Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about toto slot Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. situs parlay slot toto Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id slot gacor gampang maxwin
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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The Green Revolution in Gili Balu: Policy Convergence, Blue Economy, and Community Empowerment
The Green Revolution has become a prominent policy framework for promoting sustainable development in Indonesia’s marine and fisheries sector. However, its implementation in small island regions often reveals a significant gap between policy objectives and local socio-ecological realities. This study aims to critically examine the convergence and tensions among the Green Revolution as a policy framework, the Blue Economy as a development model, and community empowerment as the ultimate goal of sustainable development in small island contexts. Using a qualitative approach, this study employs a Critical Narrative Review of 13 selected articles and policy documents, complemented by contextual reflections on Gili Balu, a small island cluster in West Sumbawa Regency, Indonesia. The analysis identifies three dominant themes: technocratic development approaches, community-based Blue Economy practices, and participatory empowerment. The findings indicate that while these concepts are theoretically complementary, their implementation is often constrained by weak local institutions, limited community authority, fragmented policy integration, and unequal access to resources. In Gili Balu, locally driven initiatives such as community-based tourism and marine resource conservation demonstrate the potential of adaptive and inclusive governance. The study concludes that sustainable transformation in small islands requires stronger integration between policy frameworks, local institutions, and community participation. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analytical framework that connects Green Revolution, Blue Economy, and community empowerment to explain the dynamics of sustainable development in small island regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jalaluddin Jalaluddin, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Temperature on Life Cycle Traits of Callosobruchus spp. Infesting Stored Mungbeans
Bruchid beetles are primary pests of stored pulses, causing significant post-harvest losses. Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis L. are the most common species in tropical and subtropical regions, often co-occurring in storage. This study aimed to evaluate the temperature-dependent life cycle parameters of C. maculatus and C. chinensis infesting mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds. The life cycle of both species was observed under two different conditions: controlled (27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH) and room temperature: uncontrolled (34 ± 4°C, 70 ± 5% RH). Three experimental sets were maintained, each with 10 replicates in completely randomized design. Life cycle duration was recorded, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine mean durations. Under controlled conditions, C. maculatus and C. chinensis completed their life cycles in 33.40–39.80 days (mean 36.84 ± 1.61) and 31.30–36.70 days (mean 34.20 ± 1.23), respectively. At room temperature, development accelerated, with durations of 28.53–32.70 days (mean 30.84 ± 1.17) and 26.30–31.80 days (mean 29.32 ± 1.55), respectively. Higher temperatures shorten the life cycle of both beetle species, potentially increasing infestation rates. These findings highlight the need for temperature management and timely monitoring in stored mungbean to reduce bruchid damage and improve storage outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh Singh, Rakesh Pandey, Ashutosh Rai, Mukesh Kumar Mishra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on In Vitro Callus Growth of Momordica cochinchinensis
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng., locally known as dumbaya in Gorontalo, is a tropical climbing plant with potential as a functional food and medicinal resource, but its natural availability is limited by low seed germination, slow growth, and environmental sensitivity. This study aimed to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations on callus growth of young stem explants of M. cochinchinensis under in vitro conditions. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments: MS without plant growth regulators, MS + 2,4-D + BAP, MS + MeJA 6 mL/L, MS + MeJA 11 mL/L, and MS + MeJA 16 mL/L. The observed parameters were callus formation percentage, callus initiation time, and callus morphology. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test at 5%, while morphological data were described qualitatively. All treatments produced 100% callus formation within 14 days. MeJA affected callus initiation time, with MS + MeJA 6 mL/L showing the fastest average response at 3.67 days after culture. The callus was mostly friable with varied coloration. This treatment may support further development of M. cochinchinensis callus culture and provides preliminary information for optimizing in vitro propagation protocols for this locally valuable species in future studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widyawati S. Isima, Jusna Ahmad, Devi Bunga Pagalla, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Indriati Husain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Daily Living Activity Improvement After William Flexion Exercise in Low Back Pain Patients
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a leading cause of functional limitation, often impairing Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Evidence regarding ADL outcomes following combination physiotherapy in Indonesian hospital settings remains limited. This study evaluated the effect of William Flexion Exercise (WFE) combined with physiotherapy modalities on ADL among LBP patients at Mataram University Hospital. A quantitative quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted with 11 participants recruited through consecutive sampling. ADL was assessed using the validated Barthel Index and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the McNemar test. Before intervention, all participants (100%) were categorized as having mild dependence. After combination therapy administered twice weekly for four weeks, eight participants (72.7%) achieved independence, while three (27.3%) remained mildly dependent. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in ADL following the intervention (McNemar, p = 0.008). These findings suggest that WFE combined with physiotherapy modalities may improve functional independence in LBP patients. However, the small sample size and absence of a control group limit causal inference and generalizability. Further randomized controlled studies with larger samples are recommended to confirm these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nyoman Tri Karisma Dewa, Anak Agung Ayu Niti Wedayani, Mukaddam Alaydrus, Emmy Amalia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Potential for Developing Educational Tourism as a Source for Learning Biology in the Nantu–Boliyohuto Wildlife Sanctuary Buffer Zone
This study analyzed the potential of educational tourism as a Biology learning resource in the buffer zone of the Nantu–Boliyohuto Wildlife Reserve, Gorontalo. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed. Data were collected through field observations, semi-structured interviews with 12 informants, documentation, and field notes at four observation stations representing different habitat types. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while source triangulation ensured validity. The findings revealed high biotic potential, including diverse flora and fauna, and abiotic potential, such as air temperature, soil pH, light intensity, vegetation structure, and habitat variation. These characteristics are relevant to senior high school Biology topics, including biodiversity, ecosystems, classification, adaptation, conservation, and human–environment interactions. The area can support field-based learning through species identification, ecosystem observation, environmental measurements, and conservation projects. Strong community support and relatively natural environmental conditions enhance its educational tourism potential. However, limited road access, inadequate interpretation boards, lack of observation trails, and insufficient learning facilities remain challenges. Overall, the buffer zone has strong potential to be developed as a conservation-based educational tourism destination that supports Biology learning through active community involvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deltias Ntolu, Mustamin Ibrahim, Marini Susanti Hamidun, Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan, Ilyas H. Husain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immune Pathogenesis and Risk Factors Associated with Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a significant public health problem in many endemic countries, including Indonesia. This study aimed to review the immune pathogenesis and associated risk factors of leprosy based on recent scientific evidence. A narrative literature review was conducted using articles retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases, published between 2015 and 2025. The literature search applied predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and study selection was performed through title, abstract, and full-text screening. A total of 4,791 records were identified from all databases, and 31 articles were included in the final analysis. The selected literature was synthesized using a descriptive approach. The clinical spectrum of leprosy is determined by the interaction between M. leprae and the host immune response. Tuberculoid leprosy is associated with a dominant T helper 1 (Th1) response characterized by increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production and enhanced macrophage activation, while lepromatous leprosy is associated with a T helper 2 (Th2)-dominant response characterized by elevated interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), leading to ineffective bacterial clearance. Emerging evidence also highlights the roles of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in immune modulation and disease progression. In addition, host and environmental factors such as age, sex, history of contact, housing conditions, personal hygiene, and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination status contribute to susceptibility and transmission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfira Safitri, Ni Luh Putu Eka Widya Ananta Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Nano Fern Extract (Diplazium esculentum) and Humic Acid on Chlorophyll Content of Soybean (Glycine max)
As the population continues to increase, the demand for soybeans in Indonesia is rising, necessitating effective strategies to enhance soybean growth and production. One such strategy is the use of biostimulants, including nano-fern extract and humic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of nano-fern extract and humic acid, as well as their interaction, on the chlorophyll content and flowering time of soybeans. The experiment was conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors and six replications. Factor A (fern extract) consisted of a control, 100 mg/L of crude fern extract, and nano-fern extract at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/L. Factor B (humic acid) consisted of a control, 1200 mg/L, and 2500 mg/L. The results showed that the application of nano-fern extract at 150 mg/L and humic acid at 2500 mg/L resulted in higher chlorophyll content than other treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tita Nopiyanti, Zozy Aneloi Noli, M. Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Simplicia Prepared from Wild and Cultivated Phallus indusiatus
Phallus indusiatus is a macrofungus that has attracted attention because of its nutritional value and reported biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated P. indusiatus against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Wild samples were collected from Central Java, Indonesia, whereas cultivated samples were obtained from Hong Kong. Simplicia suspensions were prepared in sterile distilled water at a concentration of 100 mg/mL and tested against the selected microorganisms. No inhibition zones were observed in any treatment, indicating that the tested samples did not exhibit detectable antimicrobial activity under the conditions applied in this study. The positive control produced a mean inhibition zone of 32 mm, while no inhibition was observed in the negative control. Gene annotation data from previously generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the wild sample were also reviewed to support the interpretation of the results. The selected annotated genes were mainly associated with cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation, respiration, and metabolite transport. However, the genomic analysis was limited to a small number of annotated genes and was used only as supporting information. Overall, the findings suggest that aqueous suspensions of P. indusiatus simplicia did not show detectable antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms under the experimental conditions employed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hikmah Zikriyani, Mutimanda Dwisatyadini, Inggit Winarni, Na’ilah Insani Alifiyah, Arie Aryanto, Primasari Pertiwi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological Growht of Oil Palm on Biomass-Amended Post-Coal-Mining Land
Post-coal mining land generally has low soil fertility due to the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, which limits the growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oil palm biomass-based ameliorants on the morphological growth of immature oil palm planted on post-mining land using mineral soil as a comparison. The study was conducted at PT Pola Kahuripan Inti Sawit, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, from November 2025 to January 2026 using a quantitative-comparative survey method. The treatments consisted of P1 (150 kg plant⁻¹ empty fruit bunches on mineral soil), and P2 (150 kg plant⁻¹ empty fruit bunches + 30 kg plant⁻¹ boiler ash) on post-mining land. Observed parameters included plant height, stem diameter, frond number, male flowers, female flowers, and abortive flowers at 12–14 months after planting. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that P2 increased vegetative growth in post-mining land, with a plant height of 226.62 cm, a stem diameter of 19.12 cm, and 29.82 fronds at 14 months after planting, approaching growth on mineral soil. The combination of empty fruit bunches and boiler ash has the potential to be an effective remedial material for sustainable rehabilitation of post-coal mining land.
Copyright (c) 2026 Romadhon Nur Rohim, Sutan Tarmizi Lubis, Agung Lesmana, Arjuna Manurung, Muhammad Aqwan A. U, Said Asyrof Auvvarof http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Antibacterial Test and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test from Extract Sponge Derived Fungi
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has increased the demand for new antibacterial agents from natural sources, including marine organisms. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity and toxicity of sponge-associated fungal extracts. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was tested using the disc diffusion method, while toxicity was assessed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The extract was obtained by maceration with 95% methanol and tested at various concentrations. The extract showed antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zones at 100 and 1,000 ppm after 24 hours, which decreased after 48 hours. BSLT results showed 100% mortality of Artemia salina larvae at concentrations ≥100 ppm. The main BSLT test revealed a dose–response relationship, with higher doses and longer exposure reducing larval survival. These results indicate that sponge- associated fungal extracts are promising antibacterial agents, although their toxicity requires further evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktora Susanti, Nisa Karima, Ervina Damayanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Types of Asteraceae Plants in the Palangka Raya University Area (Indonesia)
The Universitas Palangka Raya (UPR) campus, located adjacent to the Sebangau National Park, contains extensive green open spaces that support diverse plant communities, including the Asteraceae family. However, information regarding its diversity and potential utilization remains limited. This study aimed to inventory and identify Asteraceae species and describe their habitat distribution and potential uses within the UPR campus. An exploratory descriptive study with a field floristic approach was conducted from October 2025 to June 2026 using the exploration (cruise) method and purposive sampling. Species identification was based on morphological characteristics and validated using botanical references and the Plants of the World Online (POWO) database. A total of 10 Asteraceae species representing 10 genera were identified. Introduced species dominated the flora (80%), while native species accounted for only 20%. Most taxa occurred in disturbed habitats, including roadsides, drainage areas, agricultural fields, shrubs, and peatland transition zones. Several introduced species, including Praxelis clematidea, Chromolaena odorata, and Mikania micrantha, were identified as invasive weeds with allelopathic properties that may threaten native vegetation. Despite their invasive potential, Asteraceae species also possess significant economic and ecological value, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and larvicidal properties, as well as applications as green manure and erosion-control ground cover. These findings provide baseline data for biodiversity management, invasive species monitoring, and the sustainable utilization of Asteraceae resources within the UPR campus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umi Novita Fitriah, Ria Windi Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Decade of Dugong (Dugong dugon) Strandingsin Indonesia: Frequency and Response Efforts (2016–2025)
Indonesian waters constitute a crucial habitat for the dugong (Dugong dugon), a herbivorous marine mammal currently classified as vulnerable. Despite being legally protected, its existence remains threatened by anthropogenic activities and stranding phenomena. This study aims to analyze the temporal frequency of dugong stranding events in Indonesia and the effectiveness of their technical response schemes. The method employed is a descriptive approach with quantitative and qualitative analyses utilizing verified secondary data from the 2016–2025 period. The results show that a total of 54 stranding events occurred fluctuatingly, with an average of 5–6 cases per year. The highest spike occurred in 2021 with 12 events, while the lowest was in 2020 with 1 event. The monthly stranding pattern is dynamic, reaching its highest peak in February, whereas the monsoon-based analysis demonstrates an even distribution of approximately 24%–26% per monsoon. This finding indicates that the risk of stranding remains persistent throughout the year. Out of the total cases, the majority of dugongs were found dead (90.74%), while the remaining (9.26%) were found alive. Qualitatively, the systematic handling procedures in the field have been structured into four main phases that separate actions based on the animal's condition code. Response for the live code (Code 1) focuses on first aid and release, whereas the dead code (Code 2–5) is prioritized for medical investigation (forensic necropsy) and burial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suprabadevi Ayumayasari Saraswati, I Putu Gede Eka Handrayana Putra, I Wayan Darya Kartika, Rizka DZulfikar, Dewa Gde Tri Bodhi Saputra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diffusion and Adoption of Destana in Tropical Disaster-Prone Socio-Ecological Systems
Tropical island villages face complex disaster risks due to the interaction between geophysical hazards, hydrometeorological threats, social vulnerability, and local institutional capacity. This study aimed to analyze the diffusion and adoption of the Disaster Resilient Village Program (Desa Tangguh Bencana, Destana) in strengthening community preparedness in Sambelia District, East Lombok, Indonesia. A qualitative multi-site case study was conducted in Sugian, Belanting, and Obel-Obel villages from November to December 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and document review involving 17 informants from the regional disaster management agency, village governments, disaster volunteers, NGO/TSBD actors, community leaders, and residents. Data were analyzed thematically using Rogers’ diffusion of innovations framework and a disaster risk perspective linking hazards, vulnerability, and capacity. The results show that Destana is relevant for multi-hazard villages, but its adoption remains partial. Administrative recognition was not fully followed by strong village documentation, active local institutions, continuous communication, or integration into village development planning. Community members accepted disaster preparedness practices, yet they did not always recognize Destana as a formal village-based innovation. The study concludes that Destana needs stronger risk communication, institutional renewal, regular simulation, and integration into village planning to transform administrative designation into sustained socio-ecological resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfa Rosdiana, Moh. Taqiuddin, Agus Purbathin Hadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of The Invasive Plant Acrostichum aureum with Flora of Degraded Mangrove Forests
The mangrove ecosystem in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF), Banyuasin Regency, has experienced ecological pressure due to land conversion, which has facilitated the proliferation of invasive species in degraded areas. This study aimed to analyze plant association patterns in mangrove areas affected by the dominance of Acrostichum aureum. The research employed a descriptive method with a purposive sampling approach across four observation stations. Interspecific associations were analyzed using the Jaccard Index based on species presence data collected during the study. The results revealed 36 plant species associated with A. aureum. Similarity values among stations ranged from 0.1 to 0.53, with the highest similarity observed between Stations 2 and 3 and the lowest between Stations 3 and 4. Association values between A. aureum and other species ranged from 0.25 to 1.00, with very high associations recorded for Nypa fruticans and Schoenoplectus subulatus, and high associations for Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris trifoliata. The dominant association types identified were positive and neutral associations, with Derris trifoliata, Nypa fruticans, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Schoenoplectus subulatus exhibiting positive associations with A. aureum. Ecologically, the presence of A. aureum plays a role in shaping species distribution patterns through interactions influenced by environmental heterogeneity and habitat conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizki Wahyudi, Syaiful Eddy, Dian Mutiara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution and Selected Beta-Lactam Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Suspected Sepsis Patients at RSUD Ir. Soekarno
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and antimicrobial resistance may compromise empirical therapy. This retrospective descriptive study described the distribution of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and selected beta-lactam susceptibility patterns among patients with suspected sepsis at RSUD Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo during 2024–2025. Secondary data from blood, urine, sputum, and pus cultures, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 Compact system, were analyzed descriptively as counts and proportions. Escherichia coli accounted for five isolates in 2024 and four in 2025, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was represented by one isolate in 2024 and was not identified in 2025. Resistance to ceftazidime was observed in 3/5 (60.0%) Escherichia coli isolates in 2024 and 3/4 (75.0%) in 2025, while ceftriaxone resistance occurred in 4/5 (80.0%) and 3/4 (75.0%), respectively. The single Staphylococcus aureus isolate was resistant to oxacillin and phenotypically consistent with MRSA. These findings indicate frequent resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among a small number of Escherichia coli isolates. Interpretation should be cautious because of the limited number of isolates and the absence of confirmatory ESBL or MRSA testing data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusianti Silviani, Mustofa Tri Wijayanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upper Airway Obstruction as a Life-Threatening Emergency
Upper airway obstruction (UAO) is a life-threatening emergency characterized by partial or complete blockage of airflow through the upper respiratory tract due to mechanical obstruction or anatomical narrowing. It may occur acutely or chronically and result from congenital or acquired conditions, including infection, inflammation, trauma, malignancy, anatomical abnormalities, and foreign body aspiration. This study employed a literature review by analyzing publications retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. Clinically, UAO presents with noisy breathing, including stertor and stridor, accompanied by dyspnea, dysphagia, hypoxemia, and respiratory distress. Children are particularly susceptible because of their relatively smaller airways. Diagnosis is established through history taking, physical examination, flexible laryngoscopy, and imaging studies such as neck radiography and computed tomography. Management focuses on restoring airway patency and maintaining adequate oxygenation through interventions including endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, cricothyrotomy, high-flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure, and the Heimlich maneuver for foreign body airway obstruction. Delayed recognition and treatment may lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and timely emergency management are essential to improve clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firman Khalif Yuwono, Arsy Muchlisa Putri, Baiq Whafiq Azizah, Septrajismi Dinda Juwita, Rina Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Marriage and Reproductive Immunology: A Critical Literature Review
Early marriage is a reproductive health issue associated with an increased risk of maternal complications and reproductive immune system disorders in adolescent females. The immaturity of reproductive organs and the immune system at a young age increases susceptibility to infections, anemia, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. This article aims to examine the relationship between early marriage and reproductive immune dysregulation from the perspective of reproductive immunology. The method used was a systematic literature review through the analysis of various scientific publications related to reproductive health, adolescent pregnancy complications, and immune responses. The findings indicate that early marriage is associated with disturbances in both innate and adaptive immunity, including alterations in the activity of T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, which play essential roles in maintaining immunological tolerance during pregnancy. This immune dysregulation increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections, obstetric complications, and impaired fetal and neonatal growth. Furthermore, malnutrition and psychosocial stress among adolescents may further worsen immune function and maternal health. Therefore, early marriage represents an important risk factor for reproductive immune disorders and maternal-child health problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pauzan Pauzan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Ornamental Plants the Araceae and Asteraceae Families at Griya Tambakrejo Jombang for E-Catalog
Ornamental plants play an important role in improving the aesthetic, ecological, and educational quality of residential environments. This study aims to identify ornamental plant species from the Araceae and Asteraceae families in the Griya Tambakrejo Asri Jombang Housing Complex, describe their morphological characteristics, and compile a digital e-catalog as an information medium. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach through field observation, inventory, morphological identification, documentation, and literature study. Species identification was carried out based on diagnostic morphological characters and verified using taxonomic literature, determination keys, and botanical databases Plants of the World Online (POWO), GBIF, and Flora of Java. The results showed that there were 18 ornamental plant species, consisting of 15 species from the Araceae family and 3 species from the Asteraceae family. The Araceae family is dominated by decorative leafy plants with spadix-covered spathe-like flowers, while the Asteraceae family is characterized by capitulum-like compound flowers with diverse color variations. The presence of these two families provides aesthetic benefits by improving landscape quality, ecological benefits as air pollutant absorbers and food sources for pollinators, and educational benefits as learning objects for plant morphology and taxonomy. The inventory results were then compiled into an Instagram-based digital e-catalog containing the scientific name, common name, classification, morphological characteristics, benefits, and photo documentation of each species. This e-catalog is expected to be an information medium that is easily accessible to the public, although its effectiveness as a learning medium still requires expert validation and user testing in further research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asna Lutfiatul Ummah, Anggun Wulandari, Ospa Pea Yuanita Meishanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Literature Review: Management of Paralysis and Prevention of Acute Respiratory Failure in Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. In severe cases, respiratory muscle involvement may lead to acute respiratory failure, which remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with GBS. This literature review aims to discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, management of paralysis, and strategies for preventing acute respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. A literature review was conducted by analyzing scientific journal articles, textbooks, and international clinical guidelines retrieved from electronic databases. The findings indicate that GBS is the most common cause of acute non-traumatic flaccid paralysis worldwide and is frequently preceded by an infectious illness. Diagnosis is primarily established based on clinical features and supported by cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electrodiagnostic studies, with diagnostic certainty commonly assessed using the Brighton Collaboration Criteria and clinical evaluation guided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) criteria. Respiratory complications occur in approximately 20–30% of patients and often require intensive monitoring and mechanical ventilation. Early recognition of respiratory muscle weakness through serial assessment of respiratory function, prompt airway management, and timely ventilatory support are essential to prevent acute respiratory failure and improve clinical outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, intensivists, pulmonologists, rehabilitation specialists, and nursing teams is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with GBS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Sa'Bi Al Qindi, Cantika Brilliant Senna, Muhammad Hilmy As Shiddiq, Moh. Rizky Yolanda B.S, Yasmin Sabrina Zulkifli, Prima Belia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Banana Corm Local Microorganisms and Irrigation Frequency in Improving Pakcoy Growth under Verticulture Condition
Urban agriculture and verticulture systems have gained increasing attention as strategies to enhance food production in areas with limited land availability. Among leafy vegetables, pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is widely cultivated due to its short growth cycle and high market demand. This review examines the potential of banana corm-derived local microorganisms (MOL) and adaptive watering intervals as complementary approaches to improve pakcoy production in verticulture systems. A descriptive literature review was conducted by synthesizing studies related to banana corm MOL, liquid organic fertilizers, irrigation frequency, pakcoy growth, and verticulture-based cultivation. The reviewed literature indicates that banana corm MOL can enhance nutrient availability, stimulate microbial activity, and promote vegetative growth, leading to increased fresh biomass production. Watering frequency was also identified as a key factor influencing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and moisture availability within the restricted rooting environment typical of verticulture systems. The available evidence suggests that interactions between MOL application and watering management may affect pakcoy performance through their combin
Copyright (c) 2026 Ardi Yoga Pramesthi, A. A. Sudharmawan, Taufik Fauzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acute Pharyngitis and Acute Laryngitis as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Literature Review
Severe upper respiratory infections are a major health issue globally, including in Indonesia. Conditions like acute pharyngitis and acute laryngitis are frequently seen in medical settings and lead to many healthcare appointments. These illnesses vary in their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, necessitating a thorough comprehension for the best patient care. This article aims to review various aspects of acute pharyngitis and acute laryngitis, including definition, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, complications, prognosis, and prevention. A narrative literature review approach was employed using scientific sources obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official publications of the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The selected literature included research articles, review articles, clinical guidelines, and relevant reference books. The review found that acute pharyngitis is predominantly caused by viral infections, although Group A Streptococcus (GAS) remains the most important bacterial pathogen due to its potential complications. Acute laryngitis is mainly caused by viral infections and is generally self-limiting. The diagnosis is made by gathering medical history, conducting a physical check, and performing additional tests if necessary. Treatment relies on the root cause and consists of supportive care, measures to ease symptoms, and antibiotic treatment in certain situations. Appropriate diagnosis and rational management are essential to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Frieskha Naurah Paradiesta, Amanda Azkiyah Rachman, Tsania Zulfa Salsabila, Anak Agung Ayu Regina Larasati, Muhammad Rifki, Rina Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cocoa Bean Shell Flour Concentration Affects Cookie Sensory Acceptance
Utilization of agro-industrial waste as a raw material for functional food is one way to increase product added value while reducing waste. Cocoa bean husk is a byproduct of cocoa processing that still contains dietary fiber and bioactive compounds, making it potentially useful in pastry products. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding cocoa bean husk flour on the organoleptic quality of pastries, including color, aroma, taste, and texture. The study used a design with four concentration treatments of cocoa bean husk flour, namely A0 (0%), A1 (5%), A2 (7.5%), and A3 (10%). Organoleptic tests were conducted using a hedonic scale of 1–5 by 15 semi-trained panelists. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tests at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of cocoa bean husk flour significantly affected the attributes of color, taste, and texture, but did not significantly affect aroma. Treatment A1 (5%) produced the highest taste scores (4.07 ± 0.70) and texture (4.27 ± 0.70) and still had a good level of color and aroma acceptance. Increasing the flour concentration to 10% tended to decrease panelists' preference, particularly for flavor attributes due to increased bitterness, thought to be due to phenolic compounds. The results showed that cocoa bean hull flour has the potential to be used as an additive in cookies, with the best acceptance at a concentration of 5%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thitin Binalopa, Andi Hermina Julyaningsih, Rahman Syam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of Social Forestry to Carbon Stock Reserves through Land Cover Change Analysis in the Forest Management Unit Area I NTB
Social forestry is one of the policy instruments expected to maintain forest carbon stock while supporting the achievement of Indonesia's climate change mitigation targets. This study aims to analyse the dynamics of carbon stock in social forestry areas within the Forest Management Unit (KPH) Region I of West Nusa Tenggara and to evaluate the difference in carbon stock before and after permit issuance. A before-after approach was applied to 45 Forest Farmer Groups, using the year of decree issuance as the reference point over a span of five years before to five years after issuance. Carbon stock was estimated by multiplying the area of each land cover class by its carbon factor, and the difference between periods was tested using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results show that the total carbon stock of the area declined from 1,594,074 tons C to 1,038,944 tons C, a reduction of 555,130 tons C equivalent to 2,035,475 tons of CO2-equivalent. As many as 37 of the 45 groups experienced a decline, and the statistical test confirmed a significant difference between conditions before and after permit issuance (p < 0.001). This decline was primarily caused by the conversion of forested land cover into agricultural land with lower carbon factors. These findings indicate that the issuance of social forestry permits in the study area has not succeeded in maintaining carbon stock, thus requiring strengthened post-permit governance and supervision so that social forestry can contribute positively to the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 target.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bangkit Maulana, Taslim Sjah, Hayati Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Salinity Stress and ACC Deaminase Sidr Root PGPR Frequency on Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper
Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor limiting chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production by reducing water and nutrient uptake and increasing stress-induced ethylene accumulation. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase have emerged as a promising biological approach to alleviate salt stress by lowering ethylene levels and promoting plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between salinity levels and the application frequency of ACC deaminase-producing PGPR isolated from bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) roots on chili pepper growth. A factorial randomized complete block design was employed with two factors: salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 8 dS m⁻¹) and PGPR application frequencies (0, 1, 2, and 3 applications). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD test at a 5% significance level. Significant interactions were observed for plant height, leaf number, fresh biomass, root biomass, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight. Increasing salinity significantly reduced plant growth, whereas repeated PGPR application improved vegetative performance. The highest biomass was obtained under non-saline conditions with two PGPR applications, while three applications produced the greatest plant height and leaf number. These findings demonstrate that ACC deaminase-producing PGPR from bidara roots effectively mitigates salinity stress and has potential as an environmentally friendly bioinoculant to improve chili pepper growth under saline conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niza Isfiyana, Aluh Nikmatullah, M. Taufik Fauzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact Sugar Type, Fermentation Duration, and Concentration of Eco-Enzyme on pH, TDS, and Antibacterial Activity
Eco-enzymes produced from fruit and vegetable waste are increasingly used for waste valorization and natural disinfection, but the combined effects of sugar type, fermentation duration and dilution on their quality remain unclear. This study examined eco-enzymes from mixed fruit peels prepared with granulated sugar, brown sugar and molasses, fermented for 1, 2 and 3 months, and diluted to 20%, 10%, 1%, 0.2% and 0.1%. Physicochemical properties (pH, TDS) and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were measured; data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test and Pearson correlation. Eco-enzymes were strongly acidic (≈3.5–3.9) at 20–10% and approached neutrality at 0.1%, with molasses-based formulations maintaining the lowest pH at high dilutions. TDS showed fermentation‑time‑dependent trends that differed between concentrated and dilute solutions. No inhibition was observed in month 1; activity appeared after ≥2 months and was highest at 3 months, with three‑month molasses eco-enzymes at 20% giving the largest inhibition zones and retaining activity at 0.1–0.2%. These findings identify molasses and extended fermentation as key levers to improve eco-enzyme performance as low-cost natural antibacterial agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Vidya Primarista, Damiana Nofita Birhi, Faustina De Yesu Prisila Abi, Fena Retyo Titani, Arya Wiranata, Abdul Rohman Wali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing BAP and NAA Concentrations for In Vitro Shoot Initiation of Black Potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius)
Black potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng.) has potential as an alternative food crop, but the limited availability of high-quality planting material necessitates in vitro propagation. This study evaluated the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) combinations on the initiation-stage growth of black potato shoot explants. A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 16 treatment combinations, three replications, and 48 experimental units was used. Quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% significance level, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The combination of BAP and NAA significantly affected root emergence time (p = 0.019), number of roots (p = 0.002), number of leaves (p = 0.013), and fresh weight of plantlets (p = 0.001), but had no significant effect on shoot emergence, callus emergence, shoot number, shoot length, root length, or dry weight (p > 0.05). Treatment B0N3 produced the highest number of roots (11.33 roots explant⁻¹), B1N0 produced the highest number of leaves (8.33 leaves explant⁻¹), and B3N3 resulted in the highest fresh weight (1.48 g). These findings indicate that NAA alone was more effective for root induction, whereas higher BAP–NAA combinations promoted greater plantlet biomass accumulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aprilia Eristiana, Aluh Nikmatullah, Kisman Kisman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Personal Protective Equipment Use and Laboratory-Confirmed Onychomycosis Among Farmers
Onychomycosis has been reported as common in occupations involving prolonged exposure to moist soil; however, the association with personal protective equipment (PPE) requires more rigorous methodological consideration. This cross-sectional study included 33 farmers in Sumbaga Village, Bumijawa District, Indonesia. Direct microscopy using Lactophenol Cotton Blue and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were performed to detect fungal elements, and participants were categorized according to self-reported PPE use. Fifteen participants reported using PPE, while 18 did not. Laboratory positivity was identified in 11 of 15 PPE users (73.3%) and 18 of 18 non-users (100%). The observed distribution indicates a lower proportion of positive findings among PPE users; however, this association should be interpreted with caution. Analysis using Fisher’s exact test indicated a statistically significant association between PPE use and onychomycosis (p = 0.033). Fungal isolates showing morphological characteristics consistent with Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were identified. However, as participants were partly selected based on nail discoloration and non-dermatophyte fungi were identified without repeat isolation criteria, these findings reflect suspected cases within the sampled population and should not be interpreted as population-level estimates or evidence of causal protection; future studies should employ more representative sampling strategies, validated measurement of PPE exposure, and adjustment for relevant confounding factors to improve inferential validity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Jalaludin, Jaova Layla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Salinity and Concentration of ACC-deaminase PGPR from Bidara Root on Chili Growth and Yield
Soil salinity is an escalating challenge in dryland agriculture, where rising electrical conductivity disrupts water balance and nutrient uptake. These stresses stimulate excessive ethylene production, which suppresses root growth and reduces overall plant vigor. Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with ACC deaminase activity offer a promising mitigation strategy by degrading ACC, the ethylene precursor, thereby helping plants maintain growth under saline conditions. This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ACC deaminase producing bacteria isolated from Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) roots on chili (Capsicum annum L.) growth under graded salinity stress. Bacterial cultures were harvested at OD₆₀₀ = 0.8 and applied at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mL/L) to chili seedlings exposed to four salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 8 dS/m). Growth parameters—including plant height, leaf number, biomass, and root development—were measured to assess physiological responses. Results showed that increasing salinity progressively reduced plant growth, with substantial inhibition observed at 8 dS/m. In contrast, bacterial application significantly improved plant performance across all salinity levels, and the 20 mL/L concentration consistently produced the greatest enhancement. The improved growth is attributed to enhanced root system function and chlorophyl concentration. These findings highlight the essential role of ACC deaminase producing bacteria in mitigating salinity stress in chili cultivation under dryland conditions and underscore the importance of optimizing bacterial concentration to maximize their beneficial effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Safinatun Naja, Aluh Nikmatullah, Ni Made Laksmi Ernawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Structure of Rhopalocera Butterflies in The Sendang Gile Waterfall Area, North Lombok
Butterflies of the suborder Rhopalocera play an important ecological role as pollinators and bioindicators of environmental quality. The Sendang Gile Waterfall area, North Lombok, contains diverse habitats that potentially support a high diversity of butterfly species, yet information on their community structure remains limited. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the community structure of Rhopalocera butterflies in the area. The research was conducted from April to May 2026 at four observation sites using a survey method. Butterflies were collected using sweep nets and identified based on morphological characteristics. Community structure was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), Pielou evenness index (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). A total of 1,207 individuals representing 31 species from six families were recorded. Pieridae was the most abundant family, followed by Nymphalidae and Papilionidae, whereas Riodinidae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae were represented by relatively few individuals. The waterfall site showed the highest diversity (H′ = 2.73) and evenness (E = 0.91), while Gate 1 had the lowest diversity (H′ = 2.10) and evenness (E = 0.67). Dominance values at all observation sites were low (D < 0.5). These results indicate that the Rhopalocera butterfly community in the Sendang Gile Waterfall area is relatively stable, with moderate to high species diversity, high evenness, and low dominance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurrifta Zaitun, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, I Putu Artayasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Red Onion Peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer and NPK Fertilizer on Chlorophyll Content and Vegetative Growth of Kangkung Darat (Iphomoea reptans Poir)
This study aimed to determine the effect of red onion peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, and their interaction on the chlorophyll content and vegetative growth of Kangkung Darat. The research used a completely randomized design factorial with two factors: Liquid Organic Fertilizer dosage (0, 10, 20, 30 ml) and NPK dosage (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g). Four nitrogen rates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose) and two phosphorus rates (50% and 100% of the recommended dose), each replicated three times, were used in the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design experiment, which was carried out in Rembige Village, Mataram City, between February and April of 2026. Analysis of variance and the Honestly Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level were used to evaluate the data. At 42 and 49 days following planting, nitrogen had a substantial impact on both the number of bulbs per clump and plant height. While the interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus had a substantial impact on leaf chlorophyll content, phosphorus had a considerable impact on bulb number, bulb diameter, and fresh bulb weight. This study concludes that the application of red onion peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer can complement or optimize the efficiency of NPK fertilizer, reducing environmental reliance on chemical inputs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raudatul Jannah, Ahmad Raksun, Gde Cahyadi Wirajagad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Growth and Yield under Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization in Former Long Bean Fields
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is a high-value horticultural crop whose productivity depends on adequate nutrient availability and fertilizer management. Former yardlong bean land has the potential to improve fertilizer efficiency through residual nitrogen derived from biological nitrogen fixation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates and their interaction on the growth and yield of shallot cultivated on former yardlong bean land. Four nitrogen rates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose) and two phosphorus rates (50% and 100% of the recommended dose), each replicated three times, were used in the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design experiment, which was carried out in Rembige Village, Mataram City, between February and April of 2026. Analysis of variance and the Honestly Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level were used to evaluate the data. At 42 and 49 days following planting, nitrogen had a substantial impact on both the number of bulbs per clump and plant height. While the interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus had a substantial impact on leaf chlorophyll content, phosphorus had a considerable impact on bulb number, bulb diameter, and fresh bulb weight. The combination of 75–100% recommended nitrogen and 100% recommended phosphorus produced the best growth and yield, indicating that former yardlong bean land can enhance fertilizer use efficiency in shallot cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miftahul Jannah, Anjar Pranggawan Azhari, Afifah Farida Jufri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Decoction Extract Spray as a Botanical Insecticide against House Flies (Musca domestica)
The housefly (Musca domestica) is a mechanical vector for various infectious diseases, the control of which is still dominated by synthetic pesticides. This study aims to formulate and test the efficacy of a spray preparation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf aqueous extract with variations in concentration (F1: 20%, F2: 40%, and F3: 60%) against housefly mortality. The experimental design used three replications for each treatment, utilizing a total of 120 houseflies, with 10 flies placed in each test container. A negative control group was included to ensure validity. Observations were conducted every 10 minutes over a 1-hour exposure period, and the collected data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that an increase in extract concentration was directly proportional to the speed and rate of fly mortality. The negative control showed no mortality (0.00%). The F1 formulation resulted in an average mortality of 43.33%, while F2 and F3 demonstrated very high efficacy at 86.66% and 90.00%, respectively. Based on the killing speed, F3 recorded the highest cumulative mortality within the first 10 minutes (17 flies) compared to F2 (8 flies) and F1 (2 flies). The 40% (F2) and 60% (F3) concentration papaya leaf extract spray preparations possess potential and environmentally friendly insecticidal activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kiki Arianti Agustin, Surahmaida Surahmaida, Floreta Fiska Yuliarni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response Fruit Flies to Methyl Eugenol Trap Heights in Guava Orchards in Rawamerta, Karawang, West Java
Guava is a popular fruit commodity widely cultivated in Indonesia due to its refreshing taste and suitability for tropical climates. Several commonly cultivated guava varieties include water apple (Syzygium aqueum), crystal guava (Psidium guajava), and Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense). During its cultivation, guava crops often face constraints from fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) infestations, which can diminish both the quality and quantity of the harvest. Conventional control practiced by farmers typically involves wrapping the fruit in plastic; however, this method is considered inefficient and potentially increases plastic waste. Therefore, eco-friendly control alternatives are required, such as the utilization of attractant traps. This study aimed to determine the most effective attractant trap height for capturing fruit flies. The research employed a single-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five trap height treatments: P1 (100 cm), P2 (150 cm), P3 (200 cm), P4 (250 cm), and P5 (300 cm) above ground level, with five replications each. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level if significant differences were observed. The results indicated that the different trap heights significantly affected the number of fruit flies captured. The 300 cm trap height treatment yielded the highest catch, with a total of 521 fruit flies. Furthermore, five Bactrocera species were identified among the trapped population: Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera kandiensis, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera occipitalis, with Bactrocera carambolae being the most dominant species. Key words: Attractant, fruit flies, guava, trap height
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabilla Yusran Apriliyana, Siti Latifatus Siriyah, Nurcahyo Widyodaru Saputro, Febrina Herawani, Slamet Abadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Gastropoda in the Intertidal Zone of Tanjung Pinggir Beach, Batam City
The intertidal zone is a coastal ecosystem with high biological productivity that supports various benthic organisms, including gastropoda. Increasing anthropogenic activities in coastal areas may influence the composition and community structure of gastropoda as ecological indicators. This study aimed to analyze the species composition, density, and community structure of gastropoda in the intertidal zone of Tanjung Pinggir Beach, Batam City. The research was conducted in April 2026 using a survey method with line transect–quadrat techniques at five sampling stations. We laid out a single, 50-m long transect perpendicular to the shoreline at each site. Quadrats were placed every 10 m along this line, which resulted in five sampling units per station (n = 6 quadrats). Gastropod samples were identified morphologically, while data analyses included species composition, density, diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index. The results showed that 42 gastropod species belonging to 5 orders and 17 families were identified, with Caenogastropoda and Neogastropoda as the dominant orders. The highest gastropod density was recorded at Station 4 (5.88 ind./m²), while the lowest was found at Station 1 (0.96 ind./m²). Relative density analysis indicated that Batillaria zonalis and Batillaria attramentaria were the dominant species across most stations. Diversity and evenness indices were categorized as moderate to high, whereas the dominance index was low, indicating a relatively stable community structure. Overall, the intertidal ecosystem of Tanjung Pinggir Beach remains ecologically supportive for gastropod communities. Sustainable coastal management is recommended to minimize future anthropogenic pressures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadani Fitra, Witri Winanda, Wardatul Aini, Khairul Anwar, Mona Fathia, Hansen Fandy Winata http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between BRCA1 Expression Status and Breast Cancer Metastasis Index (cM) in West Nusa Tenggara
Breast cancer remains a major cause of mortality among Indonesian women, with metastasis as its primary prognostic determinant. Although BRCA1 is a key tumor suppressor involved in genomic stability, its association with the breast cancer metastasis index in Indonesian patients remains limited. This research was designed to evaluate the association between BRCA1 expression and breast cancer metastasis index (cM), as well as differences in BRCA1 expression across metastasis categories. A cross-sectional observational study design was employed using 32 samples selected by purposive sampling, consisting of medical records and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks obtained from Pathology Anatomy Laboratory of the NTB provincial hospital. BRCA1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Bivariate analysis between variables was performed using the Fisher’s Exact test. Of 32 patients, 78.1% were classified as cM1. No significant association was identified between BRCA1 expression and metastasis index (p = 0.394), although low BRCA1 expression was descriptively more frequent in metastatic cases. BRCA1 expression alone is not an independent determinant of metastasis in breast cancer patients in NTB. This suggests that metastasis is multifactorial. Studies with larger samples and additional biomarkers such as hormonal receptors, proliferation index, and metastasis-related proteins are suggested to investigate the metastatic risk in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alia, Rizka Vidya Lestari, Yan Adhitya Kusuma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Characterization of White Turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) Extract as a Candidate Natural Immunostimulant for Aquatic Organisms
The increasing intensity of aquaculture practices has elevated the risk of disease outbreaks, which may negatively affect aquaculture productivity. The use of natural products containing bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for improving the health status of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical constituents of white turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) extract to identify bioactive compounds with potential applications as natural immunostimulants in fish feed. The extraction process was carried out using 250 g of white turmeric powder by the maceration method. The resulting extract was subsequently filtered, concentrated using a rotary evaporator, and subjected to phytochemical screening based on colorimetric assays. Phytochemical analysis revealed that white turmeric tested positive for the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The findings indicate that white turmeric extract has considerable potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for incorporation into fish feed formulations. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate its effects on immune responses, growth performance, and disease resistance in aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalin Ulaan, Numisye I. Mose, Yeni Indriani, Jetti T. Saselah, Yessi A. P Manganang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Suitability of Physical Elements and Visual Landscape Aesthetics in Mataram City Parks: A Scenic Beauty Estimation Approach
its vision of a harmonious, safe, welcoming, outstanding, and self-reliant city. The utilization of Green Open Spaces (GOS) plays a crucial role in improving quality of life, supporting environmental sustainability, fostering social interaction, and providing support for small and medium-sized enterprises to grow. This study aims to: 1) analyze the suitability of these spaces based on the principles of a sustainable city at Mayura Park, Udayana Park, and Sangkareang Park; 2) analyze the aesthetic quality of Mayura Park, Udayana Park, and Sangkareang Park. Using a deductive approach with quantitative research methods, this study examined Mayura, Udayana, and Sangkareang Parks as samples of Mataram’s urban parks and found that elements such as vegetation, biodiversity, microclimate, activity variety, sociocultural facilities, accessibility, and nature-based tourism activities align with the concept of sustainable cities. However, aspects related to water management, the utilization of renewable resources, cultural identity, comfort, safety, cleanliness, and economic activities still do not meet the expected criteria. Mayura and Sangkareang Parks demonstrate a moderate level of compliance, while Udayana Park exhibits a high level of compliance. Overall, the suitability of Mataram’s urban parks is still considered moderate, so efforts are needed to improve their quality so that Mataram can become a sustainable, welcoming, and inclusive city.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tegar Djulfiqar Rafif, Niechi Valentino, Andrie Ridzki Prasetyo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stability of Encapsulated Vitamin C in Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF)-Based Composite Noodles
This study evaluated the effect of Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF) substitution on the stability of encapsulated vitamin C (ascorbic acid), crude fiber content, and color index of starch-based composite noodles. Vitamin C was encapsulated using a maltodextrin–CMC matrix (18.2:1.8%) via freeze-drying and incorporated into noodles with varying wheat-to-MOCAF ratios: MCF00 (100:0), MCF01 (90:10), MCF02 (70:30), and MCF03 (50:50). These were compared with Control 1 (unfortified) and Control 2 (fortified with non-encapsulated vitamin C). Encapsulation significantly improved vitamin C retention, reaching 0.32–0.38 mg/g, approximately twofold higher than the non-encapsulated control (0.15 mg/g). Thermal processing caused a marked decline in the Modified Noodle Color Index (NCIm) of Control 2 (62.67 to 51.44), likely due to Maillard-like browning reactions. In contrast, noodles with encapsulated vitamin C maintained a stable color (NCIm 61.06 to 63.44). Increasing MOCAF substitution significantly enhanced crude fiber content (up to 4.97% in MCF03) and improved noodle lightness (L*). Overall, the maltodextrin–CMC system effectively protected vitamin C from thermal degradation, regardless of starch matrix variation. Further studies are recommended to investigate shelf-life stability and in vitro release of vitamin C in the gastrointestinal tract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Resti Pranata Putri, Nadiyah Zuhroh, Nadhifah Al Indis, Annisa'U Choirun, Amellia Dwi Rizkyana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of Dragonfly Diversity in Sendang Gile Waterfall and its Development as Local Potential-Based Biology Learning
This study aimed to inventory the dragonfly species inhabiting the Sendang Gile Waterfall area, evaluate their diversity, and develop the findings into a local biodiversity-based biology learning resource for senior high school students. A descriptive exploratory approach was employed using a sweep net sampling method along three observation transects. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), evenness index (E), and dominance index (C). The research findings were subsequently developed into a biology booklet and evaluated through expert validation involving material and media specialists. A total of 364 dragonfly individuals representing 12 species from five families were recorded. Euphaea lara lombokensis was the most abundant species, accounting for 119 individuals. The overall Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′ = 1.81) indicated a moderate level of species diversity, accompanied by a relatively balanced species distribution and low dominance. The developed booklet obtained an average validation score of 90.09%, indicating that it was highly valid and suitable for educational use. These findings demonstrate that the Sendang Gile Waterfall area supports a moderately diverse dragonfly community and that the developed booklet can serve as an effective local biodiversity-based learning resource for biology education in senior high schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Susilawati, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, I Putu Artayasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seagrass Community Structure in the Coastal Waters of Pandanan Sekotong Barat, West Lombok
Seagrass ecosystems play a crucial role in marine environments, particularly in supporting coastal biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. The coastal waters of Pandanan Beach are ecologically vital but potentially exposed to anthropogenic pressures such as boat mooring and local foraging ("madak") activities. This study aimed to identify the species composition and analyze the community structure, including density, diversity, dominance, and coverage of seagrass in coastal waters at Pandanan Beach. Data collection were conducted using a quadrate transect method across three distinct transects. The results showed that a total of 7 seagrass species were identified, namely Cymodocea rotundata, C. serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila decipiens, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Thalassia hemprichii. The overall community structure of the seagrass was relatively stable and healthy, characterized by a mean total density of 163 ind/m² and an average canopy coverage of 52.28%. The species diversity index (H' = 1.65) fell into moderate category, supported by a low dominance index (D = 0.22), indicating an even distribution of species across the habitat. These findings suggest that despite ongoing human activities, the seagrass ecosystem in the coastal waters at Pandanan Beach remains in a resilient and healthy condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulida Suryatni, Didik Santoso, Lalu Japa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Level of Damage Caused by the Sweetpotato Weevil (Cylas formicarius) Attack on Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Under Two Mulch Treatments
The sweetpotato weevil (Cylas spp.) is one of the major pests of sweet potato that can reduce both the quality and quantity of yield, as it attacks not only the tubers but also acts as a stem borer. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulch application on the attack intensity of Cylas spp. on purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), to examine the distribution pattern of pest populations on tubers and stems, and to analyze the relationship between pest population and the resulting attack intensity. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three treatments, namely control (F0), plastic mulch (F1), and straw mulch (F2), each replicated nine times, resulting in 27 experimental units. The results showed that the application of different types of mulch did not significantly affect the attack intensity of the sweetpotato weevil. Nevertheless, the straw mulch treatment produced the lowest attack intensity at 4.07%, followed by the control at 4.99%, and plastic mulch at 5.13%, with all treatments classified under the mild attack category (intensity below 10%). Cylas populations were found attacking both tubers and stems, with the highest population recorded in the control treatment (10.33 individuals on tubers and 5.00 individuals on stems), followed by straw mulch (4.33 and 2.56 individuals), and the lowest in plastic mulch (3.67 and 0.78 individuals). Pest populations on tubers were consistently higher than on stems, indicating that tubers are the primary target of adult Cylas spp. attack. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between pest population and attack intensity, although classified as weak, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.314, indicating that an increase in pest population tends to be followed by an increase in attack intensity, although not consistently strong.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Madiah Syafira, Bambang Supeno, Irwan Muthahanas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0