15.77 ± 1.51 mm at 24 h and 15.39 ± 0.73 mm at 48 h, categorized as strong inhibition. However, none of the isolates inhibited P. aeruginosa. These findings indicate the potential of A. marina endophytic fungi as a source of antibacterial compounds against resistant bacteria and support further studies on molecular identification and bioactive metabolite characterization of secondary metabolites from the active isolates to support the development of natural antibiotic candidates based on sustainable coastal biological resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yeni Mulyani, Annastasya Asti Dewi, Nanda Annisa, Nur Asmi Khaerunnisa, Gerardo Gaudentius Sautraja, Adrians Maulana Aziz, Aziz Aprian Pangkerego http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein Levels and Leucocytes Counts in Typhoid Fever Pediatric Patients
Typhoid fever was an infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Enteritidis. Laboratory tests most commonly performed in cases of typhoid fever included leukocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement. Leukocytes played a role in the immune response to infection, while CRP increased as a result of the inflammatory response and was therefore used as an indicator of disease activity. This research intended to examine the correlation amongst C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and leukocyte count in pediatric patients with typhoid fever. This was an observational analytic descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of CRP levels and leukocyte count results obtained from the medical records of 84 pediatric patients aged 6 to 17 years diagnosed with typhoid fever at RSIA Brawijaya Duren Tiga during the period of July to December 2025, selected utilizing a purposive sampling technique. The findings of univariate and bivariate analyses showed that most pediatric typhoid patients were female, totalling 48 (57%) children, and the longest duration of fever was 7 days, observed in 53 (63%) children. The most common CRP finding was abnormal levels in 46 (55%) children, with the highest level reaching 168.80 mg/L. The leukocyte count was most commonly within the normal range in 44 (52%) children. Correlation test results indicated a significant correlation amongst CRP levels and leukocyte count, with a moderately strong positive correlation, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.002 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.326.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hari Saktiningsih, Nurdiana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Control of Coffee Leaf Diseases in an Integrated Pest Management System: A Literature Review
Coffee leaf diseases, particularly coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix, remain one of the major constraints to coffee production in Indonesia and other coffee-producing countries, causing yield losses of up to 50% under severe infection. Synthetic fungicides are still the primary control strategy because of their rapid and reliable disease suppression. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic fungicides in managing coffee leaf diseases, compare the performance of different fungicide groups, and identify recent trends in their application. A literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search employed the keywords “coffee leaf rust,” “Hemileia vastatrix,” “synthetic fungicide,” “triazole,” “strobilurin,” and “coffee disease management.” Only English- and Indonesian-language articles reporting fungicide efficacy under field or greenhouse conditions were included. The reviewed studies consistently showed that triazole- and strobilurin-based fungicides were the most effective, generally reducing coffee leaf rust severity by 60–90% when applied at the early stages of infection. However, repeated application of single-mode-of-action fungicides increases the risk of pathogen resistance and environmental contamination. This review highlights the comparative effectiveness of major synthetic fungicide groups and emphasizes that their use should be integrated with resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and fungicide rotation within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework to support sustainable coffee production. Further studies are recommended to optimize fungicide rotation strategies and evaluate environmentally safer alternatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maidatul Isnaini, Violita Violita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Type M1 AMF Inoculum and Host Plant Species on the Growth of Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) Seedlings
The successful establishment of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) in the degraded dry savanna of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, remains limited because young seedlings often fail to adapt to marginal soil conditions and seasonal water scarcity. This study evaluated the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculum (type M1) and different host plant species on the growth of sandalwood seedlings during the nursery stage. The experiment employed a completely randomized split-plot design with two AMF treatments (without AMF and AMF type M1) and four host plant treatments (without host, chili, mung bean, and Leucaena). Growth performance was assessed based on plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. The results showed that both AMF inoculation and host plant species significantly affected all measured growth parameters. The combination of AMF type M1 and mung bean as the host plant produced the highest growth, with plant height of 14.09 cm, stem diameter of 2.26 mm, and 19.20 leaves per seedling. These findings indicate that the symbiotic association between AMF and an appropriate host plant enhances nutrient and water uptake, thereby supporting seedling growth under nursery conditions. The study demonstrates that integrating AMF type M1 with mung bean as a host plant is a promising strategy to improve sandalwood seedling quality and may contribute to more successful establishment in dryland restoration and reforestation programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdonia Finmeta, Davik Eliaser Taneo, Nur Aini Bunyani, Eka Citra.G. Kerihi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Study of Pseudomonas sp. in Giant Gourami (Osphronemus goramy) via Anatomical Pathology, Histopathology, and Microbiological Examinations, and Tetracycline Sensitivity Testing
Pseudomonas sp. is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen causing systemic infections in cultured fish, resulting in economic losses and increasing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance. However, comprehensive pathological and microbiological confirmation remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate Pseudomonas sp. infection in giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) through pathological examination, bacterial identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. A descriptive case study was conducted on one naturally infected fish (code F-11). Clinical observation, necropsy, histopathological examination of the liver and gills using hematoxylin-eosin staining, bacterial isolation on MacConkey agar, Gram staining, biochemical characterization, and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion testing with 30 μg tetracycline were performed. Data were analyzed descriptively by integrating pathological and microbiological findings. Gross examination revealed ecchymotic hemorrhages in the gills, labyrinth organ, and liver, hepatic nodules, and jejunal petechiae. Histopathology demonstrated congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, focal hepatic necrosis, epithelial desquamation, and lamellar necrosis in the gills. The isolate produced transparent non-lactose-fermenting colonies, consisted of Gram-negative rods, and exhibited biochemical characteristics consistent with Pseudomonas sp. The isolate remained susceptible to tetracycline, producing a 28-mm inhibition zone. These findings confirm Pseudomonas sp. infection and highlight the importance of integrated pathological and microbiological diagnosis to support appropriate antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reina Puspita Rahmaniar, Indra Rahmawati, Olan Rahayu Puji Astuti Nussa, Muhammad Irwan Firmansyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Analysis of Egg-Laying Chicken Business, MSME Program, Animal Husbandry Study Program, Flores Bajawa Agricultural College
The livestock sector plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, both in determining total national output and creating jobs. The egg-laying chicken business is one of the businesses in the livestock sector that offers significant and promising opportunities and is currently being widely developed. This study aims to analyze the financial sustainability of the MSME Program in the Animal Husbandry Study Program at the Flores Bajawa Agricultural College. The method used in this study is a case study. This method is used to fully explore the program's impact, financial success, and benefits obtained from the program. Data techniques used are in-depth interviews and literature studies, so the data used are primary and secondary data. Based on the research results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the MSME Program in the Animal Husbandry Study Program provides students with increased experience and competency in developing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills in the livestock business. From a financial aspect, the egg-laying chicken business shows positive value and is worth continuing because it provides financial benefits for both the institution and the study program, especially supporting the sustainability of the MSME program itself. Using a 12% discount rate, the NPV is greater than 1 for IDR 4,358,165.02, while the Net B/C is greater than 1.10, and the IRR is greater than 12%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marten Umbu Kaleka, Maria Alfonsa Ngaku, Egidius Rembo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation between HbA1c and TG/HDL Ratio with eGFR in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Risa Sentra Medika Hospital Mataram
One of the main causes of declining kidney function is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is typified by a drop in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The triglyceride-to-HDL (TG/HDL) ratio indicates atherogenic dyslipidemia, which contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy, whereas HbA1c represents long-term glycemic management. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between HbA1c and TG/HDL ratio with eGFR in DM2 patients in Mataram. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 56 patients at Risa Sentra Medika Hospital from Juli to Desember 2025. Laboratory data were used to gather information on HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, serum creatinine, and eGFR. The correlation between the variables was evaluated using regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The eGFR was 78.37 ml/min/1.73 m², the TG/HDL ratio was 5.84, and the mean HbA1c was 9.21%. The TG/HDL ratio had a very weak positive connection with eGFR (r = 0.143), but HbA1c had a very poor negative correlation (r = -0.037). According to regression analysis, neither variable was statistically significant (p>0.05) and only explained 2.2% of the variation in eGFR (R2 = 0.022). among conclusion, among patients with DM2, there was no discernible relationship between HbA1c and the TG/HDL ratio with eGFR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novianti Anggie Lestari, Ima Arum Lestarini, Yan Adhitya Kusuma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differences in Ratio in Formulas on The Performance of Local Male Rabbits
Local rabbits are livestock with potential for development as a source of animal protein due to their high reproductive capacity, relatively rapid growth, and good adaptability to tropical environments. The success of rabbit farming is heavily influenced by the quality and quantity of feed provided; feed that fails to meet energy and protein requirements can lead to poor growth and reduced productivity. Therefore, proper ration formulation is essential to supply nutrients according to the animals' needs. This study aimed to determine the differential effects of ration formulas on the performance of male local rabbits, specifically regarding feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The study was conducted over 28 days in Segawe Village, Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments—P1 (40% forage + 60% concentrate), P2 (60% + 40%), and P3 (80% + 20%)—and four replicates. ANOVA and DMRT were used to evaluate the data. The findings demonstrated that while the ration formula had no significant influence (P>0.05) on ADG or FCR, it had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on feed intake. Although P1 tended to be more physiologically efficient, P3 had the highest feed intake (156.65 g/head/day) and P1 had the lowest (117.37 g/head/day).
Copyright (c) 2026 Duwi Kurniawan, Engkus Ainul Yakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Productivity of Sugarcane on Inceptisol and Vertisol Soils
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) productivity is strongly influenced by soil characteristics that affect plant growth and yield. This study aimed to compare the growth and productivity of sugarcane cultivated on Inceptisol and Vertisol soils and to identify growth parameters associated with productivity. The research was conducted from April to September 2019 in commercial sugarcane plantations located in Magelang Regency, Central Java (Inceptisol) and Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia (Vertisol). A field survey was carried out using 54 sampling units consisting of Bululawang (BL) sugarcane cultivated under a fifth-ratoon production system and harvested at 12 months of age. Growth parameters observed included plant height, stem diameter, fresh stem weight, and productivity, while soil analyses included pH, available nitrogen, and soil moisture content. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis and independent sample t-tests at a 5% significance level after testing for normality (Shapiro–Wilk) and homogeneity of variance (Levene’s test). The results showed no significant differences in growth and productivity between sugarcane grown on Inceptisol and Vertisol soils. Soil pH and moisture content differed significantly between the two soil types, whereas available nitrogen content did not. Fresh stem weight exhibited the strongest association with productivity (r = 0.999), followed by stem diameter (r = 0.410). However, this relationship should be interpreted cautiously because sugarcane productivity is closely related to biomass accumulation and correlation does not imply causation. The findings indicate that fresh stem weight is the growth parameter most closely associated with sugarcane productivity. Improving soil fertility and implementing appropriate soil management practices are recommended to optimize sugarcane production in tropical environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rina Puji Lestari, Agus Eka Alazis, Anna Kusumawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Water Quality in Karang Beach, Bali
Karang Beach is a shallow water with a sandy substrate mixed with coral fragments and seagrass beds that support the life of benthic organisms. This study aims to determine the water quality at Karang Beach using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Sampling was conducted on November 1 and 25, 2025, using field survey methods (in situ) and laboratory analysis (ex situ). Water quality parameters measured included temperature, pH, turbidity, and current velocity. The measurement results showed relatively stable water conditions with an average temperature of 25.5°C, pH 8.1, and turbidity ranging from 3.3–4.8 NTU. The macroinvertebrates found came from the families Toxopneustidae, Grapsidae, and Holothuriidae. Analysis using the Family Biotic Index (FBI) at stations 1 to 4 showed that the water quality at Karang Beach was in a moderately stressed to poor condition, characterized by the dominance of organisms tolerant to environmental disturbances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gede Bayu Hendra Adi Putra, Rafi Radithya, Putu Anggi Handaresta Dewi, Revalina Aprilia, Made Dendy Pratama http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic Variation of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana Mill.) in Gorontalo Regency
Avocado is a horticultural crop with considerable phenotypic diversity, particularly in leaf morphology. This study aimed to provide initial documentation of leaf phenotypic diversity in local avocado accessions from Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia. A descriptive exploratory method was conducted in eight villages: Dumati, Modelidu, Dulamayo, Tridarma, Tinelo, Kayumerah, Hepuhulawa, and Kayubulan. Twenty-two avocado accessions were characterized using 12 leaf morphological traits based on the IPGRI Descriptors for Avocado (1995). Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed descriptively. The results revealed substantial variation in most leaf traits, with leaf shape showing the highest qualitative diversity. Seven leaf shape categories were identified: oval, ovate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblong, roundish, and narrowly obovate. Leaf blade length ranged from 11.42 ± 1.27 to 20.07 ± 1.79 cm, while leaf width ranged from 5.08 ± 0.69 to 10.97 ± 0.97 cm. Variations were also observed in leaf color, pubescence density, primary vein number, and leaf texture, indicating diverse phenotypes among accessions. These findings provide baseline information for avocado germplasm conservation, local cultivar identification, and parent selection in breeding programs. Further molecular studies are recommended to validate the genetic relationships underlying the observed morphological variation and improve germplasm characterization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Fadhillah Pembengo, Magfirahtul Jannah, Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan, Novri Youla Kandowangko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0