Jurnal Biologi Tropis
type: channel
description: Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id
publisher: Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
language: en-US
publication name: Jurnal Biologi Tropis
issn: 1411-9587
copyright: Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles. Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
items: Screening of Pulmonary Function and Hs-CRP as Biological Responses to Dust Exposure and Industrial Work Environment among Crusher Workers
items: Immunotherapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases: A Literature Review
items: Literature Review: The Potential of Local Alternative Feeds for Sustainable Pig Farming in Tana Toraja
items: Diversity of Predatory Arthropods on Sweet Corn (Zea Mays L. Saccharata Sturt) in Telagawaru West Lombok
items: Vegetation Analysis and Tree Architecture Model at the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum
items: The Effect of Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria on Expired Cosmetics: A Literature Review
items: Relationship Between Salivary pH and Candida albicans Growth in Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus
items: Understanding Lung Abscess: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
items: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Etiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis
items: Toxicity Test of Methanol Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves on Instar III Larvae (Bactrocera spp)
items: Formulation and Evaluation of the Physical Properties of Anti-Acne Cream Containing Methanol Extract of Ashitaba Herb (Angelica keiskei)
items: Comparison of Candida albicans Colonies in Saliva of Elderly with and Without Diabetes
items: Application of pH and TDS Sensors in NFT Hydroponic Systems to Increase the Growth Quantity of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)
items: Cerebral Palsy: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
items: Exploration of Acid-Tolerant Bacteria for Cellulose Production from Fruit Waste
items: Antibacterial Activity of Sumbawa Forest Honey (Apis dorsata) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BA1705
items: The Relationship Between Stress Levels and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students in the 2024/2025 Academic Year at Universitas Advent Indonesia
items: Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Sago Population in Meranti Islands Based on Morphological Characteristics and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and matK Marker
items: Characterization and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Spontanoiusly Fermented Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Fruits on Lombok Island
items: Antibacterial Activity Test of Various Ethanol Solvent Concentrations Extract of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii
items: Comparison of Fermentation Using MA 11 and EM4 on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Straw
items: The Effect of Nanocurcumin Particle Sizes on the Inhibitory Potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
items: The Relationship Between Instagram Social Media Use and Mental Health of Adolescent Females at Rajawali Health Vocational School
items: The Effect of Onggok Fermentation Duration Using Probio on Physical Quality and Dry Materials
items: Case Study of Colon in Loop Radiography Technique in Clinical Malignant Neoplasma in The Radiology Installation of ‘Aisyiyah Ponorogo Hospital
items: The Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Blood Pressure in 7th Semester Students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia
items: A Mixture of Herbal Gel Formulation and Evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli for Wound Healing
items: The Relationship Between Knowledge Level and Professional Students' Attitudes Towards Occupational Health and Safety (K3) in The Operating Room
items: The Effect of Various Types of Ameliorants on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)
items: The Role of Molecular Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Brain Infections
items: Immunobiology and Molecular Approaches to Myasthenic Crisis in the Context of Tropical Biology
items: Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Ointment Containing Ageratum conyzoides L. Leaf Extract as a Herbal Medicine
items: Potential of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Flower Ethanol Extract as an Anti-Bacterial for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Urinary Tract Infection Patients
items: Ethanol Extract Concentrations of Anredera cordifolia, Aloe vera and Centella asiatica L. Leaves as Staphylococcus aureus Growth Inhibitor
items: Literature Review: The Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Stress
items: Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus In Vitro
items: Cell-Free Therapeutic Mechanisms of AD-MSC Secretome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Literature Review
items: Diverticulitis: A Literature Review
items: Formulation and Physical Stability of Ointment Preparation Ethanol Extract of Piper betle L
items: Clinical Status Asthmaticus as a Respiratory Emergency: Management in Pediatric and Adult Populations
items: Description of Level of Knowledge of Teenagers About Impact of Electric Cigarettes on Health in High School Students in Ambon City
items: Antibacterial Effectiveness Test of Ethanol Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Against the Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
items: Impact of Coma Duration on Functional Outcomes After Septic Encephalopathy: A Literature Review
items: Bridging the Gap Between Nutritional Knowledge and Iron Intake Adequacy in Medical Students
items: Analysis of Nursing Students' Knowledge Level Regarding Correct Patient Identification
items: The Effect of Tongka Langit Banana Juice on Morphological Abnormalities Spermatozoa in Mice (Mus musculus) Infected by Plasmodium berghei
items: Literature Review: Immunopathobiology of AIDS-related Kaposi’s Sarcoma
items: The Effect of Nanocurcumin Size Inhibitory Effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
items: Identification and Evaluation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Collagen Milk as Potential Probiotic Candidates
items: Literature Review: Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Male Carica papaya L. Flower
items: Development of a Topical Gel Preparation with Joastic Plant (Jatropha curcas L) Leaf Extract and White Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) as Anti-Inflammatory
items: Relationship Between Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Laryngeal Histopathology in Rattus novergicus Rats
items: Development of Game-Based Educational Media to Increase Knowledge About Anemia in Adolescent Girls in Coastal Areas
items: Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Lip Balm Using Aloe Vera Gel
items: The Effect of Variations in Babadotan Leaf Extract Concentration (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on the Physical Properties and Stability of Topical Gel Preparations as an Anti-Inflammatory
items: Biomechanics of Flexion and Extension Spinal Injury: A Study of AOSpine Thoracolumbar Fracture Type B
items: Article Review: Development of a new type of TB vaccine as a replacement for the BCG vaccine
items: Differences in Stress Levels Before and After Deep Breathing Relaxation Techniques Were Given to Nursing Students
items: Cerebral Stroke Secondary to Decompression Ilness (DCI): Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management
items: Future Acne Therapy MSC Secretome as an Antimicrobial Agent: Literature Review
items: Chemical Characteristics of Snack bar from Grain Germinated Rice Flour with Added Penja Fish Flour
items: Phenomenon of Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents Aged 10 to 18 Years in Parongpong District
items: DNA Barcoding Analysis Areca Nut from Riau Based on matk Gene
items: Analysis of matK and trnL-trnF Intergenic Spacer on Pandan (Benstonea sp.) From Kualu Village, Riau Province, Indonesia
items: Analysis of Fingerprint Patterns and Axial Triradius Digital Angles in Mentawai Children
items: Probiotic Gummies for Improving Gut Microbiota and Nutritional Status in Stunted Children: A Narrative Review
items: Enhanced Antihyperglycemic Potential of Rhizophora mucronata Leaf Extract Nanoparticles as a Natural Therapeutic Agent
items: Antibacterial Activity of Quinoline Alkaloids from Cinchona ledgeriana Cell Suspension Cultures Againts Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
items: Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from California Papaya and Antibacterial Activity as a Potential Starter Culture
items: Management of Respiratory Emergencies and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Literature Review on COVID-19
items: HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Literature Review
items: Description of Interprofessional Collaboration Between Pharmacists and Doctors in Management of TBC Patients in Community Health Lombok Island

Screening of Pulmonary Function and Hs-CRP as Biological Responses to Dust Exposure and Industrial Work Environment among Crusher Workers
type: item
description: The packaging industry plays an essential role in the economy, involving various activities such as material crushing. Without proper control measures, workers in this sector are at risk of developing health problems, particularly those affecting lung function. Employees in the crusher area are continuously exposed to dust and airborne pollutants generated during the crushing process, which may lead to long-term respiratory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aims to assess the lung function status of workers in the crusher area of a packaging industry and to analyze factors influencing respiratory health through basic pulmonary examinations and infection detection using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) tests. Lung function was evaluated using spirometry, and hs-CRP levels were measured from blood serum samples. The study involved 30 workers who worked approximately 40 hours per week. The results showed that 22 workers (73.3%) had normal lung function, while 8 workers (26.7%) experienced mild restriction. Meanwhile, hs-CRP examination revealed that 17 workers (56.7%) had elevated hs-CRP levels, and 13 workers (43.3%) were within the normal range.
creator: Alfi Maulana
creator: Abdul Rahim Tualeka
creator: Aini Aini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alfi Maulan, Abdul Rahim Tualeka, Aini Aini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-02
publication date: 2025-11-02
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10493

Immunotherapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are major global health problems associated with high morbidity and mortality. Both conditions share overlapping immunopathogenic mechanisms characterized by hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune activation. This review aims to summarize recent advances in identifying immunotherapeutic targets for ALD and NAFLD. Key immune pathways involved include activation of Kupffer cells, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), which promote hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. Emerging therapeutic strategies focus on inhibiting inflammasomes, modulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, targeting chemokine receptors (CCR2/CCR5), enhancing IL-22-mediated regeneration, and restoring gut-liver axis balance through probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation. Furthermore, agents acting on metabolic immune cross talk, such as PPAR and FXR agonists, have shown promising outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. Overall, immunotherapeutic approaches offer a promising avenue for mitigating liver inflammation and fibrosis. Continued exploration of these targets may lead to effective, individualized therapies for chronic liver disease.
creator: Felya Evelina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Felya Evelina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 9
ending page: 20
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10480

Literature Review: The Potential of Local Alternative Feeds for Sustainable Pig Farming in Tana Toraja
type: item
description: Pig farming in Tana Toraja, Indonesia, plays a crucial role in both food security and socio-cultural traditions. However, the rising cost of commercial feed poses a significant challenge for farmers, driving the need for affordable alternative feed sources. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of locally available alternative feed sources in Tana Toraja, focusing on cassava peels, banana stems, and sweet potato leaves, to provide a sustainable and affordable solution for pig farmers in the region. The study was conducted through a systematic analysis of scientific literature to assess the nutritional composition, benefits, and limitations of these alternative feeds. The results indicate that incorporating these local resources can enhance the nutritional profile of pig feed, leading to improved average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, their utilization can promote better gut health, which supports growth performance. Nevertheless, the use of these local feeds faces various challenges, including the presence of anti-nutritional factors, high crude fiber content, and low crude protein levels, which are crucial for pig growth. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of using appropriate processing methods, as well as supplementing enzymes and specific compounds to optimize the nutritional value of these local feeds. This review is essential as a comprehensive reference for pig farmers in Tana Toraja to utilize local alternative feeds to overcome high feed costs while supporting environmental sustainability by utilizing agricultural waste.
creator: Fitha Febrilia Ruli
creator: Besse Khalidatunnisa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fitha Febrilia Ruli, Besse Khalidatunnisa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 21
ending page: 29
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10336

Diversity of Predatory Arthropods on Sweet Corn (Zea Mays L. Saccharata Sturt) in Telagawaru West Lombok
type: item
description: Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) is an important crop in Indonesia but remains vulnerable to pest attacks that lower its productivity. Excessive reliance on chemical pesticides raises environmental and resistance concerns. This study aims to explore the diversity of predatory insects as natural enemies of pests in sweet corn fields in Telagawaru Village, Labuapi Sub-district, West Lombok. The research was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025 in two cultivation sites. A descriptive method using field surveys and laboratory identification was applied. Observations were carried out using purposive sampling within five 5×5 m blocks per field, at five intervals between 30–50 days after planting. Pitfall and yellow pan traps were used for 24-hour sampling. Data were analyzed using Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and dominance index (D). Results revealed 1,234 predator individuals from five orders, 19 families, and 31 genera. H’ was 1.909 (moderate), E was 0.2327 (low), and D was 0.2129 (low). It can be concluded that sweet corn fields in the study area have moderate predator diversity with low dominance. Further long-term monitoring is recommended to support ecological pest control strategies by understanding predator dynamics across environmental and agricultural factors.
creator: Sandrina Mayreva Utomo
creator: Hery Haryanto
creator: Aluh Nikmatullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sandrina Mayreva Utomo, Hery Haryanto, Aluh Nikmatullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 30
ending page: 39
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.9767

Vegetation Analysis and Tree Architecture Model at the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum
type: item
description: The Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum is a vegetation collection located in an area with arid and semi-arid climate characteristics. Understanding the vegetation composition and tree architecture model is important information for effective arboretum management and conservation planning in the East Nusa Tenggara region. This study aims to analyze the vegetation composition to determine the Importance Value Index (IVI) at various growth phases and to identify the dominant tree architecture models in the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Arboretum.Vegetation data collection was conducted using the line transect method, covering the seedling to tree phases. The data were analyzed using INP calculations, while tree architecture models were analyzed descriptively and exploratively based on tropical tree architecture references. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that dominant species such as Kirinyuh (Chromolaena adorata), Gewang (Corypha utan), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), and Jati Putih (Gmelina arborea) had the highest importance values in each growth phase, indicating high adaptability to dry land conditions. The most commonly found tree architecture model was the Troll Model (in 9 of 12 species), characterized by a broad and leafy canopy. The Attims and Rauh models were also found in several species with specific ecological functions. The dominance of adaptive species and the Troll Model indicate that the arboretum functions optimally as shade, windbreak, and erosion control, which are essential for ecological functions in drylands. This study provides important ecological baseline data for conservation management and sustainable green open space development in the semi-arid region of East Nusa Tenggara.
creator: Badia Roy Ricardo Nababan
creator: Mitha Rabhiyatul Nufus
creator: Darmawana Takoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Badia Roy Ricardo Nababan, Mitha Rabhiyatul Nufus, Darmawana Takoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 40
ending page: 48
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10421

The Effect of Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria on Expired Cosmetics: A Literature Review
type: item
description: The use of cosmetics has become a daily necessity for modern society, both for men and women. However, cosmetic products that have passed their expiration date have the potential to become a medium for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, one of which is Enterococcus faecalis. This gram-positive bacterium is capable of forming biofilms on the surface of cosmetics, thereby increasing its resistance to the host's immune system and various antibiotics. Contamination of expired cosmetics with Enterococcus faecalis can cause mild symptoms such as skin irritation, acne, and itching, as well as severe complications like meningitis and septicemia. Additionally, the antibiotic resistance possessed by this bacterium exacerbates clinical risks and complicates treatment. Therefore, understanding the dangers of using expired cosmetics is crucial for raising public awareness. Prevention can be achieved by paying attention to product shelf life, maintaining applicator hygiene, and avoiding the use of cosmetics that have passed their expiration date.
creator: Hasna Tazkia Aghni
creator: Nadya Armelisa Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hasna Tazkia Aghni, Nadya Armelisa Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 49
ending page: 54
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10325

Relationship Between Salivary pH and Candida albicans Growth in Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus
type: item
description: Candida albicans is the most dominant Candida species found in the oral cavity, this fungus will turn into a pathogen if there is excessive growth on the oral mucosa which is usually called oral candidiasis. Elderly people with diabetes mellitus have a higher vulnerability due to a weakened immune system that supports the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms. Low pH conditions in saliva can facilitate the growth of Candida albicans fungi, thereby causing pathogenic microorganisms to multiply more rapidly. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between salivary acid pH and the growth of Candida albicans fungi in elderly people with diabetes mellitus. The study used an analytical observational design, the sample used in this study were 24 elderly patient respondents with diabetes mellitus. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between salivary acid pH and the growth of Candida albicans fungi in elderly people with diabetes mellitus, which indicates that salivary pH can affect fungal colonization in the oral cavity. Acidic salivary pH conditions have the potential to significantly increase the number of Candida albicans colonies, thereby increasing the risk of oral candidiasis in people with diabetes mellitus.
creator: Alya Ernita Putri
creator: Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alya Ernita Putri, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 55
ending page: 63
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10389

Understanding Lung Abscess: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
type: item
description: Lung abscess is a pulmonary condition characterized by a localized collection of pus within lung tissue, usually caused by bacterial infection. It often occurs as a complication of pneumonia, aspiration, or in individuals with weakened immune systems. This literature review aims to discuss the definition, etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of lung abscess to provide a better understanding of this disease and its optimal treatment approach. The review was conducted based on recent literature and clinical guidelines related to lung abscess, including national and international sources such as the Indonesian Society of Pulmonologists (PDPI), WHO reports, and recent journal publications. Lung abscess is primarily caused by anaerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The main clinical features include fever, productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is established through clinical examination, sputum analysis, and radiological imaging such as chest X-ray or CT scan. The main treatment involves antibiotic therapy, followed by drainage or surgical procedures if no improvement occurs. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic use, with mortality rates ranging from 10–20%. Early recognition and proper management of lung abscess are essential to prevent complications such as empyema or bronchopleural fistula. Rational antibiotic use and supportive care remain the cornerstone of therapy, while surgical intervention is reserved for refractory cases.
creator: Lalu Gde Gilang Alid Hadinata
creator: Puja Rizkina Angelita
creator: Nindy Citra Lativa
creator: Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lalu Gde Gilang Alid Hadinata, Puja Rizkina Angelita, Nindy Citra Lativa, Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 64
ending page: 69
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10457

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Etiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis
type: item
description: The Philadelphia chromosome is a hallmark of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a hematopoietic stem cell disease caused by the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) that creates the oncogenic fusion gene BCR-ABL1, which persistently activates tyrosine kinase and encourages unchecked myeloid cell proliferation. This literature review aims to describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CML based on recent studies. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and official institutional websites using the keywords “Chronic Myeloid Leukemia,” “Philadelphia chromosome,” and “BCR-ABL1.” CML accounts for approximately 15–20% of all leukemia cases and progresses through three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene constitutively activates multiple oncogenic pathways, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and RAS/RAF, leading to enhanced proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Diagnosis is established through hematologic examination and molecular testing using PCR or FISH for BCR-ABL1 detection. The mainstay treatments include tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, with stem cell transplantation reserved for advanced cases. With early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, overall survival exceeds 80% at eight years. In conclusion, CML is a chronic hematologic malignancy driven by BCR-ABL1, and advances in molecular-targeted therapy have transformed it into a manageable chronic disease with significantly improved patient outcomes.
creator: Firdaus Kamma Patandianan
creator: Mielosita Hasanah
creator: Romy Healthy Mikaila
creator: Ihza Namira Athalia
creator: Lale Nubya Nitzana
creator: Fathinah Salsabila Hairy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Firdaus Kamma Patandianan, Mielosita Hasanah, Romy Healthy Mikaila, Ihza Namira Athalia, Lale Nubya Nitzana, Fathinah Salsabila Hairy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 70
ending page: 77
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10589

Toxicity Test of Methanol Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves on Instar III Larvae (Bactrocera spp)
type: item
description: Azadirachtin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids are some of the secondary metabolites found in neem leaves. These compounds have natural insecticidal activity and function as antifeedants or repellents to effectively inhibit the growth and development of insect pests. This study investigates the effects of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) as a natural pesticide on the mortality of fruit fly larvae (Bactrocera spp.) found in starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). We conducted experiments using various concentrations of neem leaf extract: 0%, 4%, 9%, 14%, 17%, and 19%. The fruit fly larvae were treated with the extract for 6 hours, and the mortality rates were subsequently observed. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between increasing concentrations of neem extract and higher larval mortality rates. The highest concentration of 19% resulted in a mortality rate of 95%. One-Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the extract on larval mortality (p < 0.05). The Tukey HSD test revealed significant differences in mortality rates between concentrations of 9% and above when compared to the control and lower concentrations. The LC50 value was calculated at 15.263%, indicating that neem leaf extract is effective as a larvicide. Neem leaf extract contains secondary metabolites such as azadirachtin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, which likely induce larval death through morphological damage to the digestive organs and head. This study concludes that neem leaf extract is a promising botanical pesticide for controlling fruit fly pests in starfruit.
creator: Sundus Sepia Almaheran
creator: I Putu Artayasa
creator: Syamsul Bahri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sundus Sepia Almaheran, I Putu Artayasa, Syamsul Bahri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-04
publication date: 2025-10-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 78
ending page: 87
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10626

Formulation and Evaluation of the Physical Properties of Anti-Acne Cream Containing Methanol Extract of Ashitaba Herb (Angelica keiskei)
type: item
description: Ashitaba herb contains flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are known to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, ashitaba has the potential to be developed into anti-acne preparations, one of which is cream. Creams have various advantages, namely the ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds better, provide better moisture, and have emollient and occlusive properties by forming a protective layer on the skin and maintaining skin hydration longer. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical properties of methanol extract cream preparations of ashitaba herb. The research method used was laboratory experimental. Ashitaba herb was extracted using the sonication method with 80% methanol solvent to produce a solid extract. The ashitaba herb's methanol extract was combined to create a cream preparation, and its physical characteristics such as homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and cream type were assessed. The physical property testing revealed that the cream preparation had a unique scent, a thick consistency, and a green hue. This resulted in a homogenous oil-in-water (O/W) type cream preparation with a pH of 6.29, viscosity of 37.050 cp, spreadability of 5.23 cm, and adhesion of 4.59 seconds. Thus, it can be said that the production of the methanol extract of ashitaba herb cream satisfies the requirements and has good physical qualities.
creator: Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati
creator: Dedianto Hidajat
creator: Wahida Hajrin
creator: Nisa Isneni Hanifa
creator: Mahacita Andanalusia
creator: Regina Tria Hidayati
creator: Alpa Alfi Rizki
creator: Prianggawe Prianggawe
creator: Muhammad Rafi Bintang Ramadhan
creator: Adila Rizkika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati, Dedianto Hidajat, Wahida Hajrin, Nisa Isneni Hanifa, Mahacita Andanalusia, Regina Tria Hidayati, Alpa Alfi Rizki, Prianggawe Prianggawe, Muhammad Rafi Bintang Ramadhan, Adila Rizkika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 88
ending page: 96
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10501

Comparison of Candida albicans Colonies in Saliva of Elderly with and Without Diabetes
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that not only affects systemic organs but also influences oral health by increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections such as oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. This condition is more pronounced among the elderly, whose immune functions naturally decline with age. This study aimed to compare the number of Candida albicans colonies in the saliva of elderly individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. An observational analytic study with a comparative cross-sectional design was conducted involving 32 elderly participants, consisting of 16 individuals with diabetes and 16 without. Saliva samples were collected using the passive drooling technique and cultured on CHROMagar-Candida medium for 48 hours at 37°C. The colony counts were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results showed that the elderly with diabetes mellitus had a significantly higher number of Candida albicans colonies compared to those without diabetes (p < 0.05). Diabetes mellitus increases the colonization of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of the elderly, likely due to hyperglycemia and age-related immune decline. Maintaining stable blood glucose levels and practicing good oral hygiene are essential preventive measures to reduce the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in this population.
creator: Angabaya Dera Sumba Tanaya
creator: Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Angabaya Dera Sumba Tanaya, Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 97
ending page: 103
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10383

Application of pH and TDS Sensors in NFT Hydroponic Systems to Increase the Growth Quantity of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)
type: item
description: Pakcoy is a type of vegetable widely used as a staple food or as a complementary dish; however, its production in Indonesia tends to be unstable. This study aimed to improve the growth of pakcoy using an NFT hydroponic system equipped with IoT-based pH and TDS sensors. The research was conducted at Alfi Hydroponik Padang and the Biology Department Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, from June to September 2025, using a completely randomized design with 2 treatments, each consisting of 9 replications. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test in SPSS at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the use of sensors was significantly more effective than manual methods, with average plant height of 25.889 cm, 19.44 leaves, leaf area of 503.117 cm², fresh weight of 89.224 g, and dry weight of 48.474 g. These results indicate that the application of IoT-based pH and TDS sensors can enhance the growth of pakcoy in a hydroponic system.
creator: Lastri Pertiwi
creator: Resti Fevria
creator: Vauzia Vauzia
creator: Azwir Anhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lastri Pertiwi, Resti Fevria, Vauzia Vauzia, Azwir Anhar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 104
ending page: 111
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10418

Cerebral Palsy: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
type: item
description: Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neuromotor disorder and the leading cause of motor disability in children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to examine the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cerebral palsy based on recent scientific literature. This article includes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA method and selected 15 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the systematic literature review were obtained risk factors for cerebral palsy include intrauterine infection, preeclampsia, premature birth, asphyxia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and hyperbilirubinemia. These risk factors can disrupt neurogenesis and brain maturation, leading to structural and functional damage to the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy include impaired muscle tone, abnormal reflexes, and postural deformities, classified as spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic, and assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The diagnosis of cerebral palsy is established through evaluation of the clinical history, neurological/motor examination, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. Cerebral palsy management aims to improve functionality, ability, and health in movement, cognition, social interaction, and independence. Non-pharmacological management focuses on physiotherapy and occupational therapy to improve motor skills, reduce spasticity, and support independence. The mainstay of pharmacotherapy in cerebral palsy management uses systemic medications that are symptom-based and directed at specific movement disorders.
creator: Ida Ayu Andara Damayanti
creator: I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira
creator: Syabila Andini
creator: Hanum Retno Hanifah
creator: I Made Danuarta Wiguna
creator: Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari
creator: Khansa Aulia Sabrina
creator: Andi Husnul Khotimah
creator: Shira Putri Wardana
creator: Rifqi Rizqullah
creator: Muhammad Haikal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ida Ayu Andara Damayanti, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira, Syabila Andini, Hanum Retno Hanifah, I Made Danuarta Wiguna, Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari, Khansa Aulia Sabrina, Andi Husnul Khotimah, Shira Putri Wardana, Rifqi Rizqullah, Muhammad Haikal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 112
ending page: 122
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10564

Exploration of Acid-Tolerant Bacteria for Cellulose Production from Fruit Waste
type: item
description: Bacterial cellulose is a natural biomaterial synthesized by certain bacterial species by producing protofibril threads that bind together to form strands of cellulose fibers or membranes. Bacterial cellulose has been widely used in various industrial fields, including biomedical such as wound dressings, the textile industry as a raw material for clothing, and the food industry for the manufacture of nata de coco. To support this industrial application, it is necessary to characterization of bacterial cellulose to increase the efficiency and quality of the production process. Therefore, this study aims to characterize bacterial cellulose produced by acid-fast bacteria isolated from fruit waste. This research involved the isolation, purification and characterization of cellulose producing bacteria. The result showed that acid-tolerant bacteria that were successfully isolated were 23. Purification and screening of bacteria that have the potential to produce cellulose obtained 6 isolates, namely SB 6, SB 13, SB 19, SB 20, SB 21, and SB 23. Macroscopic observation found that all bacteria have a circular colony, entire colony edge, shiny colony surface, convex elevation shape, while the colony color is different, SB 6 is yellowish cream, SB 13, 19, 23 cream, SB 20 orangeish cream, and SB 21 white. Macroscopic identification found that all isolates have Gram-negative types, and red cell color, for SB 6 cell shape is round and SB 13, 19, 20, 21, 23 bacilli (rods). The results of biochemical tests of cellulose-producing acid-resistant bacteria are all positive in the catalase test, Simmons Citrate test and carbohydrate fermentation test. The Indole test and Voges Proskauer test obtained negative test results on all isolates. The starch hydrolysis test was only positive on SB 21. The gelatin hydrolysis test was positive on isolates SB 6, 20, 21, 23, negative on isolates SB 13 and SB 19. The motility test for SB 6, 13, 19, 21 was positive, for SB 23 it was negative. The Methyl…
creator: Auliyya Intan Mellaniy Arifin
creator: Kristanti Indah Purwani
creator: Endry Nugroho Prasetyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Auliyya Intan Mellaniy Arifin, Kristanti Indah Purwani, Endry Nugroho Prasetyo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 123
ending page: 131
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10381

Antibacterial Activity of Sumbawa Forest Honey (Apis dorsata) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BA1705
type: item
description: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterium often associated with antibiotic resistance, necessitating the investigation of natural antibacterial alternatives. Honey is recognized for its bioactive ingredients that possess antibacterial properties. This research sought to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Sumbawa forest honey (Apis dorsata) against K. pneumoniae ATCC BA1705 by inhibition zone test. A laboratory experiment was performed using the well diffusion technique. K. pneumoniae suspensions (McFarland 0.5) were injected onto Mueller Hinton Agar. Wells (Ø 6 mm) were filled with 100 µL of honey at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Tetracycline (1 µg/µL) acted as the positive control, while distilled water functioned as the negative control. Plates were incubated at 35±2°C for a duration of 18 to 24 hours. Inhibition zones were quantified using a caliper, and each experiment was conducted in sextuplicate. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. No inhibitory zones were found at 25% and 50% concentrations (0 mm). Antibacterial activity was seen at 75% concentration, yielding a mean diameter of 10.33±SD mm, and raised to 100% concentration, resulting in a mean diameter of 11.33±SD mm. Tetracycline generated a 26 mm inhibitory zone, while distilled water exhibited none (0 mm). The conclusion is Sumbawa forest honey exhibits concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, with moderate inhibition at concentrations ≥75%. Although less effective than tetracycline, these findings support the potential role of honey as a complementary antibacterial agent.
creator: Lania Pradiva Untari
creator: Eustachius Hagni Wardoyo
creator: Bayu Tirta Dirja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lania Pradiva Untari, Eustachius Hagni Wardoyo, Bayu Tirta Dirja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 132
ending page: 138
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10159

The Relationship Between Stress Levels and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students in the 2024/2025 Academic Year at Universitas Advent Indonesia
type: item
description: Academic stress is one of the psychological factors often experienced by students during higher education. Task pressure, academic demands, and adaptation to the learning environment can affect students' emotional well-being and academic performance. This condition needs to be studied because uncontrolled stress can reduce motivation and concentration in learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress levels and the academic performance of undergraduate nursing students in the 2024/2025 academic year at Advent University Indonesia. This study used a quantitative method with a correlational analytical design and a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 77 students selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaire to measure stress levels, while academic performance data was obtained from the Grade Point Average (GPA). The results of the Pearson correlation test showed a significance value of 0.479 and a correlation coefficient of -0.082, which means that there is no significant relationship between stress levels and academic performance. Thus, it can be concluded that stress is not the only factor that affects student learning achievement, as other factors such as motivation, social support, and the academic environment also play a role. The conclusion is that there is no relationship between stress levels and student academic achievement.
creator: Inesti Febrianti Gea
creator: Debilly Yuan Boyoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Inesti Febrianti Gea, Debilly Yuan Boyoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 139
ending page: 146
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10676

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Sago Population in Meranti Islands Based on Morphological Characteristics and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and matK Marker
type: item
description: Sago is an iconic agricultural commodity from the Meranti Islands region. Sago plantations cover 40,386 hectares. Diverse production yields and morphological differences in sago populations indicate high genetic diversity. This study aims to identify sago plants in the Meranti Islands and classify them based on similarities in morphological traits and DNA analysis. DNA analysis was carried out using SCoT and MatK markers. The research stages included sample collection, total DNA isolation, total DNA electrophoresis, total DNA amplification with SCoT and MatK primers, and data analysis. The results showed that based on morphological traits, sago populations in the Meranti Islands consist of three groups: BB, TB, and BJ. The dendrogram generated from the analysis of binary data SCoT using the UPGMA method and MatK analysis using BLAST in Genebank showed that these three groups are distinct and have different similarity coefficients. The BB group has a higher similarity coefficient with the BJ group compared to the TB group. There is no high genetic variation within these groups due to vegetative propagation of sago.
creator: Pradnya Paramita
creator: Deviona Deviona
creator: Herman Herman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pradnya Paramita, Deviona Deviona, Herman Herman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-07
publication date: 2025-11-07
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 147
ending page: 158
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10624

Characterization and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Spontanoiusly Fermented Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Fruits on Lombok Island
type: item
description: The quality of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica, L) is not only influenced by the quality of the coffee beans, but also by the distinctive flavor that is the main attraction for coffee lovers. Various coffee post-harvest processing methods have been developed, including fermentation. The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that important in the spontaneous fermentation, cause it can be influenced by the geographical location of arabica coffee plants. Currently, information on the presence of LAB in arabica coffee on Lombok Island has not been available. Therefore, it is important to identify the LAB involved in the spontaneous fermentation of Arabica coffee. This study aims to identify the species of LAB in arabica coffee on Lombok Island by the spontaneous fermentation method. Characterization and identification of bacteria were carried out using phenotypic identification and profile matching methods, which include several observation parameters, colony morphology and cell morphology, physiological tests (bacterial growth at certain pH and temperature), and biochemical tests such as catalase test and carbon source usage. In this study, nine pure isolates that belong to the LAB group were successfully isolated. Based on the identification results, LAB belonged to the genus Lactobacillus. The isolates identified consisted of one isolate of Lactobacillus plantarum (IBK1), one isolate of Lactobacillus sakei (IBK3), and seven other isolates identified as Lactobacillus sp (IBK2, IBK4, IBK5, IBK6, IBK7, IBK8, IBK9). These findings can be the first step in the development of starter cultures for controlled fermentation in Arabica coffee.
creator: Aida Muspiah
creator: Nurrijawati Nurrijawati
creator: Nur Indah Julisaniah
creator: Baiq Farista
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aida Muspiah, Nurrijawati Nurrijawati, Nur Indah Julisaniah, Baiq Farista http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 159
ending page: 168
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10512

Antibacterial Activity Test of Various Ethanol Solvent Concentrations Extract of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii
type: item
description: The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel often considered waste, contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from sweet orange peel on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii. This laboratory experimental study uses sweet orange peel extracted by maceration using 30%, 40%, and 50% ethanol as solvent. The highest average inhibition zones were observed at the 50% concentration for all bacteria: E. coli (7,683 mm), S. typhii (8,400 mm), and S. dysenteriae (7,250 mm). Statistical analysis confirmed that the extract concentration has a very significant effect (p = 0,000) on the inhibition zone, with higher concentrations yielding larger zones. A significant interaction was also found between the type of bacteria and time (p = 0,000). Ethanol extract of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel has moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhii. Its effectiveness is concentration-dependent, with the 50% ethanol extract shows the strongest inhibition. This suggests that orange peel waste is a promising source of natural antibacterial compounds.
creator: Tabitha S. G. Purba
creator: Joshua H. L. Tobing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tabitha S. G. Purba, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 169
ending page: 177
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10597

Comparison of Fermentation Using MA 11 and EM4 on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Straw
type: item
description: This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of using MA-11 and EM4 fermentation agents on the physical and chemical properties of rice straw silage. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications: P0 (without fermentation), P1 (fermented with 3% MA-11), and P2 (fermented with 3% EM4). Observed variables included physical characteristics (color, aroma, and texture) and chemical composition (dry matter, ash, and pH). The results showed that fermentation using MA-11 and EM4 improved both the physical and chemical quality of rice straw silage. Physically, the fermented treatments produced a fresher aroma, brownish-yellow color, and softer texture compared to the control. Chemically, dry matter content increased from 81.65% (P0) to 84.74% (P1) and 85.60% (P2). Ash content increased significantly (P<0.01), with the highest value found in MA-11 treatment (13.35%), while pH decreased significantly from 6.00 (P0) to 4.00 (P1) and 3.75 (P2). It can be concluded that fermentation of rice straw using MA-11 and EM4 enhances the physical and chemical characteristics of silage. The MA-11 treatment provided the highest ash content, while EM4 produced a softer texture and fresher aroma. Both inoculants are recommended as effective biotechnological treatments for improving the nutritional quality of rice straw as livestock feed.
creator: Yogi Ardiyanto
creator: Sri Sukaryani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yogi Ardiyanto, Sri Sukaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 178
ending page: 183
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10601

The Effect of Nanocurcumin Particle Sizes on the Inhibitory Potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
type: item
description: Increasing antibiotic resistance against major pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are necessitates as alternative antimicrobials. Curcumin, known for its antibacterial properties, suffers from low bioavailability; thus, developing it into nanocurcumin using the stabilizer PVP is aims in enhancing its efficacy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nanocurcumin particle sizes (controlled by three PVP K30 concentrations: 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 g/mL) on its inhibitory potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The research is a true laboratory experimental design, synthesizing nanocurcumin via a Rotor Stator Homogenizer and assessing antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), with inhibition zone diameters are analyze using One-Way ANOVA. All tested samples exhibit weak inhibitory potential. The ANOVA revealed no significant effect against Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.377), but shows a significant effect against Escherichia coli (p = 0.042). These finding shows that particle size variations of nanocurcumin influence against Gram-negative bacteria, with the smallest average particle size (20.6 nm) obtained at 1.5 g/mL PVP K30. In conclusion, nanocurcumin size variations significantly affect the inhibition against Escherichia coli but not against Staphylococcus aureus, a differential effect attributed to the distinct cell wall structures of the two bacteria types. Future studies are recommended to explore optimization methods to improve nanocurcumin's efficacy, especially against Staphylococcus aureus.
creator: Fiona Rosslyn Tnunay
creator: Donn Richard Ricky
creator: Joshua H. L. Tobing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fiona Rosslyn Tnunay, Donn Richard Ricky, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 184
ending page: 194
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10598

The Relationship Between Instagram Social Media Use and Mental Health of Adolescent Females at Rajawali Health Vocational School
type: item
description: Adolescents experience a number of social, emotional, and physical changes that can affect their mental health. Everyone, especially adolescents, can now easily access and use social media thanks to recent technological advances. One of the most widely used social networking sites among young people is Instagram. Concerns about the impact of social media use on their mental health have arisen as a result of this situation. This study aims to identify the level of Instagram social media use and the level of mental health of adolescent girls and analyze the relationship between Instagram social media use and their mental health. The method used was a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional associative design. The study sample used was 212 students. The results showed that the majority of female students at Rajawali Health Vocational School actively use Instagram social media, with usage levels ranging from moderate to high. This indicates that Instagram has become an important part of adolescent girls' social activities. Most female students have a high level of mental health, which reflects their ability to adapt to social environments and academic pressures. The level of Instagram social media use and mental health are positively and significantly correlated. Using Instagram wisely and moderately can improve psychological health by enhancing social skills and self-confidence. The conclusion is that the majority of students at Rajawali Health Vocational School have good mental health, and there is a positive and significant correlation between the use of Instagram social media and the mental health of adolescent girls.
creator: Kethryn Keflin Rike
creator: Monalisa Sitompul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kethryn Keflin Rike, Monalisa Sitompul http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 195
ending page: 202
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10643

The Effect of Onggok Fermentation Duration Using Probio on Physical Quality and Dry Materials
type: item
description: Feed efficiency plays a crucial role in livestock production, as feed accounts for the largest portion of total production costs. One potential way to reduce feed expenses is by utilizing agricultural by-products such as onggok (cassava residue), which is abundantly available and affordable. However, onggok has limitations in its use as animal feed due to its low protein content, high crude fiber, and the presence of anti-nutritional compounds such as cyanogenic glycosides. Fermentation is an effective method to improve the nutritional quality and physical characteristics of onggok, making it more suitable as a feed ingredient. This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of Onggok fermentation using probio on dry matter content (DM), pH value, and physical quality. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment pattern was in accordance with the treatment, namely four treatments and each treatment was repeated three times. P0: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 0 days, P1: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 3 days, P2: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 6 days, P3: Onggok fermentation using 0.4% probio for 9 days. The variables observed were dry matter, pH value, aroma, color, and texture. The results showed that the average DM value was obtained by P0: 85.05%, P1: 82.14%, P2: 85.13%, and P3: 77.63%. The average pH value was P0: 5.3% P1: 4.6% P2: 5% P3: 3.6%. Descriptively, Onggok had a more sour aroma, the color changed to light brown, and the texture was softer than before fermentation. The study concluded that dry matter content, pH level, and changes in physical characteristics were all significantly influenced by the probio fermentation time of 0 to 9 days.
creator: Aldi Kurniawan
creator: Sri Sukaryani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Sukaryani, Aldi Kurniawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 204
ending page: 208
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10602

Case Study of Colon in Loop Radiography Technique in Clinical Malignant Neoplasma in The Radiology Installation of ‘Aisyiyah Ponorogo Hospital
type: item
description: A colonoscopy in loop for malignant neoplasms in the Radiology Department of 'Aisyiyah Ponorogo General Hospital (RSU) is performed using an NGT tube and a Rieser sphygmomanometer balloon as aids, along with gradual contrast media injection without fluoroscopy. This procedure differs from the standard rectal tube with fluoroscopic monitoring. This study aims to determine the procedure for a colonoscopy in loop and analyze the rationale for using an NGT tube, a Rieser sphygmomanometer balloon, and a technique without fluoroscopy in the department. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies through observation, interviews, and documentation of three radiographers and one radiologist. Data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the examination procedure begins with patient preparation, including a low-fiber diet, consumption of soft foods, physical activity, and fasting before the examination. The contrast medium was administered in 200 cc increments at each stage, in the following order: lateral, AP, extended AP, oblique (LPO and RPO) projections, and then a post-evacuation AP image. The final stage consisted of a double-contrast image with 5–6 pumps of air. This technique is capable of producing clear radiological images to support the diagnosis, especially in malignant neoplasms. The study's conclusions confirm that the colon in loop examination at RSU 'Aisyiyah Ponorogo differs in the use of equipment and contrast medium compared to the general theory. This modification still produces optimal images for detecting colon abnormalities, including polyps and masses.
creator: Nur Azizah
creator: Ayu Mahanani
creator: Widya Mufida
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Azizah, Ayu Mahanani, Widya Mufida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-16
publication date: 2025-11-16
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 209
ending page: 222
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10652

The Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Blood Pressure in 7th Semester Students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia
type: item
description: A person's ability to wake up feeling refreshed and fit is influenced by the quality of their sleep. If a person does not have symptoms of sleep deprivation and does not experience difficulty sleeping, then their sleep needs are said to be met. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep patterns and blood pressure in seventh-semester students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia. The research method used a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlative design and sampling using total sampling. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis through the Spearman R correlation test. The results of the study showed that only 11 respondents (23.9%) had good sleep habits, while the majority of respondents (35, or 76.1%) had poor sleep patterns. Most respondents (45 people) had normal blood pressure, and only 1 person (2.2%) had hypertension. These results indicate that in general, students' blood pressure is still within normal limits, although risk factors such as stress and unhealthy lifestyles still need to be considered. The correlation coefficient of -0.084 and p-value of 0.581 (p>0.05) were determined by statistical tests using the Spearman's rho correlation test. The conclusion was that there was no significant correlation between the students' blood pressure and their sleep habits. Although the negative direction of the relationship suggests a tendency for poorer sleep patterns to lead to a slight increase in blood pressure, this relationship was very weak and not statistically significant.
creator: Raja Hutajulu
creator: Debilly Yuan Boyoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Hutajulu, Debilly Yuan Boyoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 223
ending page: 229
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10691

A Mixture of Herbal Gel Formulation and Evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli for Wound Healing
type: item
description: Wounds are tissue disorders that require appropriate treatment to accelerate healing. Natural ingredients such as Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli leaves have the potential as alternative wound healing agents. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a gel preparation combining extracts of both plants for wound care. Extraction was carried out using 96% ethanol by maceration, followed by formulation with HPMC as a gelling agent at various extract concentrations. The gel was evaluated based on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The results showed that the gel exhibited good physical stability, a uniform texture, a comfortable pH on the skin (4.5–6.5), and a viscosity suitable for topical application. Phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins contribute to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, thereby accelerating wound healing. Therefore, the combined extract of Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia tirucalli has promising potential as a herbal gel formulation for wound healing. In conclusion, the combination of Jatropha curcas leaf extract and bone-breaking leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a natural active ingredient in a safe and environmentally friendly wound healing gel formulation.
creator: Maria Maulina Oktavia
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Maulina Oktavia, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 230
ending page: 237
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10649

The Relationship Between Knowledge Level and Professional Students' Attitudes Towards Occupational Health and Safety (K3) in The Operating Room
type: item
description: Occupational Health and Safety refers to a safe and healthy workplace situation for workers, the company, and the community and environment in the factory or worksite area. Injuries from accidents are the most frequently reported physical risks in the operating room. This study aims to determine the relationship between the knowledge and attitudes of professional students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia regarding (K3) in the operating room. The type of research used in this study is correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis was carried out using 2 methods, namely Univariate Analysis and Bivariate Analysis using Spearman Rho. The results of the study found that the level of knowledge of professional students regarding K3 in the operating room is still relatively low. Most respondents have knowledge in the category of less (91.8%) and have a less good attitude (55.1%), while only a small portion showed a good or very good attitude. Professional students' attitudes and understanding about K3 in the operating room are significantly correlated negatively. A substantial but negative link is found, as indicated by the Spearman Rank correlation test value of r = -0.640 with p = 0.000. This implies that a better attitude does not always follow from greater knowledge. The conclusion of the study shows that professional students of the Faculty of Nursing, Adventist University of Indonesia do not yet have clear attitudes and knowledge about (K3) in the operating room.
creator: Fiyola Taebenu
creator: Yunus Elon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fiyola Taebenu, Yunus Elon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 238
ending page: 245
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10696

The Effect of Various Types of Ameliorants on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)
type: item
description: Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) is a fiber-producing plant with high economic value, widely utilized in traditional handicraft industries. However, declining land quality has reduced its productivity, necessitating soil improvement through ameliorant application to enhance its growth and product quality. This study aims to examine the effects of various ameliorant types on the growth, yield, and quality of mendong. The research employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments: no ameliorant (control/P0), goat manure (P1), dolomite (P2), and rice husk charcoal (P3). Each treatment was repeated six times, resulting in 16 experimental units with four plant samples per unit. Observed parameters included plant height, number of tillers, number of flowers, fresh and dry biomass, fresh and dry root weight, root length, and percentage of marketable clumps. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by LSD at a 5% significance level. The results showed that ameliorant application did not significantly affect plant height, number of flowers, fresh and dry biomass, root weight, nor root length. However, a significant effect was observed on the number of tillers at 5, 9, and 12 WAP, as well as on the percentage of marketable clumps. Goat manure (P1) generally produced the best performance in most parameters, particularly in product quality, with marketable clumps reaching 75%, higher than other treatments. These findings indicate that goat manure is the most effective ameliorant for improving mendong product quality.
creator: Egi Agus Nur Hidayat
creator: Adinda Putri Amanda
creator: Arrin Rosmala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Egi Agus Nur Hidayat, Adinda Putri Amanda, Arrin Rosmala http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 246
ending page: 255
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10620

The Role of Molecular Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Brain Infections
type: item
description: Brain infections are among the most severe neurological disorders, with high morbidity and mortality. Conventional diagnostic approaches often face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and time efficiency. Advances in molecular biotechnology have introduced molecular biomarkers as valuable tools for improving diagnostic and prognostic precision. This literature review, based on publications from 2015 to 2024 retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar, aims to explore the role of molecular biomarkers in brain infections. Pathogen based biomarkers such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), and multiplex assays enable rapid and specific pathogen detection, while host response biomarkers, including cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IP-10, as well as ferritin and lactate levels in cerebrospinal fluid, reflect neuroinflammatory processes. The integration of pathogen detection and host response biomarkers enhances diagnostic accuracy, facilitates individualized therapeutic strategies, and contributes to improved clinical outcomes in neuroinfectious diseases.
creator: Adilah Nur Salsabila
creator: Tisya Nasywa Ramdhini
creator: Gede Naradhea Pramudiantara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adilah Nur Salsabila, Tisya Nasywa Ramdhini, Gede Naradhea Pramudiantara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 256
ending page: 262
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10476

Immunobiology and Molecular Approaches to Myasthenic Crisis in the Context of Tropical Biology
type: item
description: Myasthenic crisis is a severe acute complication of myasthenia gravis (MG) characterized by respiratory and bulbar muscle insufficiency due to impaired neuromuscular transmission, with pathogenesis involving autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LPR4) that disrupt the integrity of the neuromuscular junction. This review aims to examine the immunobiological mechanisms of myasthenic crisis and explore the potential of modern biotechnological therapies and tropical bioactive compounds as adaptive treatment strategies for tropical populations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on genetic factors, tropical environmental influences, and advancements in molecular therapies. Genetic factors, including HLA class II and non-HLA genes, interact with tropical environmental conditions such as endemic infections, high temperature, extreme humidity, air pollution, and vitamin D deficiency, potentially exacerbating immune dysregulation and increasing crisis risk. Modern molecular therapies, including rituximab (anti-CD20), eculizumab (anti-C5), and efgartigimod (FcRn inhibitor), have demonstrated efficacy in reducing pathogenic autoantibodies and improving neuromuscular function, while tropical bioactive compounds such as curcumin and andrographolide show potential as adjuvant immunomodulators. Integrating biotechnological approaches with tropical bioprospecting provides a more adaptive and sustainable therapeutic strategy aligned with the biological characteristics of tropical populations. It is recommended that further clinical studies evaluate the safety, optimal dosing, and long-term efficacy of combined biotechnological and bioactive therapies in these populations.
creator: Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih
creator: Muhammad Rifki
creator: Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus
creator: Nindy Citra Latifa
creator: Prima Belia Fathana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Aulia Ahya Ningsih, Muhammad Rifki, Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus, Nindy Citra Latifa, Prima Belia Fathana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 263
ending page: 270
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10513

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Ointment Containing Ageratum conyzoides L. Leaf Extract as a Herbal Medicine
type: item
description: Babadotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) are a plant that has long been used in traditional medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound healing properties. This study aims to formulate and evaluate ointment preparations containing babadotan leaf extract as a herbal medicine. This study used a descriptive method in the laboratory and described the tests obtained. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Formulation evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and viscosity. The results showed that formulations F1, F2, and F3 were yellowish green with a distinctive smell of babadotan leaves and were solid because they contained thick babadotan leaf extract. All ointment formulations had homogeneous properties, indicated by the absence of coarse grains in the ointment. The spreadability of formulas F2 and F3 met the criteria, while F1's spreadability was slightly below the lower limit. All three formulas had higher adhesiveness than the standard. The pH values of F2 and F3 were within normal limits and safe to use, while F1 was slightly more alkaline but still acceptable for topical use. All formulas were within the appropriate range for ointments, namely 2,000–50,000 cp. In conclusion, the ointment formulation based on babadotan leaf extract has the potential to be an effective herbal remedy and can be further developed in the pharmaceutical field.
creator: Senfia Liberti Mailani
creator: Titin Sulastri
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Senfia Liberti Mailani, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-19
publication date: 2025-11-19
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 271
ending page: 276
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10687

Potential of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Flower Ethanol Extract as an Anti-Bacterial for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Urinary Tract Infection Patients
type: item
description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the two bacteria that produce one of the most prevalent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rising resistance to antibiotics in these bacteria has led to the need for alternative treatments. Using natural materials, such as torch ginger flowers (Etlingera elatior), which are known to possess potent antibacterial chemicals, is one such option. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of torch ginger flower against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to compare its performance with ciprofloxacin as a standard control. The study was designed using a cross-sectional experimental method. The disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar was used to assess the extract's antibacterial activity after it was made by macerating it with 70% ethanol. With an average inhibition zone of 7.8 mm against Escherichia coli and 8 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a 100% concentration, the findings demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Etlingera elatior's ethanol extract. These inhibition zones, however, were much smaller than those of ciprofloxacin, which had respective measurements of 10 mm and 34 mm. Significant differences between the extract concentrations were found by statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ethanol extract of torch ginger flower shows potential antibacterial activity against UTI-causing bacteria, although its effectiveness is not yet comparable to ciprofloxacin. Further research is needed to improve extraction methods and develop more effective formulations to enhance its antibacterial properties.
creator: Angelique Fadhilah Zahra
creator: Yusianti Silviani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Angelique Fadhilah Zahra, Yusianti Silviani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 277
ending page: 284
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10352

Ethanol Extract Concentrations of Anredera cordifolia, Aloe vera and Centella asiatica L. Leaves as Staphylococcus aureus Growth Inhibitor
type: item
description: Excessive oil production, irritation, and bacterial infections, especially those produced by Staphylococcus aureus, are the main causes of acne, a common skin condition. The antibacterial qualities of a variety of therapeutic plants have long been utilized. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of ethanol extracts of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia), Aloe vera (Aloe vera), and Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) leaves against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research was a true experimental study using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The ethanol concentrations used for extraction were 30%, 40%, and 50%, with meropenem as a comparison. The inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. The results showed that all extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones increasing along with higher extract concentrations. The highest mean inhibition zone was observed in Pegagan (8.9 mm), followed by Binahong (8.783 mm) and Aloe vera (8.26 mm). Statistical analysis showed that concentration (p = 0.005), day (p = 0.038), interaction between plant*day (p = 0.011), and plant*concentration*day (p = 0.001) have a significant effect on the inhibition zone diameter (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, plant (p = 0.244), interaction between plant*concentration (p = 0.380), and interaction between concentration*day (p = 0.342) show no significant differences in the inhibition zone diameter (p > 0.05). The conclusion is that there are differences in the inhibitory power of binahong, aloe vera, and pegagan plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria used with 70% ethanol solvent.
creator: Joldi Yosua Kore
creator: Joshua H. L. Tobing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Joldi Yosua Kore, Joshua H. L. Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 285
ending page: 293
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10636

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Stress
type: item
description: Academic procrastination and academic stress represent two interrelated issues frequently encountered by university students and have been shown to adversely affect academic performance as well as psychological well-being. This literature review synthesizes current evidence regarding the conceptualization, contributing factors, and consequences of academic procrastination, while also examining the mechanisms through which academic stress influences procrastinatory behavior. Internal factors such as limited motivation, inadequate time-management abilities, insufficient understanding of academic tasks, and psychological and physical fatigue were identified as key determinants of procrastination. External factors, including heavy academic workloads, unclear instructions, peer influence, and inconsistent assignment deadlines, further intensify procrastinatory tendencies. Academic stress, defined as the condition in which academic demands exceed an individual's adaptive capacity, is associated with anxiety, sleep disturbances, changes in nutritional patterns, reduced concentration, and other physiological or emotional consequences. Evidence from multiple empirical studies indicates a positive and reciprocal association between academic procrastination and academic stress, suggesting that elevated stress levels increase procrastination, while procrastination, in turn, heightens stress. This reinforcing cycle underscores the need for targeted interventions. Recommended strategies include segmenting complex tasks into smaller components, reducing feelings of overload, managing perfectionistic tendencies, monitoring daily behavioral patterns, and employing self-reward systems. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between academic stress and procrastination is essential for developing effective academic and psychological support strategies for students.
creator: Muhammad Haikal
creator: Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono
creator: Anis Aura Azzahra
creator: Naufal Revaldy Fauzan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Haikal, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono, Anis Aura Azzahra, Naufal Revaldy Fauzan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 294
ending page: 302
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10718

Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus In Vitro
type: item
description: Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most widely farmed shrimp species; however, its cultivation is frequently threatened by vibriosis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. To date, the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae as natural antimicrobial agents has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BSF larval AMPs against V. parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of vibriosis in L. vannamei. Data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach. The results showed that BSF larval AMPs contained protein levels ranging from 5.2–12.03% in the first trial and 9.19–10.82% in the second trial, while the water content varied between 4.77% and 77.89%. In vitro testing demonstrated that BSF larval AMPs inhibited V. parahaemolyticus growth with a 9 mm inhibition zone in all treatments. Further in vivo studies and optimization are necessary to develop BSF larval AMPs as sustainable, eco-friendly antimicrobial agents.
creator: Riskia Khanifa
creator: Aida Himmatul Ulya
creator: Ahmad Edi Darmawan
creator: Anis H. Mahsunah
creator: Wahyu Aji Mahardhika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Riskia Khanifa, Aida Himmatul Ulya, Ahmad Edi Darmawan, Anis H. Mahsunah, Wahyu Aji Mahardhika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 303
ending page: 312
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.9655

Cell-Free Therapeutic Mechanisms of AD-MSC Secretome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Literature Review
type: item
description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a globally increasing prevalence, while conventional therapies often fail to halt disease progression. The secretome derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) holds great potential as a cell-free therapy strategy, as it contains various bioactive molecules, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles that regulate glucose metabolism and modulate immune responses. This review discusses the molecular components of AD-MSC secretome, its mechanisms in enhancing insulin sensitivity and protecting pancreatic β-cells, as well as the challenges in its clinical application. Based on literature from 2018–2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, AD-MSC secretome has been shown to enhance IRS-1 phosphorylation, activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, and promote GLUT4 translocation while suppressing chronic inflammation. Growth factors (HGF, IGF-1, VEGF) and microRNAs (miR-126, miR-21, miR-146a) contribute to β-cell regeneration. Donor variability, culture conditions, and isolation methods affect secretome quality, which can be optimized through preconditioning or genetic modification.
creator: Putri Rahma Padilla
creator: Marlina Marlina
creator: Djong Hon Tjong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Rahma Padilla, Marlina, Djong Hon Tjong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 313
ending page: 320
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10623

Diverticulitis: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Diverticulitis is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal wall that often occurs in the elderly and is commonly located in the sigmoid colon. Risk factors for diverticulitis include a low-fiber diet, obesity and smoking, while physical activity and a healthy diet can lower the risk. Treatment of diverticulitis includes the use of selective antibiotics, especially in patients with complications or high risk, and surgical intervention may be required in complicated cases. The prognosis of the disease depends on age, severity, and the presence of complications, with a significant risk of recurrence in some patients. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, management, complications, prognosis, and prevention of diverticulitis. This literature review was conducted using a literature study method, with data sources obtained from online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar.
creator: Andi Husnul Khotimah
creator: Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus
creator: Muhammad Haikal
creator: Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari
creator: Alisha Chaerani Zubaedi
creator: Hanum Retno Hanifah
creator: I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira
creator: Nurhidayati Nurhidayati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Husnul Khotimah, Nadine Aisyah Sultan Firdaus, Muhammad Haikal, Baiq Nurhandini Wulandari, Alisha Chaerani Zubaedi, Hanum Retno Hanifah, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira, Nurhidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 321
ending page: 328
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10317

Formulation and Physical Stability of Ointment Preparation Ethanol Extract of Piper betle L
type: item
description: Betel leaves are commonly used to treat mouth ulcers, eliminate body odor, itching, burns, and vaginal discharge. Inflammation is the body's natural protective response to tissue damage caused by physical trauma, exposure to harmful chemicals, or microbial infection. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of ointment preparations containing ethanol extract of Piper betle L. Three types of ointment bases hydrocarbon, absorption, and water-soluble were developed using 8.67 g of Piper betle extract. The formulations were assessed for organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity. The extraction process yielded 26.92 g of thick extract (13.5%), with active compounds such as essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins known for their anti-inflammatory properties. Evaluation results showed that all formulations had a semi-solid consistency, homogeneous texture, and stable color and odor. The pH of all samples was 5, within the safe range for topical use. The water-soluble base exhibited the highest adhesion (6.46 seconds) and spreadability (6.53 cm), while the absorption base exhibited the highest viscosity (8,604 mPa·s). These results indicate that all ointment formulations met the required physical standards and were stable during storage. The ethanol extract of Piper betle L. can therefore be developed as a safe and effective herbal topical anti-inflammatory preparation.
creator: Ribka Mutiara Taryono
creator: Titin Sulastri
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ribka Mutiara Taryono, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 329
ending page: 336
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10706

Clinical Status Asthmaticus as a Respiratory Emergency: Management in Pediatric and Adult Populations
type: item
description: Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening acute asthma exacerbation that fails to respond to initial standard therapy and requires prompt, protocol-based emergency care. This article aims to determine the clinical status of asthma as a respiratory emergency: management in pediatric and adult populations. The article was compiled using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, combining current evidence and clinical guideline recommendations regarding the management of status asthmaticus in pediatric and adult populations. Status asthmaticus is a form of severe asthma exacerbation that is an emergency because it can lead to respiratory arrest and death if not treated promptly. Patients generally present with complaints of progressive shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and signs of respiratory failure such as tachypnea, accessory muscle retractions, and in severe cases, decreased consciousness. Symptoms in children are usually more dramatic due to narrower airways, while in adults the main risks are respiratory muscle fatigue and ventilation complications. Initial management includes airway stabilization, oxygen administration, and immediate initiation of a short-acting bronchodilator (nebulized beta-agonist/MDI). If improvement does not occur, inhaled anticholinergics and systemic corticosteroids are added. Thus, in both children and adults, status asthmaticus requires early recognition, rapid treatment, and close evaluation until the condition is fully stabilized. Continuous monitoring with pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas analysis is emphasized as essential for detecting deterioration. Early recognition and rapid escalation following standard emergency pathways are crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality in both age groups.
creator: Panji Sena Ramadhan
creator: Aziza Chantiqka Aulia Nursiain
creator: Shira Putri Wardana
creator: Tsania Zulfa Salsabila
creator: Anak Agung Ayu Regina Larasati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Panji Sena Ramadhan, Aziza Chantiqka Aulia Nursiain, Shira Putri Wardana, Tsania Zulfa Salsabila, Anak Agung Ayu Regina Larasati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 337
ending page: 345
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10780

Description of Level of Knowledge of Teenagers About Impact of Electric Cigarettes on Health in High School Students in Ambon City
type: item
description: E-cigarettes, often known as vapes, have gained popularity as a substitute for traditional cigarettes in tandem with technological advancements. Since both contain nicotine, the harmful health effects are not appreciably different from those of traditional cigarettes. As of right now, there is not any solid scientific proof that e-cigarettes are a viable substitute for traditional cigarettes. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of adolescents about the dangers of e-cigarettes to health. This study used a quantitative descriptive design. Data analysis used univariate analysis. The results found that the majority of respondents were female, namely 184 people (51.1%), while respondents of both genders. Knowledge of the dangers of e-cigarettes to health among adolescents was highest at 44 people (12.2%), with a moderate level of knowledge at 270 people (75%), and a low level of knowledge at 46 people (12.8%). Adolescent health education about the risks of e-cigarettes has to be improved, as seen by the comparatively low percentage of respondents (12.2%) who had high knowledge. The study concludes that education and health counseling are still necessary to increase adolescents' awareness of the risks associated with e-cigarettes, particularly since social media and the environment can give the false impression that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes. These results highlight how crucial it is for families, schools, and medical professionals to provide correct and continuous education to raise teenagers' knowledge and awareness of the risks associated with e-cigarettes and so prevent their use at an early age.
creator: Beatries Giovany Sahetapy
creator: Monalisa Sitompul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Beatries Giovany Sahetapy, Monalisa Sitompul, Nurhayati Siagian http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 346
ending page: 351
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10774

Antibacterial Effectiveness Test of Ethanol Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Against the Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
type: item
description: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are becoming more common, which is a major worldwide health concern. The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Etlingera elatior (kecombrang flower) ethanolic extract against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. The Microbiology Laboratory at Universitas Advent Indonesia's Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences was the site of the experimental study. Using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar medium, the extract was tested at three concentrations (30%, 40%, and 50%) after being made using the maceration process with 95% ethanol. As demonstrated by inhibitory zones at all doses, the ethanolic extract of E. elatior demonstrated antibacterial activity against both bacterial species. The inhibition zone diameters ranged from 8.95–10.70 mm for E. coli and 9.00–13.68 mm for S. aureus. Statistical analysis using One-Sample t-test confirmed that all treatments significantly inhibited bacterial growth (p < 0.05). Different extract concentrations had a significant effect on S. aureus (p = 0.003) but no significant effect on E. coli (p = 0.083), according to a one-way ANOVA. Because Gram-positive bacteria have simpler cell walls that facilitate the better penetration of bioactive substances like flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, our results show that Etlingera elatior extract has more antibacterial action against S. aureus than E. coli. For the creation of environmentally friendly phytopharmaceuticals, Etlingera elatior can be regarded as a promising natural antibacterial agent.
creator: Steffanie Ruth Simatupang
creator: Ivonne Mona Selly Panjaitan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Steffanie Ruth Simatupang, Ivonne Mona Selly Panjaitan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 352
ending page: 358
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10766

Impact of Coma Duration on Functional Outcomes After Septic Encephalopathy: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication often found on sepsis patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It arises from systemic inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, microglial and astrocytic activation, and oxidative stress which collectively contribute to neuronal injury and long-term cognitive impairment. This literature review aims to analyze the impact of coma duration on functional outcomes at discharge and long-term survival among patients with SAE. Literatures were searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with a 10-year publication limit and selected based on topic relevance, study design, and data completeness and were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Findings indicate that prolonged coma duration is strongly associated with poor neurological recovery, increased risk of disability, and early mortality. Conversely, early recovery of consciousness tends to correlate with better short-term functional outcomes. However, among survivors discharged from intensive care, coma duration doesn’t consistently predict long-term survival, although cognitive and quality of life impairments often persist. In conclusion, coma duration serves as an important prognostic factor in SAE, but it should be interpreted alongside other factors such as age, comorbidity, and the severity of sepsis itself. The scientific implications highlight the need for , infection control, and rehabilitative strategies to shorten periods of altered consciousness and improve neurological outcomes in the long term.
creator: Shira Shalsabina Shafitri
creator: Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono
creator: Andi Frieskha Naurah Paradiesta
creator: Siti Zahroni Aulia
creator: Janiya Abdila Ilmiah
creator: Ilsa Hunaifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shira Shalsabina Shafitri, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono, Andi Frieskha Naurah Paradiesta, Siti Zahroni Aulia, Janiya Abdila Ilmiah, Ilsa Hunaifi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 359
ending page: 367
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10516

Bridging the Gap Between Nutritional Knowledge and Iron Intake Adequacy in Medical Students
type: item
description: Iron deficiency anemia remains a significant global health issue, particularly among young adults. Medical students are theoretically expected to possess superior nutritional literacy compared to the general population due to their academic exposure to metabolism and digestive systems. However, a gap often exists between theoretical knowledge and daily dietary practices. This article reviews the literature regarding the relationship between nutritional knowledge levels and iron intake adequacy. The review highlights that nutritional knowledge involves cognitive levels ranging from recalling information to evaluation. Iron metabolism is complex, involving heme and non-heme iron absorption, which is significantly influenced by enhancers and inhibitors. Despite having high nutritional knowledge, medical students' eating behaviors are increasingly determined by modern lifestyle factors, including social media trends and fast-food consumption, which may compromise iron intake. Conclusively, bridging the gap between knowledge and practice requires not just memorization but the application of balanced nutrition principles (Tumpeng Gizi Seimbang) to ensure optimal iron bioavailability.
creator: Azka Amalia
creator: Arya Pradipa Airlangga Hartoyo
creator: Rifana Cholidah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Azka Amalia, Arya Pradipa Airlangga Hartoyo, Rifana Cholidah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 368
ending page: 373
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10785

Analysis of Nursing Students' Knowledge Level Regarding Correct Patient Identification
type: item
description: Patient safety is a crucial aspect of healthcare. Errors in patient identification can lead to serious consequences, such as administering the wrong medication or performing inappropriate medical procedures. Therefore, adequate knowledge of patient identification procedures is crucial for prospective healthcare professionals. This study aimed to analyze nursing students' knowledge of correct patient identification processes and how this knowledge can contribute to improving patient safety in the practice environment. The study found that nursing students at Universitas Advent Indonesia had a fairly good level of knowledge of correct patient identification procedures, with the majority of respondents demonstrating adequate understanding. Knowledge of correct patient identification is closely related to the implementation of patient safety principles, which is a crucial step in reducing the risk of medical errors and improving the quality of healthcare. The results of this study emphasize the importance of continuous education and training on patient identification in the nursing curriculum, so that students not only understand the theory but are also able to apply it practically in nursing care. Conclusion, nursing students' knowledge of correct patient identification is in the fairly good category. This study provides an important contribution to the development of learning strategies and improving student competency in patient safety, particularly correct patient identification.
creator: Nova Elisabeth Hutagaol
creator: Yunus Elon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nova Elisabeth Hutagaol, Yunus Elon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 374
ending page: 382
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10820

The Effect of Tongka Langit Banana Juice on Morphological Abnormalities Spermatozoa in Mice (Mus musculus) Infected by Plasmodium berghei
type: item
description: Malaria infection by Plasmodium is known to affect human reproduction. One of the reproductive organs affected by malaria infection is the testes. If there is a disorder in the testes, it will affect the spermatogenesis process, so that it can cause morphological abnormalities of the resulting spermatozoa. This study aims to determine the effect of administering Tongka Langit banana juice (Musa troglodytarum) on morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa in mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei. The results of this study indicate that administering Tongka Langit banana juice can reduce spermatozoa abnormalities. Compared with the dose groups of 0.55g/mice/day and 0.65g/mice/day, administering Tongka Langit banana juice at a dose of 0.75g/mice/day is the most effective dose on reducing the average spermatozoa abnormalities in mice. The carotenoid content in Tongka Langit bananas is thought to ward off Plasmodium berghei infection, the cause of spermatozoa abnormalities in mice.
creator: Yesty E. Hitalesiakwane
creator: Martha Kaihena
creator: Efraim Samson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yesty E. Hitalesiakwane, Martha Kaihena, Efraim Samson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 383
ending page: 389
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10727

Literature Review: Immunopathobiology of AIDS-related Kaposi’s Sarcoma
type: item
description: Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative malignancy closely associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), primarily caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in individuals with immunosuppression due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The reduction of CD4⁺ T cells by HIV causes cellular immunity disorders that allow HHV-8 to survive in both latent and lytic phases and trigger tumor formation through immune system modulation. This review aims to understand the immunopathobiology of AIDS-related KS. This study is a narrative literature review compiled from various scientific articles obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Various literature indicates that HHV-8 is able to evade the immune response by suppressing the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, reducing Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) expression, and producing cytokine and chemokine homologs that support the tumor microenvironment. Immunosuppression due to HIV further strengthens these mechanisms and plays an important role in the formation of KS lesions. Understanding the immunopathobiology mechanisms of AIDS-related KS provides a scientific basis for the development of more effective prevention, early detection, and immunomodulatory therapy strategies in the future.
creator: Nia Ardelia Rahmadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nia Ardelia Rahmadani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 390
ending page: 400
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10525

The Effect of Nanocurcumin Size Inhibitory Effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
type: item
description: Bacterial infections such by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae remain a major health challenge due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. Curcumin has shown antibacterial potential; however, its poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the effect of varying PVP K30 concentrations on the particle size of nanocurcumin and its inhibitory activity against both bacteria. A true experimental design with a posttest-only control group was employed using three concentrations of PVP K30: 1.5 g/mL, 3.0 g/mL, and 4.5 g/mL. Particle size was measured using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), while antibacterial activity was evaluated through the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA). The results showed that increasing PVP K30 concentration reduced particle size, with mean diameters of 132.2 nm, 295.2 nm, and 20.6 nm, respectively. The inhibition zones by S. aureus ranged from 1.82–3.6 mm (weak), while those by K. pneumoniae ranged from 1,08–8,98 mm (weak to moderate). ANOVA analysis indicated no significant effect on S. aureus (p= 0.099 > α= 0.05), but a significant effect on K. pneumoniae (p= 0.000 < α= 0.05). These findings suggest that nanoparticle size plays an essential role in enhancing the antibacterial activity of nanocurcumin, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria.
creator: Raffael Griffin Frarie Suak
creator: Donn Richard Ricky
creator: Joshua Hamonangan Lumban Tobing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raffael Griffin Frarie Suak, Donn Richard Ricky, Joshua Hamonangan Lumban Tobing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 401
ending page: 408
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10776

Identification and Evaluation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Collagen Milk as Potential Probiotic Candidates
type: item
description: Collagen milk is a novel substrate that has rarely been investigated as a source of probiotic bacteria, despite its great potential as a functional food. This study aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from collagen milk and to evaluate their tolerance to acidic conditions. The isolation and identification of LAB were conducted based on Gram staining, catalase testing, and cell morphology. Acid tolerance was assessed at pH 1, 2, and 3 to simulate gastric conditions. The results showed that a total of 21 LAB isolates were successfully obtained, most of which were rod-shaped and Gram-positive. Among these isolates, three superior strains SKF-174, SKF-106, and SKF-204 exhibited high tolerance to acidic environments, indicating their ability to survive under gastrointestinal conditions. These findings suggest that fermented collagen milk has the potential to serve as a promising source of probiotic lactic acid bacteria with strong acid resistance and desirable functional properties.
creator: Elsa Mega Suryani
creator: Deni Harmoko
creator: Namrotur Rosiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elsa Mega Suryani, Deni Harmoko, Namrotur Rosiah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 409
ending page: 418
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10576

Literature Review: Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Male Carica papaya L. Flower
type: item
description: Carica papaya L. is a polygamous tropical plant with three sexual forms male, female, and hermaphroditic. Male flowers are reported to contain a variety of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and several unique components rarely detected in other plant parts. This article aims to review and analyze existing findings regarding the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of male papaya flowers. A literature review approach was used to synthesize scientific information published between 2015 and 2025, systematically retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Data analysis was performed descriptively using chemical compound classification approaches, pharmacological activity clustering, and comparison of findings between studies. The analysis revealed that male papaya flowers are a promising source of bioactive compounds with important antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. Variations in the phytochemical profile have been shown to depend on the extraction technique used. Furthermore, studies involving nanoparticle-based formulations have demonstrated increased selectivity against cancer cells and enhanced activity against pathogenic bacteria. However, most current evidence remains limited to in vitro investigations. Therefore, further in vivo and clinical studies are urgently needed to validate its safety, therapeutic efficacy, and potential development as a herbal medicine or phytopharmaceutical agent.
creator: S. Hafidhawatii Andarias
creator: Fitriani B.
creator: Yoni Rahma Yanti
creator: Ferriyanti Ferriyanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. Hafidhawatii Andarias, Fitriani B., Yoni Rahma Yanti, Ferriyanti Ferriyanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 419
ending page: 427
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10365

Development of a Topical Gel Preparation with Joastic Plant (Jatropha curcas L) Leaf Extract and White Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) as Anti-Inflammatory
type: item
description: The development of a topical gel preparation with (Jatropha curcas L). joastic plant leaf extract and (Curcuma zedoaria) white turmeric aims to produce a product with optimal anti-inflammatory activity. This study involves the formulation of the gel with a combination of extracts from these two plants, which were extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Organoleptic tests for F1, F2, and F3 revealed a deep green gel with the distinctive odor of Jatropha leaves and White Turmeric, and a semi-solid gel. Homogeneity tests showed that F1, F2, and F3 were evenly distributed without any coarse grains. Meanwhile, pH tests for F1 (5), F2 (5.67), and F3 (6.33) met the pH standard for safe use on the skin. Viscosity tests for F1 (8.584cps), F2 (8.604cps), and F3 (8.666cps) indicated a good gel viscosity range. The spreadability test was conducted to measure the gel's ability to spread on the skin surface, while the adhesion test assessed the length of time the gel adhered to the skin with results of F1 5.23cm; F2 5.36cm and F3 5.71cm. The results of the F1 adhesion test were 3 seconds; F2 5 seconds and F3 9.33 seconds. Overall test results showed that the formulated gel had good physical properties, with an appropriate pH, stable viscosity, and satisfactory spreadability and adhesion. These findings suggest that the topical gel containing (Jatropha curcas L) and (Curcuma zedoaria) extracts holds potential as an alternative for topical anti-inflammatory treatment.
creator: Anggelia Anggelia
creator: Titin Sulastri
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anggelia Anggelia, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 428
ending page: 434
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10828

Relationship Between Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Laryngeal Histopathology in Rattus novergicus Rats
type: item
description: Smoking can cause health problems for both active and passive smokers because the toxic substances contained in it cause health problems, especially in the larynx, one of which is laryngeal cancer. Animal studies have shown histopathological changes in mice exposed to cigarette smoke, including increased immune cells and focal inflammation in these mice. The study aims to determine the relationship between cigarette smoke and the number of inflammatory cells, edema, hyperplasia, and dysplasia after exposure to cigarette smoke for 120 minutes in histopathological sampling at observations of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. This study used a true experimental design model with a post-test only group laboratory experimental design. The results of the study found a significant difference in the number of lymphocytes before and after exposure to cigarette smoke with p = 0.043. There was no significant change in the number of macrophages with p = 0.406 and eosinophils with p = 0.119. There were no histopathological changes, namely edema (p = 0.06), dysplasia (p = 0.126) and hyperplasia (p = 0.960). In conclusion, there is a relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and laryngeal histopathology in Rattus novergicus Rats.
creator: Erizal Salam Putra Nasution
creator: H. R. Yusa Herwanto
creator: Devira Zahara
creator: Aliandri Aliandri
creator: Yuliani M. Lubis
creator: Taufik Ashar
creator: Jessy Chrestella
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Erizal Salam Putra Nasution, H. R. Yusa Herwanto, Devira Zahara, Aliandri Aliandri, Yuliani M. Lubis, Taufik Ashar, Jessy Chrestella http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 435
ending page: 443
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10804

Development of Game-Based Educational Media to Increase Knowledge About Anemia in Adolescent Girls in Coastal Areas
type: item
description: Anemia is a serious health problem worldwide, especially in children, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age. Studies have shown that knowledge about anemia is associated with both the incidence of anemia and the compliance of adolescent girls in consuming iron tablets. This study aims to develop an educational media prototype about anemia in the form of a board game to increase the knowledge of adolescent girls about anemia. A research and development (R&D) approach was used, involving three main stages: (1) board game design, (2) prototype development, and (3) playtesting. A purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents from four categories: content experts, students, game experts, and adolescent girls. From this research, a board game prototype titled Anemopoly has been developed. In the student category, 2 respondents (15.38%) rated it as good and 11 (84.62%) as very good, achieving 94.15% of the maximum score. In the game expert category, 3 respondents (25%) gave good ratings and 9 (75%) very good, totaling 87.4%. Among adolescent girls, 3 respondents (25%) rated it good and 9 (75%) very good, totaling 90.53%. Overall, Anemopoly received very good evaluations from students, game experts, and adolescent girls.
creator: Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono
creator: Ima Arum Lestarini
creator: Mohammad Rizki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiono, Ima Arum Lestarini, Mohammad Rizki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 444
ending page: 456
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10750

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Lip Balm Using Aloe Vera Gel
type: item
description: Aloe vera has been used for generations, and its mucilage has been shown to contain 75 beneficial active compounds. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of lip balm preparations containing Aloe vera gel. This study included laboratory experiments with a formulation and evaluation approach to lip balm preparations. Organoleptic evaluation showed that all formulations exhibited a stable semi-solid texture with consistent color and aroma. Homogeneity tests ensured that each preparation was evenly mixed without any coarse particles. All formulations were within the physiological pH range of the skin suitable for topical use. All formulations showed a melting point of 50°C, consistent with the basic characteristics of standard lip balms. Hedonic tests showed varying levels of panelist preference across all formulations in terms of ease of application (F3) (4.2); aroma (F3) (4.3); and physical appearance (F3) (4.2). Overall, the aloe vera gel-based lip balm formulations exhibited good physical stability and acceptable sensory characteristics, indicating their potential to be developed as natural lip care products.
creator: Rut Damai Yanti
creator: Titin Sulastri
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rut Damai Yanti, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 457
ending page: 465
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10831

The Effect of Variations in Babadotan Leaf Extract Concentration (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on the Physical Properties and Stability of Topical Gel Preparations as an Anti-Inflammatory
type: item
description: Abstract: Inflammation is a body defense response to antigen exposure, infection, cell damage, allergens, irritants, and injury. The antibacterial activity of babadotan leaves can prevent inflammation due to microbial infections. This study aims to create and evaluate a topical gel preparation containing babadotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) as an anti-inflammatory agent. Babadotan leaf extract was obtained through a maceration method using 96% ethanol. The resulting gel preparation was then evaluated through various tests, including homogeneity, organoleptic properties, adhesiveness, spreadability, pH, and viscosity. The results of the study obtained a homogeneity test for all gel formulas were uniform. The organoleptic results of the gel had a distinctive odor of babadotan leaves, a thick, slightly sticky texture. The spreadability test found a range of 5.5-6.6 cm where the gel had good consistency. The adhesiveness test met the requirements of F1 5 seconds; F2 6 seconds; F3 9 seconds. The pH test F1 6.2; F2 6.0; F3 5.8. And the viscosity test F1 8.431 mPa·s; F2 8.604 mPa·s; F3 8.792 mPa·s, for aroma, F1 and F2 received a positive response (70–90% of panelists liked it). The conclusion is that the gel preparation containing babadotan leaf extract has good physical properties and shows stability during storage under various conditions.
creator: Vivin Sundari
creator: Titin Sulastri
creator: Marvel Reuben Suwitono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vivin Sundari, Titin Sulastri, Marvel Reuben Suwitono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 359
ending page: 367
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10832

Biomechanics of Flexion and Extension Spinal Injury: A Study of AOSpine Thoracolumbar Fracture Type B
type: item
description: The thoracolumbar junction is highly vulnerable to injury due to its transitional biomechanics. Flexion-distraction and extension-distraction forces commonly produce AOSpine Type B injuries. To describe the biomechanics of thoracolumbar flexion and extension injuries and summarize AOSpine Type B fracture mechanisms. A narrative literature review was conducted using scientific articles, textbooks, and AOSpine guidelines focusing on thoracolumbar anatomy, biomechanics, and Type B injury mechanisms. AOSpine Type B injuries result from tension band failure. Flexion-distraction (B1-B2) disrupts posterior structures, whereas extension-distraction (B3) causes anterior tension band failure, often influenced by spinal rigidity or high energy trauma. Understanding biomechanical mechanisms of AOSpine Type B injuries is essential for accurate classification and guiding management decisions.
creator: Alisha Chaerani Zubaedi
creator: Amanda Azkiyah Rachman
creator: Excell Defry Hardiant
creator: Romy Healthy Mikailla
creator: Bambang Priyanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alisha Chaerani Zubaedi, Amanda Azkiyah Rachman, Excell Defry Hardiant, Romy Healthy Mikailla, Bambang Priyanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 368
ending page: 376
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10877

Article Review: Development of a new type of TB vaccine as a replacement for the BCG vaccine
type: item
description: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health threat. The existing BCG vaccine has limited effectiveness, particularly in preventing pulmonary TB in adults. This study aims to review the recent developments in the creation of new TB vaccines as alternatives to BCG. This research employs a systematic review method by collecting articles from the Google Scholar database. Inclusion criteria included articles published between 2014-2024 that are relevant to the development of new TB vaccines. Data analysis was conducted descriptively to identify potential vaccine candidates. Several new TB vaccine candidates have shown promising results, including TAT-Ag85B, MTBVAC, rBCG-LTAK63, and subunit vaccines such as Ag85A and LT70. These vaccines demonstrated increased immune responses and better protection compared to BCG in preclinical trials. Innovative approaches like the use of nanocarriers and prime-boost strategies also show potential in enhancing vaccine efficacy. The development of new TB vaccines indicates significant progress with several potential candidates that could replace or complement the BCG vaccine. However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these vaccines in clinical trials in humans before they can be widely implemented.
creator: B. Novia Rahmadita Sutanti
creator: Ika Salsabila Ramdha
creator: Alpha Alfi Rizki
creator: Latifa Rahma Putri
creator: Neli Aulia Lestari
creator: Ninda Syaharani
creator: Anggit Listyacahyani Sunarwidhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 B. Novia Rahmadita Sutanti, Ika Salsabila Ramdha, Alpha Alfi Rizki, Latifa Rahma Putri, Neli Aulia Lestari, Ninda Syaharani, Anggit Listyacahyani Sunarwidhi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 377
ending page: 386
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10884

Differences in Stress Levels Before and After Deep Breathing Relaxation Techniques Were Given to Nursing Students
type: item
description: The prevalence of students experiencing stress in Indonesia ranges from 36.7-71.6%. One method that can be used to overcome stress is alternative therapy, such as deep breathing. Therefore, this researcher aims to analyze the difference in stress levels before and after being given a breathing relaxation technique in nursing students at the Adventist University of Indonesia in facing final semester exams. This type of research is an experimental study using the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The results found that the initial stress levels of students showed variations ranging from normal to very severe categories, so that respondents had varying stress conditions before the intervention was carried out. There was a decrease in stress scores after being given the deep breathing relaxation technique, as seen from a decrease in the average post-test score compared to the pre-test. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed a p-value of 0.059, so the decrease in stress was not statistically significant. Overall, deep breathing has potential as a stress management method, but its effectiveness in this study has not been proven significant.
creator: Tomi Lorenzo Kana Wadu
creator: Nurhayati Siagian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tomi Lorenzo Kana Wadu, Nurhayati Siagian http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 387
ending page: 394
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10841

Cerebral Stroke Secondary to Decompression Ilness (DCI): Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management
type: item
description: Decompression illness (DCI) encompasses two major diving-related disorders: decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE). Both conditions are characterized by the formation of gas bubbles that act as the primary mechanism of tissue injury, resulting in overlapping clinical manifestations and similar therapeutic approaches. This study aims to review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of DCI that presents with stroke-like neurological symptoms. The method used was a literature review approach based on current evidence from recent scientific publications. Findings show that DCS occurs when dissolved inert gases, such as nitrogen, become supersaturated during ascent and form bubbles within tissues and the venous circulation. AGE typically arises from pulmonary barotrauma, allowing trapped gas to enter the pulmonary veins and reach the arterial circulation, with the brain as the most vulnerable target organ. DCI is considered a medical emergency requiring definitive management with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). Neurological manifestations of DCI often resemble conventional ischemic stroke but demonstrate distinct clinical and temporal patterns related to pressure changes. Therefore, in addition to recompression therapy, patients may require standard acute stroke management. Prognosis depends heavily on the promptness of diagnosis and treatment, as early intervention is critical to preventing permanent neurological injury.
creator: Khairifathiyyah Khairifathiyyah
creator: Ida Bagus Putra Bayu Aryasta
creator: I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira
creator: Lania Pradiva Untari
creator: Balqis Prudena Kurnia Pambudi
creator: Ilsa Hunaifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khairifathiyyah Khairifathiyyah, Ida Bagus Putra Bayu Aryasta, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Prawira, Lania Pradiva Untari, Balqis Prudena Kurnia Pambudi@gmail.com, Ilsa Hunaifi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 495
ending page: 506
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10783

Future Acne Therapy MSC Secretome as an Antimicrobial Agent: Literature Review
type: item
description: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition influenced by excess sebum production, bacterial colonization, and host immune responses. Microorganisms, particularly Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus, play a key role in acne pathogenesis and contribute to persistent inflammation. With increasing antibiotic resistance, innovative therapeutic approaches that are effective, safe, and immunomodulatory are urgently required. This literature review aims to evaluate the role of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) secretome in inhibiting acne-causing bacteria. The review was conducted using databases including ResearchGate, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using keywords such as secretome, MSC secretome, antibacterial, C. acnes, S. aureus, and acne vulgaris. A total of 13 relevant research articles were identified. The ADMSC secretome contains antimicrobial peptides (e.g., LL-37), cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles that can disrupt bacterial membranes, enhance phagocytosis, and inhibit biofilm formation. Several studies demonstrate strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus, including resistant strains, while data on C. acnes remains limited but still supports its therapeutic relevance.
creator: Monica Indiasti Putri
creator: Marlina Marlina
creator: Ikhwan Resmala Sudji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Monica Indiasti Putri, Marlina, Ikhwan Resmala Sudji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 507
ending page: 512
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10622

Chemical Characteristics of Snack bar from Grain Germinated Rice Flour with Added Penja Fish Flour
type: item
description: : This study aimed to evaluate the chemical characteristics of snack bars formulated from grain germinated rice flour combined with penja fish (Sicyopterus spp.) flour as a potential local protein rich ingredient. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two formulations: P0 (100% germinated rice flour : 0% penja flour) and P1 (80% germinated rice flour : 20% penja flour). Chemical analyses included moisture content, ash, protein, carbohydrate, and total energy. The results showed that the addition of 20% penja flour significantly affected (p<0.05) all chemical parameters. Treatment P1 exhibited the highest values of ash (1.82%), protein (34.65%), carbohydrate (11.06%), and total energy (437.5 kcal/100 g), while reducing moisture content to 14.51%. The increase in nutritional value was attributed to the high protein content of penja fish and the nutrient contribution from germinated rice flour. These findings indicate that combining germinated rice flour and penja fish flour has strong potential for producing nutrient dense local snack bars.
creator: Nur Afni Azis
creator: Rizka Aulia Safarni
creator: Nurul Fathanah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Afni Azis, Rizka Aulia Safarni, Nurul Fathanah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 513
ending page: 519
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10883

Phenomenon of Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents Aged 10 to 18 Years in Parongpong District
type: item
description: Smoking habits among adolescents aged 10–18 have reached alarming levels in Indonesia. This study aims to further understand how adolescents develop an addiction and a compulsion to smoke. This study used a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach. Data were analyzed using the phenomenological interpretation method (IPA). The results showed that the primary source of cigarettes predominantly came from peers, followed by family, and a small portion came from personal initiative. Adolescents have basic knowledge about the dangers of smoking, but their knowledge is still limited. Attitudes toward anti-smoking movements tend to be neutral and are not considered important. Smoking behavior in adolescents is largely influenced by peer pressure, curiosity, the search for identity, and the desire for group acceptance. The phenomenon of smoking among adolescents in Parongpong District is influenced not only by health knowledge but also by social, symbolic, family, and adolescent psychosocial development factors. Smoking behavior is more influenced by the social meaning of cigarettes as a symbol of maturity and the process of identity search than by rational knowledge about health risks. Thus, this phenomenon is not only a health behavior, but also a complex social phenomenon.
creator: Daniel Hasian Inkiriwang
creator: Palupi Triwahyuni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Hasian Inkiriwang, Palupi Triwahyuni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 520
ending page: 527
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10906

DNA Barcoding Analysis Areca Nut from Riau Based on matk Gene
type: item
description: Areca nut (Areca catechu) is a monocotyledonous plant and belongs to the Arecaceae family. Areca nut trees have an important role in the economic, religious, cultural, and traditional medicine sectors. The use of matK sequence DNA barcodes to identify areca nut species from Riau has never been done before. This study aims to analyze the potential of matK sequences as DNA barcodes for areca nut plants from Riau. Areca nut samples were taken from the Indrigiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. The samples consisted of five varieties, each represented by seven different individuals. The research stages carried out were fresh leaves colleting, DNA isolation using the Geneaid Mini Plant kit, PCR following Thermo Scientific instructions, agarose gel electrophoresis, sequencing, and data analysis using bioinformatics programs such asBioEdit, BLASTn, and MEGA 11. The results showed that the highest identity value (99.87%) was found in A. catechu (MW785259.1). Six nucleotide variations were found with one critical nucleotide for A. catechu. The matK DNA sequence of areca nut from Riau from this study is the first sequence reported in the GenBank database.
creator: Herman Herman
creator: Zul Fitriadi
creator: Hasan Basri Jumin
creator: Nurbaiti Nurbaiti
creator: Dewi Indriyani Roslim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Herman, Zul Fitriadi, Hasan Basri Jumin, Nurbaiti, Dewi Indriyani Roslim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 528
ending page: 534
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10689

Analysis of matK and trnL-trnF Intergenic Spacer on Pandan (Benstonea sp.) From Kualu Village, Riau Province, Indonesia
type: item
description: Molecular characterization using DNA barcodes is essential for clarifying taxonomic relationships and confirming species identity within the genus Benstonea. Pandan (Benstonea sp.) has potential as a source of bioactive compounds, a subject of genetic and taxonomic studies, and a component of biodiversity that supports conservation and the development of tissue culture for secondary metabolite production. This study aims to analyze the DNA barcode regions matK and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer (IGS) on Benstonea sp. collected from Kualu Village, Riau Province, Indonesia. The fresh leaves of this plant were used for DNA extraction using the Geneaid Mini Plant kit, PCR following Thermo Scientific protocols, agarose gel electrophoresis, sequencing, and data analysis using BioEdit, BLASTn, and MEGA 11.0. In this study had been obtained DNA sequences of matK and trnL-trnF IGS with the size of 846 bp and 964, respectively. Based on BLASTn analysis of the sequences, it showed that the pandan species originating from Kualu Village (Kampar Regency) and Langgam Village (Pelalawan Regency) have similarities with accessions from other genera of the Pandanaceae family (average query cover value reaches 100%). Phylogenetic analysis of the trnL-trnF IGS showed that the pandan plants studied were in the same group as Benstonea sp. 'Kajuik Lake' DIR01 and were clearly separated from the Pandanus and Martellidendron groups. The trnL-trnF IGS can be used to differentiate and group species of the genera Benstonea and Pandanus into distinct clades, whereas the matK was only effective for classification at the genus level. The sequences were submitted to GenBank and were available for use in the molecular identification of this plant.
creator: Fadel Nugraha
creator: Putri Tri Sofhya
creator: Fatma Jumaita Putri
creator: Herman Herman
creator: Dewi Indriyani Roslim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fadel Nugraha, Putri Tri Sofhya, Fatma Jumaita Putri, Herman, Dewi Indriyani Roslim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 535
ending page: 542
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10731

Analysis of Fingerprint Patterns and Axial Triradius Digital Angles in Mentawai Children
type: item
description: Dermatoglyphic characteristics, including fingerprint patterns and the axial triradius digital (ATD) angle, are widely used as biological markers to assess genetic variation and developmental stability within populations. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of fingerprint patterns and the variation of ATD angles among Mentawai children in West Sumatra. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed involving 10 Mentawai individuals aged 6–18 years. Fingerprint patterns were collected using the ink-and-paper method, and ATD angles were measured manually with a protractor. The results showed that the most common fingerprint patterns were plain whorl and ulnar loop, each representing 40% of observations. The majority of participants exhibited an ATD angle greater than 45° on both the left (70%) and right (60%) hands. These findings reveal distinctive dermatoglyphic characteristics in Mentawai children, indicating potential genetic influences and intrauterine environmental factors. Overall, this study enhances the scientific understanding of biological diversity within the Mentawai population.
creator: Afifah Mabrukah Aulia
creator: Elsa Yuniarti
creator: Linda Rosalina
creator: Rika Amran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Afifah Mabrukah Aulia, Elsa Yuniarti, Linda Rosalina, Rika Amran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 543
ending page: 550
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10705

Probiotic Gummies for Improving Gut Microbiota and Nutritional Status in Stunted Children: A Narrative Review
type: item
description: Stunting remains a major nutritional problem in Indonesia and is often linked to gut microbiota imbalance that can limit nutrient absorption and weaken intestinal function. This article reviews evidence on how probiotics can support gut health and examines the potential of gummy formulations that children can consume easily. The review process used Publish or Perish to search scientific articles from 2016 to 2025 in Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened to ensure relevance. A total of 17 studies were included in the analysis. The findings show that probiotics can increase SCFA-producing bacteria, improve the gut mucosal barrier and support the absorption of minerals such as calcium and iron. Several studies also report better digestive comfort and improved microbiota diversity after probiotic intake. Probiotic gummies show good stability, maintain viable cells and are well accepted by children, which makes them a practical delivery system. The evidence from these 17 studies suggests that probiotic gummies have potential to support gut health and contribute to stunting prevention. Longer studies are still needed to measure their direct impact on child growth and guide future nutritional interventions.
creator: Agustina Rusmayanti
creator: Ahsanal Kasasiah
creator: Khaeru Irgi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agustina Rusmayanti, Ahsanal Kasasiah, Khaeru Irgi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 551
ending page: 562
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10708

Enhanced Antihyperglycemic Potential of Rhizophora mucronata Leaf Extract Nanoparticles as a Natural Therapeutic Agent
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Rhizophora mucronata, a locally abundant mangrove species in Indonesia, has attracted attention for its potential medicinal properties. The limited effectiveness of conventional herbal preparations has prompted the development of mangrove extract nanoparticles to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of active compounds. This study evaluates the phytochemical profile, physicochemical properties, and antihyperglycemic activity of R. mucronata leaf extract nanoparticles. Phytochemical screening identified secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and saponins. SEM analysis revealed irregular, agglomerated nanoparticle morphology, and EDS confirmed that carbon and oxygen were the dominant elements. XRD analysis indicated semi-crystalline characteristics, while FTIR detected key functional groups associated with organic compounds. In vivo experiments using alloxan-induced mice showed that treatment with mangrove extract nanoparticles, especially at a 15% concentration, significantly lowered blood glucose levels compared to other treatments. These findings suggest that mangrove leaf extract nanoparticles hold strong promise as an effective and stable natural antihyperglycemic agent.
creator: Hartati Hartati
creator: Hartono Hartono
creator: Musawira Musawira
creator: Besse Khalidatunnisa
creator: Kusdianawati Kusdianawati
creator: Auliana Bestray Isma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hartati, Hartono, Musawira, Besse Khalidatunnisa, Kusdianawati, Auliana Bestray Isma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 563
ending page: 571
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10712

Antibacterial Activity of Quinoline Alkaloids from Cinchona ledgeriana Cell Suspension Cultures Againts Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
type: item
description: Kina (Cinchona ledgeriana) is a member of the Rubiacea family of the genus Cinchona that contains a secondary metabolite called quinoline alkaloid. In vitro cell culture has been shown to produce secondary metabolites, by cultivating cells in a nutrient-rich liquid medium under suitable environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of quinoline alkaloids from Kina cell cultures against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Quinoline alkaloid extracted from Kina cell culture was tested for its antibacterial activity using the well methode. Antibacterial tests revealed that quinoline alkaloids produced greater inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus (7.33 mm) and E. coli (1.66 mm) compared to solutions of pure quinine and quinidine. However, the inhibition of quinoline alkaloids against S. aureus and E. coli was still very low because they only had an inhibition zone with a diameter of <10 m.
creator: Yustiny Andaliza Hasibuan
creator: Diah Ratnadewi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yustiny Andaliza Hasibuan, Diah Ratnadewi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 572
ending page: 577
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10779

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from California Papaya and Antibacterial Activity as a Potential Starter Culture
type: item
description: Papaya fruit has many benefits for body health. Lactic acid bacteria can be used as a starter culture to produce more diverse foods (food diversification) and increase product shelf life. This study was conducted to obtain LAB isolates from California papaya that have potential as starter cultures. The methods in this study include the LAB isolation stage followed by the gram staining process, endospore staining, catalase test, hemolytic test, and antibacterial activity test using S. aurius and E. coli as indicator bacteria. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test at 5% of significance level. The total count (TPC) of LAB in California papaya samples was 3.6x105 CFU/mL. The results of LAB isolation from California papaya obtained 14 LAB isolates, after going through the testing and screening stages obtained 8 LAB isolates that could potentially be used as starter culture candidates, namely isolates DPC1, DPC5, DPC6, DPC7, DPC10, DPC11, DPC12, DPC14. Isolate DPC6 is an isolate with the highest antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria, so it is a potential bacterial candidate that can be used as a starter culture.
creator: Deni Harmoko
creator: Elsa Mega Suryani
creator: Rizka Kusuma Ningrum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Deni Harmoko, Elsa Mega Suryani, Rizka Kusuma Ningrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 578
ending page: 587
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10717

Management of Respiratory Emergencies and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Literature Review on COVID-19
type: item
description: Emerging infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, have become major global health challenges with significant clinical and social impacts. One of the most frequent and fatal complications of COVID-19 is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), characterized by impaired gas exchange due to diffuse lung injury. This study is a narrative review analyzing 28 articles on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of COVID-19 related ARDS (CARDS). The findings show that CARDS presents with greater severity and higher mortality than ARDS caused by other etiologies, driven by excessive inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and microthrombosis. Clinical manifestations progress from early COVID-19 symptoms to worsening hypoxemia in accordance with the Berlin criteria. Emergency management of COVID-19 with ARDS emphasizes the ABCDE approach, stabilization of respiratory and circulatory functions, and indication-based interventions to prevent respiratory failure and improve oxygenation. This review is expected to serve as a comprehensive reference for healthcare professionals in understanding and optimizing the management of CARDS.
creator: Ni Made Saithanya Gitanjali Dhevi
creator: Febi Jian Setiasari
creator: Isna Asriantin
creator: Lale Nubya Nitzana
creator: Hasna Tazkia Aghni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Made Saithanya Gitanjali Dhevi, Febi Jian Setiasari, Isna Asriantin, Lale Nubya Nitzana, Hasna Tazkia Aghni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 588
ending page: 597
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10990

HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Breast cancer remains a malignancy with high global mortality rates. Approximately 15-20% of these cases are Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) positive subtype, characterized by aggressiveness, high risk of metastasis, and poor prognosis if left untreated. This literature review aims to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and recent advancements in the management of HER2-positive breast cancer. The study utilized a literature review method, sourcing data from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. A total of 23 literatures published within the last 5-10 years were selected based on inclusion criteria. Overexpression of HER2 protein triggers the activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, stimulating uncontrolled cell proliferation. Diagnosis is established via Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confirmed by In Situ Hybridization (ISH) following ASCO/CAP 2018 guidelines. Current management shows a significant shift; neoadjuvant and first-line advanced stage therapies prioritize dual blockade (Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab). Furthermore, the new generation Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC), Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd), has demonstrated superior efficacy compared to T-DM1 as a second-line therapy. Comprehensive understanding of HER2 molecular biology and advances in targeted therapy have transformed the clinical landscape, increasing survival rates and significantly improving the prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
creator: Muhammad Fikri Adidaifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fikri Adidaifa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 598
ending page: 604
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10991

Description of Interprofessional Collaboration Between Pharmacists and Doctors in Management of TBC Patients in Community Health Lombok Island
type: item
description: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a priority health problem in Indonesia, with West Nusa Tenggara Province reporting 11,061 cases in 2023, most of which originated from Lombok Island. TB treatment success rates in this region remain below national targets, necessitating effective interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists as key players in therapy management. This study aims to describe the interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in TB patient management at community health centers (Puskesmas) across Lombok Island. The study used a quantitative descriptive method involving 54 pharmacists selected through purposive sampling. The instrument used was the Pharmacist–Physician Collaborative Index (PPCI), which assesses three main domains: trust, initiating relationships, and role specification, as well as one additional domain: collaborative practice. Analysis was conducted descriptively based on the categorization scores for each domain. The results showed that the level of collaboration was in the moderate category. The trust domain was in the moderate category, the initiating relationship was in the moderate category, and the role specification was in the adequate category. Overall, collaborative practices were deemed quite effective. These results indicate that although collaboration has been established, improvements in communication, role clarity, and consistent information exchange are still needed to support optimal TB management in community health centers.
creator: Reivirly Khairadaty Maghfirahandini
creator: Mahacita Andanalusia
creator: Azizatul Adni
creator: Yoga Dwi Saputra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Reivirly Khairadaty Maghfirahandini, Mahacita Andanalusia, Azizatul Adni, Yoga Dwi Saputra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
volume: 25
number: 4a
starting page: 605
ending page: 613
doi: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.11071