Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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The Relationship Between the Level of Knowledge of the Elderly About Risk Factors of Low Back Pain and the Incidence of Low Back Pain at Pusat Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Mandalika, Nusa Tenggara Barat, in 2025
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal problem that is often experienced by the elderly and can reduce the quality of life. Knowledge of LBP risk factors plays an important role in efforts to prevent and treat it. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of elderly knowledge about LBP risk factors and the incidence of LBP at the Mandalika Elderly Social Service Center, West Nusa Tenggara in 2025. This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design on 41 elderly people selected through total sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed univariately and bivariously with Chi-square test. The results showed that most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge (46.3%), followed by low (34.1%) and good (19.5%) knowledge. The incidence of LBP was found in 26 respondents (63.4%), while 15 respondents (36.6%) did not experience LBP. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of the elderly and the incidence of LBP (p-value = 0.002). It was concluded that low knowledge was related to the high incidence of LBP. Continuous health education is needed to increase the understanding of the elderly in preventing LBP.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Kadek Lioni, Anak Agung Ayu Niti Wedayani, Dyah Purnaning, Azizatul Adni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Duration of Hemodialysis and Knowledge Level About Chronic Kidney Disease Among Hemodialysis Patients in Kupang City
Long-term kidney disease is a worldwide health issue that is becoming more common, leading to numerous individuals needing ongoing hemodialysis treatment. Understanding the illness and the management of hemodialysis is vital for successful treatment and improving life quality. However, the length of time a patient undergoes hemodialysis does not always match their level of understanding about the condition. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hemodialysis duration and knowledge levels about chronic kidney disease among hemodialysis patients in Kupang City. The research method used was analytical with a cross-sectional design. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling according to specific inclusion criteria. Knowledge levels were assessed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Knowledge Questionnaire, while the duration of hemodialysis was gathered from medical records. The data analysis involved univariate and bivariate analysis, utilizing the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). A large portion of the participants were between the ages of 52 to 66 years (41.1%), had completed high school (35.6%), and were either unemployed or retired (36.2%). Regarding the length of hemodialysis, the majority of participants fell into the category of more than 24 months (43.6%). Knowledge levels ranged from good to poor. Bivariate analysis indicated no significant connection between the duration of hemodialysis and the understanding of chronic kidney disease (p-value = 0.500). There is no association between the length of hemodialysis and the understanding of chronic kidney disease among patients receiving hemodialysis in Kupang City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Betty Griselda Christine Soemoeljo, Teguh Dwi Nugroho, Su Djie To Rante, Elisabeth Levina Sari Setianingrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Central Obesity and Low Back Pain Complaints Among Housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba
Central obesity can increase mechanical stress and inflammation on the spine, which can lead to low back pain (LBP). Housewives have limited physical activity and repetitive domestic workloads that can exacerbate this risk. Objective to determine the relationship between central obesity and low back pain complaints among housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study of 101 housewives. Methods: The study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 101 housewives were included as respondents. Central obesity was determined based on waist circumference measurements, while LBP complaints were assessed using a standardised questionnaire. The analysis of the relationship between variables was performed using the Chi-Square test. Results of the total respondents, 89 people (88.1%) were identified as having central obesity, and 67 of them reported complaints of LBP. The Chi-Square test showed a value of p=0.001, indicating a significant relationship between central obesity and complaints of low back pain. There is a significant relationship between central obesity and LBP complaints among housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba. Prevention can be achieved through increased physical activity and education on ergonomic work posture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominggus R.K.U.W Pandango, Su Djie To Rante, Audrey Gracelia Riwu, Dwita Anastasia Deo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Indonesia’s Social Forestry Achievements within the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC) Framework
Global climate change demands concrete commitment from every country to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Indonesia established Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution with emission reduction targets of 31.89% unconditionally and 43.20% conditionally by 2030, with Forest and Other Land Use sector as key to achieving Net Sink 2030. Social Forestry program plays strategic role but faces complex challenges related to community capacity, institutional coordination, and regulatory alignment. This study analyzes position and contribution of Social Forestry toward Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution achievement using Systematic Literature Review of 25 publications from 2020-2025. Secondary data from policy documents and official reports were analyzed using DPSIR Framework approach. Results show Social Forestry program until 2024 covers 8.02 million hectares of 12.7 million hectares target with carbon stock reaching 110.5 million tons CO2eq and potential contribution of 34.6% toward forestry sector emission reduction target. Program successfully reduced deforestation rate to lowest level in 20 years at 115,459 hectares in 2019-2020. Main challenges include limited community capacity, excessive administrative burden, weak coordination, and regulatory misalignment. Optimization requires capacity strengthening, procedure simplification, effective coordination, regulatory synchronization, and integration with carbon economic value schemes to achieve Forest and Other Land Use Net Sink 2030.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bangkit Maulana, Taslim Sjah, Ketut Budastra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on The Histopathological Appearance of Large Intestine of White Rats (Rattus novergicus) Induced by Ibuprofen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly Ibuprofen, are widely used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, irrational or prolonged use may lead to gastrointestinal injury, including NSAID-induced colitis, due to the inhibition of protective prostaglandins in the mucosa. Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaf) extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential agent for improving mucosal damage in the colon. Objective to determine the effect of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract on the histopathological features of the colon in Sprague Dawley rats induced with Ibuprofen. This study was an experimental laboratory research using a posttest-only control group design. Thirty male Sprague Histopathological assessment of the colon was performed across five fields of view using the scoring system. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney test. The positive control group exhibited severe mucosal damage with extensive epithelial erosion and inflammatory infiltration. The P1 group (50 mg/kgBW) showed moderate improvements, while the P2 group (150 mg/kgBW) demonstrated reduced inflammation and ulceration. The highest dose group, P3 (250 mg/kgBW), showed the most prominent mucosal recovery, with significantly milder lesions compared to other groups. Bay leaf extract significantly improves the histopathological condition of the colon in Ibuprofen-induced rats. Higher doses of the extract result in better mucosal healing and reduced tissue damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patrick David Altissimo Balbesi, Efrisca M. Br. Damanik, Sangguana Marthen Jacobus Koamesah, Regina M. Hutasoit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on Renal Histopathology in Ibuprofen-Induced White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially ibuprofen, can cause Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) through oxidative stress and prostaglandin inhibition. Syzygium polyanthum leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, which have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that may protect the kidneys. This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect and determine the optimal dose of ethanol extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaves on ibuprofeninduced renal damage in rats. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Negative Control (K-), Acute Positive Control (K+A), Recovery Positive Control (K+B), and three treatment groups (P1, P2, P3). Kidney damage was assessed using the EGTI scoring system (Endothelial, Glomerular, Tubular, Interstitial). Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s Post Hoc test. The analysis revealed significant differences in renal damage scores among the groups. The acute positive control group exhibited the highest level of renal injury. Among the treatment groups, the 150 mg/kgBW dose (P2) demonstrated the most optimal improvement, even exceeding spontaneous recovery. At the highest dose (P3), the protective effect did not increase and instead showed a tendency toward reduced efficacy, reflecting a hormetic phenomenon. The ethanol extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaves exerts significant nephroprotective effects against ibuprofen-induced histopathological damage to the renal epithelium, tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial tissue, with an optimal dose of 150 mg/kgBW.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angel Tiurma Butar, Efrisca M. Br. Damanik, Regina M. Hutasoit, Muhajirin Dean http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Sugar Variation and Fermentation Time on Hydrogen Peroxide Levels and Eco-Enzyme Antibacterial Activity
Eco-enzyme is a filtrate resulting from the fermentation of sugar, organic materials, and water, which is produced not only to reduce organic waste but also as a functional product. This study aims to examine the effects of sugar type and the eco-enzyme's fermentation duration on three key parameters: bacterial optical density, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The bacterial optical density was determined from absorbance measured at 600 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was determined by permanganometric titration, and the inhibition zone of the eco-enzyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for one month had the highest bacterial optical density. Meanwhile, the highest hydrogen peroxide concentration was found in the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months. In addition, the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 6.59 mm and 6.37 mm, respectively. Eco-enzymes fermented with granulated sugar, palm sugar, and molasses all showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, the highest antibacterial activity against both bacteria was observed in the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Vidya Primarista, Abdul Rohman Wali, Trisuciati Syahwardini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of General Practitioners Regarding Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Primary Healthcare Centers on Lombok Island
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and a preventable cause of blindness through early detection. General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in DR screening, yet field practices often do not align with their level of knowledge. This study analyzed the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of GPs and their DR screening practices in primary healthcare centers (Puskesmas) across Lombok Island. This cross-sectional study involved 45 GPs selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing knowledge (36 items), attitude (8 items), and practice (8 items). Pearson’s correlation test was used for data analysis. Most respondents had good knowledge (86.6%) and all demonstrated positive attitudes toward DR screening. However, only 13.3% showed good screening practices. Pearson’s test revealed no significant relationship between knowledge and practice (r = 0.105; p = 0.494) nor between attitude and practice (r = –0.111; p = 0.494). Low implementation of screening was influenced by limited availability of equipment (77.7% lacked an ophthalmoscope), insufficient training (71.1%), high workload, and low confidence in interpreting funduscopic findings. Despite adequate knowledge and positive attitudes, GPs’ screening practices for DR remain low and are not associated with these factors. Screening behavior is more strongly influenced by structural and systemic barriers. Improving early detection requires adequate equipment, practical training, and strengthened referral pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Kadek Ari Sanjaya, Monalisa Nasrul, Ni Nyoman Geriputri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of Star Fruit Leaf Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) Against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a normal flora bacteria on the skin that can cause opportunistic infections. Generally, this infection is treated using antibiotics, but improper use of antibiotics can cause the onset of antibiotic resistance, so the development of natural antibacterial research with plant materials is one of the alternatives to reduce the incidence of resistance. A traditional medicinal plant is the leaves of star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of the extract from star fruit leaves on Staphylococcus epidermidis. The type of research used is a true experimental design with a post-test only control group design. The treatment group in this study consisted of concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, with a positive control of clindamycin at a dose of 2 μg and a negative control of sterile aquadest which was carried out 3 times for each test group. The antibacterial test method is carried out by the disc diffusion method. The data analysis used is the One Way Anova statistical test. Star fruit leaf extract contains alkaloid compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. There is antibacterial activity of star fruit leaf extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The inhibition zone was produced at various concentrations of 100% (⌀ 15.14 mm), 50% (⌀ 14.06 mm), 25% (⌀ 13.75 mm), 12.5% (⌀ 12.01 mm), 6.25% (⌀ 10.55 mm), and 3.12% (⌀ 9.03 mm). Starfruit leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michellin Elsen, Desi Indria Rini, Magdarita Riwu, Carolin Wijaya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Ecoenzyme Addition to Red Glutinous Rice-Based Trichoderma asperellum on Bujang Marantau Germination Biomass
Enhancing rice productivity is essential to meet increasing national food demands, especially for local varieties such as Bujang Marantau from Tanah Datar District. This variety is highly valued for its yield potential and pest resistance; however, it faces challenges related to declining seed quality. This research investigates the effect of incorporating an ecoenzyme into a Trichoderma asperellum formulation, using a red glutinous rice medium, on the germination and early growth of Bujang Marantau rice. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight ecoenzyme concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%) and four replications. The measured parameters were the fresh and dry weights of seedlings at seven days after germination. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by DNMRT when significant differences were detected. The results indicated that ecoenzyme application significantly affected seedling fresh weight during germination but did not influence dry weight. A 30% ecoenzyme concentration was found to be the most effective in promoting germination biomass. This finding demonstrates that ecoenzyme incorporation at this optimal concentration enhances Bujang Marantau rice seedling vigor and represents a promising approach for improving seed quality. Further research is recommended to evaluate field performance and the long-term effects on productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lega Pesona Kasih, Azwir Anhar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Rehabilitation of Kelep River Watershed in West Lombok Regency
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kelep River Watershed (DAS) rehabilitation based on biophysical indicators, including changes in vegetation cover, growth success rate, and erosion dynamics. The research approach used a mixed methods with a Before After Control Impact (BACI) design. Quantitative data were analyzed using NDVI values, the USLE erosion model, and the R/C ratio, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The results showed an increase in vegetation cover, indicated by an increase in NDVI values of 0.12–0.25, which contributed to a 57% reduction in erosion rates in the upstream area. Increased soil organic matter content increased infiltration and supported agroforestry productivity. Economically, the R/C ratio reached 1.67, indicating the financial viability of post-rehabilitation agriculture. Watershed rehabilitation needs to be strengthened through soil and water conservation in erosion-prone zones, regular NDVI-based monitoring, the development of multi-strata agroforestry conservation agribusiness with economic incentives, and strengthening the role of local institutions through technical support, access to capital, and monitoring of IPPKH compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Welmy Soumena, Taslim Sjah, I Ketut Budastra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Stocking Density Variations in Traditional System
Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation is one of the fisheries sub-sectors that has high economic value and is important in supporting the economy, among various cultivation systems, traditional ponds are still the choice for most farmers, especially those who have limited capital and supporting technology. This study aims to analyze the weight growth and absolute weight growth rate of vannamei shrimp cultivated in traditional ponds, this study was carried out for 35 days, the variables of this study include the absolute weight and absolute length of the cultivated shrimp. This study shows that shrimp in pond A have better growth than pond B, where the absolute weight is 15.92 grams while in pond B it is 7.56 grams. Analysis of the absolute length growth of vannamei also shows better in pond A with a value of 5.73 cm while in pond B it is 2.90 cm. Density and water quality are the causes of slow growth, on the other hand, land area, optimal density is more profitable for shrimp in obtaining natural food.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javierrevo Aironic, Andi Rahmad Rahim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Waist-To-Hip Ratio and HbA1c Levels Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Community Health Centers in Kupang
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase, alongside a growing burden of central obesity as a major contributing risk factor. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) serves as a practical anthropometric indicator for assessing central obesity, whereas glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects long-term glycemic control. Nevertheless, the evidence regarding the association between WHR and HbA1c levels remains inconclusive and varies across studies. Research objective to analyze the relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes mellitus at primary health care centers in Kupang City. This study employed a cross-sectional design. Venous blood samples were collected to measure HbA1c levels, while waist and hip circumferences were measured to obtain the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) values. Data were analyzed using the Chi Square test. Result: The respondents were aged 18–59 years. The Chi-Square analysis indicated a non-significant association, with a p-value of 0.067. There was no significant association between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes mellitus at community health centers in Kupang City. Glycemic control is influenced not only by anthropometric parameters but also by various other factors, including dietary patterns, sex, physical activity, and lifestyle behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2026 William Kevin Nathanael Situmorang, Elisabeth Levina Setianingrum, Deif Tunggal, Christina Olly Lada http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Nutritional Status and HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Patients at Primary Health Center in Kupang City
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease with an increasing global prevalence. Effective monitoring and management are essential to reduce disease burden and prevent complications, including through HbA1c assessment and nutritional status evaluation such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), which are feasible in primary health care settings. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and HbA1c levels among patients with Diabetes Mellitus at primary health centers in Kupang City. A cross-sectional design was conducted among 69 respondents selected using consecutive sampling at Oepoi, Sikumana, and Bakunase Primary Health Centers. Data were collected through BMI and MUAC measurements and HbA1c examination and analyzed using Pearson correlation test. The results indicated that most respondents were female, overweight based on BMI, had normal MUAC, and uncontrolled HbA1c levels. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between BMI and HbA1c levels (p > 0.05) nor between MUAC and HbA1c levels (p > 0.05). In conclusion, nutritional status was not significantly associated with HbA1c levels among DM patients. Glycemic control may be influenced by factors beyond anthropometric indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Veronika Florida Fiani, Elisabeth Levina Setianingrum, Rahel Rara Woda, Kristian Ratu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Sea Turtle Welfare Using an Animal Welfare Approach at Nipah Beach Hatchery
The decline in sea turtle populations highlights the importance of conservation efforts through captive management that prioritizes animal welfare. This study aimed to assess the level of sea turtle welfare at the Turtle Conservation Community (TCC) hatchery in Nipah Beach, North Lombok Regency. The research was conducted in June 2025 using field observation, in-depth interviews, and a scoring method based on the five animal welfare principles referring to the Regulation of the Director General of PHKA No. P.6/IV-SET/2011. The results showed that the overall welfare score of sea turtles was 73.21, classified as good. Feeding management and health aspects received high scores, while the natural behavior aspect showed the lowest score. Improvements are needed, particularly in enclosure enrichment, environmental security, and feed variation, to further optimize sea turtle welfare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadira Khairunnisa, Maiser Syaputra, Fauzan Fahrussiam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial and Canopy Utilization Pattern by Long-Tailed Monkeys (macaca fascicularis) Along the Oi Marai Tourist Trail
The riparian ecosystem along the Oi Marai tourism trail in Tambora National Park constitutes a critical habitat for various wildlife species, including the Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). This study aims to analyze spatial use and canopy utilization by long-tailed macaques along the Oi Marai tourism trail in response to pressures from tourism activities. Data were collected using line transect and ad libitum sampling methods to record daily movements over a 14-day observation period. Spatial use was analyzed using the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) technique based on GPS coordinates. The results identified a single group of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) consisting of 21 individuals led by one dominant male (alpha). The home range of this group was recorded at 3.60 ha, with daily travel distances ranging from 1.31 km to 5.52 km and a maximum ranging radius of 0.43 km. The territorial area covered 0.85 ha, with the farthest and nearest night sleeping position (NPS) distances recorded at 0.36 km and 0.03 km, respectively. The core area was estimated at 0.30 ha. Animal movements were predominantly concentrated along the river corridor due to the availability of water and food resources, including both natural forage and supplementary food provided by visitors. Vertically, canopy utilization exhibited functional stratification: strata C and D served as the primary zones for social activities and feeding (65%), whereas strata A and B functioned mainly as protective areas (20%). These findings indicate a reduction in home range size associated with the availability of supplementary food along the tourism trail.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedy Rahman, Maiser Syaputra, Hasyyati Shabrina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Herbivory-induced Defense Responses in Brassicaceae: Implication on Secondary Metabolites Enrichment and Diversification - A Comprehensive Review
Plants of the Brassicaceae family display a highly complex and adaptive chemical defense system against biotic stresses, particularly herbivore attack. These defense mechanisms are physiologically based on the biosynthesis and activation of secondary metabolites, mainly glucosinolates, which are converted into toxic compounds such as isothiocyanates by the enzyme myrosinase upon tissue damage. This response is not only local, but also systemic, involving cross-interactions between roots and leaves, and is modulated by the hormones jasmonate (JA), salicylate (SA), and ethylene (ET). These complex interactions form a plant defense system that can be explicitly induced depending on the type and sequence of herbivore attack. In addition, molecular adaptation strategies, such as MYB gene expression, and engineering technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have opened up opportunities to improve plant resistance. This study aims to analyze the physiological dynamics of Brassicaceae defense mechanisms, evaluate the role of hormonal and genetic regulation in enhancing plant resistance, and address the critical challenges posed by specialist herbivore adaptations and the socio-environmental implications of genetic engineering. By synthesizing these elements, this article presents a comprehensive review of the potential of these defense systems in advancing sustainable agriculture and promoting human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Indah Putri, Shyla Aulia Delfi, Putra Santoso, Resti Rahayu, Muhammad Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Yield Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Compound Copper and Zinc Micronutrient Fertilization
This study evaluated a Zn–Cu compound micronutrient fertilizer on plant growth, yield components, grain yield, and fertilizer-use efficiency of Inpari 32 rice. A field experiment was conducted in an Inceptisol paddy field (1,100 m²) in Margokaton, Seyegan, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (January–April 2025). Treatments were arranged in a non-factorial completely randomized design with eight fertilizer regimes and four replications, combining NPK with graded rates of Zn+Cu fertilizer. Pre- and post-planting soil nutrient analyses and post-harvest leaf tissue nutrient analyses were conducted, and vegetative traits, yield, Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE), and fertilizer-use efficiency were evaluated. Soil Zn and Cu were initially very high and high, respectively, but remained below toxicity thresholds. Compared with regimes without Zn+Cu, Zn+Cu additions significantly increased plant height, tiller number, and milled dry grain yield. Treatments P2–P7 achieved RAE >100%, indicating greater agronomic effectiveness than the non-Zn+Cu regimes. The most effective dosage was P6 (1 dosage NPK + 1.5 dosage Zn+Cu).
Copyright (c) 2026 Sutan Tarmizi Lubis, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Betha Silmia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Two Commercial Concentrates on Carcass Percentage and Internal Organs of Broiler Chickens
Commercial concentrates have different nutrient formulations, which may potentially affect body tissue growth and the development of internal organs in broiler chickens, ultimately influencing the percentage of carcass parts and internal organs. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding two different types of commercial concentrates on the percentage of carcass parts and internal organs of broiler chickens. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design with a one-way pattern consisting of three treatments and four replications. The treatments were P1: 100% commercial concentrate A; P2: 100% commercial concentrate B; and P3: 50% commercial concentrate A + 50% commercial concentrate B. The observed variables included the percentages of thigh, wing, and breast parts, as well as the percentages of heart, gizzard, and liver. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and when significant differences were detected, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied. The results showed that the percentages of breast and thigh parts among P1, P2, and P3 did not differ significantly; however, the percentage of wing parts in P1 was significantly lower than in P2 and P3. The percentages of heart and liver in P1, P2, and P3 did not show significant differences, whereas the gizzard percentage in P1 was significantly different compared to P3. It can be concluded that feeding two different types of commercial concentrates significantly affected the percentages of wing and gizzard parts but did not significantly affect the percentages of breast, thigh, heart, and liver.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Sukaryani, Bagas Fajar Firmansyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Quality of Banana Stem and Indigofera sp Mixture Fermented Using MA-11 at Different Doses
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of MA-11 on the physical quality, pH, and dry weight of a fermented mixture of banana pseudostem and Indigofera forage with molasses addition. Fermentation was applied as a method to improve the utilization of local feed resources with low physical quality. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with three treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of P0: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses (control), P1: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses + 1 cc MA-11, and P2: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses + 2 cc MA-11. Fermentation was carried out for 12 days. The observed variables included physical quality (color, aroma, and texture), pH value, and dry weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that MA-11 supplementation significantly improved the physical quality of the fermented mixture, as indicated by higher scores for color, aroma, and texture compared to the control. In addition, MA-11 significantly reduced the pH value of the fermented product. However, the application of MA-11 had no significant effect on dry weight. It can be concluded that the fermentation of banana pseudostem and Indigofera forage using MA-11 effectively improved physical quality and fermentation characteristics, although it did not affect dry weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amanda Istiana, Sri Sukaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial Strategy of Dasan Lekong Community Health Center, East Lombok to Improve Utilization of Electronic Medical Records by Medical Personnel
The digital transformation in the healthcare sector encourages the implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to improve service quality and the efficiency of patient data management. However, the implementation of EMR at Dasan Lekong Community Health Center (Puskesmas) still faces various technical and managerial challenges. This study aims to identify problems, analyze causal factors, determine priority issues to be addressed, and formulate managerial strategies for EMR development. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were collected through interviews and direct observations involving eight participants directly engaged in EMR management. Data analysis was conducted using four analytical tools: the HOT-Fit Model to identify Human, Organization, and Technology factors; the Fishbone Diagram to determine root causes; the USG (Urgency, Seriousness, Growth) Method to prioritize issues; and SWOT Analysis to develop managerial strategies. The findings reveal that the main obstacles to EMR implementation include limited infrastructure (computers, servers, and network), frequent system errors or slowdowns, inadequate staff skills, and unclear standard operating procedures (SOPs) with insufficient managerial support. Based on the USG analysis, technology and infrastructure are identified as top priorities, followed by human resource competence enhancement and organizational policy improvement. Recommended strategies include upgrading technological facilities, conducting continuous training, establishing standardized SOPs, and strengthening leadership support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rangga Kembang Taruna, Purwadhi Purwadhi, Ign. Wiseto P. Agung http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric And Meristic Aspects of Lemuru Fish (Sardinella lemuru) Landed on Pancer Beach Banyuwangi
Lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) is the main small pelagic commodity in the Bali Strait that has high economic value but is vulnerable to pressure on the surface. This study aims to analyze the morphometric and meristic characteristics of lemuru fish landed on Pancer beach, Banyuwangi. The research method used a descriptive survey with stratified random sampling techniques of 50 individuals in the period from October to December 2022. The results of measurements on 23 morphometric variables showed that the total length was 9 ≤ 19 cm (92%), the standard length was 7 ≤ 17 cm (86%), the body width was 1 ≤ 11 cm (90%), the height of the body was 2 ≤ 10 cm (88%), the height of the tail rod was 1 ≤ 9 cm (84%), the length of the tail rod was 1 ≤ 9 cm (96%), the length of the ventral fin was 1 ≤ 9 cm (90%), Pectoral fin length 1 ≤ 13 cm (98%), Eye diameter 1 ≤ 9 cm (90%) and weight 10 ≤ 24 g (98%). Meanwhile, the calculation of 14 meristic variables of lemuru fish showed that: Number of Hard Dorsal Radius 2 ≤ 12 (88%), Number of Weak Dorsal Radius 3 ≤ 13 (96%), Number of Hard Anal Fin Fingers 2 ≤ 6 (86%), Number of Weak Anal Fin Fingers 2 ≤ 8 (88%), Number of Scales on Lateral Stripes 54 ≤ 67 (78%), Number of Scales Around the Body 33 ≤ 41 (60%), Number of Scales on Side Lines 5 ≤ 17 (94%), The number of scales below the side line is 10 ≤ 20 (94%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Yolanda Aulia Rida, Karnan Karnan, Didik Santoso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mangrove Carbon Potential in The Bagek Kembar Mangrove Area and Cemara Lembar South Coast, West Lombok
The mangrove ecosystem is one of the coastal ecosystems that plays an important role in climate change mitigation due to its ability to absorb and store large amounts of carbon, especially in sediments (below ground carbon). Sedimentary carbon is relatively stable and stored for a long period of time, making its presence an important indicator in blue carbon studies. This study aims to analyze the potential of mangrove sediment carbon storage in Bagek Kembar Village and Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village, West Lombok Regency. The study was conducted from August to December 2025 using a quantitative descriptive method. Sediment sampling was carried out by purposive sampling in three mangrove zones, namely the front, middle, and back zones. In each zone, sediment samples were taken at three depth intervals, namely 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, and 60–100 cm, resulting in a total of 18 samples analyzed. Analysis of organic matter and sediment carbon content was carried out using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) method, while bulk density was used as a physical parameter of the sediment for calculating sediment carbon stocks. The results of the study showed that the bulk density value of mangrove sediment in Bagek Kembar Village ranged from 0.51–0.62 g/cm³ with an average of 0.57 g/cm³, while at Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village ranged from 0.44–0.69 g/cm³ with an average of 0.60 g/cm³. The carbon stock of mangrove sediment in Bagek Kembar Village was higher than that of Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village. This difference was influenced by the density of mangrove vegetation, the organic matter content of sediment, as well as the environmental characteristics and water dynamics at each location. This study shows that both locations have good potential as sediment carbon stores and need to be managed sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Alawiyah, Abdul Syukur, Didik Santoso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of the Difference in Biodegradation Rate of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates) and MES (Methyl Ester Sulfonate) Surfactants by Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is the most widely used surfactant in industrial detergent formulations, generating waste that poses potential risks to environmental quality and human health. As an environmentally friendly alternative, palm oil–based Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) has renewable and biodegradable properties, stability in hard water and high salinity, and a faster degradation rate than LAS. However, direct comparative studies on the biodegradation rates of LAS and MES are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the biodegradation ability of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium toward LAS and MES in vitro using the MBAS method. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design with a two-factor factorial arrangement and three replications, resulting in 12 experimental units. Biodegradation rates were determined by measuring surfactant concentrations at days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and linear regression analysis. The results showed a decrease in surfactant concentration over time in all treatments. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between LAS and MES biodegradation rates, but significant differences between bacterial species and their interaction with surfactant type.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Dini Najia Dzurrahmi, Prapti Sedijani, Muhlis Muhlis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prediction of Salmon Inhibitor Peptides For DPP-IV Proteins Using Molecular Docking
Diabetes mellitus is the 3rd leading cause of death in Indonesia. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are incretin hormones that function in postpandrial insulin secretion. The purpose of this study was to determine potential peptides from salmon as DPP-IV inhibitors for antidiabetic drugs, using the molecular docking method. This study design refers to several in silico peptide design studies through a bioinformatics approach. The results showed that bioactive peptide molecules derived from salmon, as well as peptide 1 and peptide 2 were predicted as potential molecular peptides and had good interactions with DPP-IV proteins, and were proven to be able to inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme as a target for diabetes mellitus drugs through the identification and evaluation of molecular interactions that occurred using the in silico peptide protein-based molecular binding method. The conclusion is that bioactive peptide molecules derived from salmon, as well as peptide 1 and peptide 2 were predicted as potential molecular peptides and had good interactions with DPP-IV proteins and were proven to be able to inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahdiyah Vernanda Saputri, Yulanda Antonius http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Menarche Age and the Incidence of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Christian Junior High School Students of Citra Bangsa Mandiri Kupang City
Primary dysmenorrhea ranks among the most prevalent menstrual issues in teenagers, impacting their everyday life and general well-being. The age at which menstruation begins has frequently been linked to the likelihood of experiencing dysmenorrhea; however, previous studies have produced mixed results. The goal of this research was to examine the connection between the age of menarche and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in female students at Kristen Citra Bangsa Mandiri Junior High School in Kupang. This investigation utilized an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 54 students were chosen using purposive sampling according to specific inclusion and exclusion standards. Menarche age was classified as early (younger than 12 years), normal (12 to 14 years), and late (older than 14 years). The WaLIDD Score was employed to evaluate primary dysmenorrhea. The data were processed using the chi-square test, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. The findings indicated that 55.6% of female students had a normal age for the start of menstruation, while 44.4% started early. The occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea was found to be 77.8%, with mild cases at 38.9%, moderate cases at 31.5%, and severe cases at 7.4%. Those who did not experience primary dysmenorrhea made up 22.2% of the respondents. The statistical analysis yielded a p=0.90 value. There was no significant link between the age of menarche and the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea among students at Citra Bangsa Mandiri Christian Junior High School in Kupang City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Giovani Maria Fallo, Kristian Ratu, Nimas Prita R. K. Wardani , Teguh Dwi Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Blood Pressure Reduction in Individuals with Prehypertension and Stage 1 Hypertension
Hypertension is a significant worldwide health concern that greatly affects heart-related illnesses and deaths. One recommended method to help lower blood pressure without medication is the isometric handgrip exercise. This research aimed to investigate the impact of isometric handgrip exercise on lowering blood pressure in those with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design following a two-group pretest–posttest format. The participants included 50 seminarians from Seminari Tinggi St. Mikhael Penfui, Kupang, who were chosen through purposive sampling based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were split into two groups: the intervention group (n = 25) that engaged in isometric handgrip exercises for three minutes daily over five days, and the control group (n = 25) that did not participate in any exercise. The data were evaluated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann–Whitney test. After five days of exercise, a notable decrease in blood pressure occurred in the intervention group, both for prehypertension (systolic p < 0.001; diastolic p = 0.005) and stage 1 hypertension (systolic p = 0.003; diastolic p = 0.012). No remarkable changes were noted in the control group (p > 0.05). The comparison between the two groups indicated significant differences in blood pressure changes for both categories (p < 0.05). Isometric handgrip training significantly affects reducing blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension and stage one hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marescha Alehandro L. Pajukang, Su Djie To Rante, Regina Marvina Hutasoit, Deif Tunggal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Echinoderms with Seagrass on the South Coast of East Lombok
Seagrass ecosystems have a vital function in sustaining the stability of coastal environments by enhancing biodiversity and maintaining key ecological processes of associated organisms, including Echinodermata. This study was conducted to examine the species composition, abundance, and distribution patterns of Echinodermata, to evaluate the composition and diversity of seagrass species, and to determine the degree of association between Echinodermata and seagrass in the southern coastal waters of East Lombok, specifically at Lungkak and Poton Bako Beaches. The research employed a survey method using a transect–quadrat technique in intertidal seagrass ecosystems, with subsequent analyses including the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, distribution pattern assessment, and Spearman correlation analysis to quantify the strength of the association. The study found that seagrass diversity indices at both sites were categorized as moderate, with relatively similar species composition, while Echinodermata communities were dominated by several key species exhibiting clustered to uniform distribution patterns. Correlation analysis indicated a positive to weak association between seagrass density and Echinodermata abundance. In conclusion, the seagrass beds in the study area continue to function as important habitats for Echinodermata, although signs of increasing environmental pressure were observed. These findings provide important scientific implications for seagrass ecosystem management and conservation-oriented regulation of coastal activities in East Lombok.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarwan Ardani, Abdul Syukur, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Growing Media on the Growth of Kepok Tanjung Banana (Musa paradisiaca) During the Acclimatization Stage
Kepok Tanjung banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a superior variety with high economic value. Tissue culture is a promising propagation method, but the acclimatization stage is a critical bottleneck. The aim of this study was to test the effect of planting medium composition on the development of Kepok Tanjung banana seedlings during the acclimatization period. A completely randomized design was used with six planting medium treatments: soil (control), cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, soil + cocopeat (2:1), soil + rice husk charcoal (2:1), and soil + cocopeat + rice husk charcoal (2:1:1). Each treatment was repeated four times, with ten plantlets per replicate. Observations were made every two weeks for 12 weeks on parameters of survival, plant height, stem diameter, leaf dimensions, leaf count, root length, and fresh and dry weight. All growth parameters were found to be significantly influenced by the composition of the growing medium, according to data analysis conducted using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% significance level. The mixture of soil and rice husk charcoal (2:1) provided the best results, with a survival rate of 95%, plant height of 19.94 cm, stem diameter of 9.95 mm, root length of 25.25 cm, and the highest fresh and dry weights (18.87 g and 1.96 g). This combination offered an optimal balance of aeration, moisture retention, and nutrient availability, supporting the plantlets' transition from in vitro to in vivo conditions. It is concluded that a mixture of soil and rice husk charcoal (2:1) is the most effective medium for the acclimatization of Kepok Tanjung banana plantlets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulisa Fitri, Yosi Zendra Joni, Violita Violita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and Neonatal Asphyxia Incidence at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital in the 2021-2024 Period
Neonatal mortality is still a worldwide issue. Two of the main reasons for new-born deaths, including those at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital, are neonatal asphyxia and low birth weight. It is vital to comprehend how low birth weight is connected to asphyxia to implement preventive measures. This research intends to examine the connection between low birth weight and the occurrence of asphyxia in newborns at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital from 2021 to 2024 after adjusting for other risk factors. The study employs an analytical observational design with a descriptive method. It is a case-control retrospective research. The data analysis comprises univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square), and multivariate (logistic regression) to pinpoint independent risk factors. The bivariate analysis indicates that low birth weight significantly correlates with the occurrence of asphyxia (p-value 0.004), along with prematurity (p-value 0.044). Additionally, the multivariate analysis results revealed that low birth weight is an independent predictor of asphyxia occurrence after accounting for the variables of primiparity and prematurity with a p-value of 0.031 and odds ratio of 5.426, which shows that newborns with low birth weight are over five times more likely to face asphyxia compared to those with normal birth weight. In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between low birth weight and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital from 2021 to 2024 after other risk factors have been taken into account.
Copyright (c) 2026 Calistha Regina Sandy, Gottfrieda P. Taeng Ob-Adang, Nicholas Edwin Handoyo, Dief Tunggal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity and Distribution of Orthoptera in Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park
Orthoptera is one of the insect orders that has an important role in the ecosystem, acting as herbivores, prey for predators, and decomposition. The study aims to determine the diversity and distribution patterns of Orthoptera in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park Area. This research is a descriptive exploratory study and was conducted in November-December 2024. The research method used was pitfall trap and sweep net. Followed by three observation paths: intensive use block, protection block and rehabilitation block. Analysis of species diversity data using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and calculation of Orthoptera distribution patterns using the Morisita Index. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the Orthoptera found consisted of three families, namely Acrididae, Tettigonidae and Gryllidae, 7 species and 41 individuals. The overall Orthoptera diversity index value (H ') was 1.81 which is included in the moderate category. When ranked based on the diversity index value in each block, the highest diversity was found in the Intensive Utilization Block (H'=1.79) in the medium category, followed by the Protection Block (H'=1.52) in the medium category, and the lowest in the Rehabilitation Block (H'=1.52) in the medium category. Overall, the distribution pattern of Orthoptera individuals in the Kerandangan TWA is generally uniform, with morisita index values ranging from 0.01-0.46 (Id<1).
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Putri Yasa, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, Eni Suyantri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract of Mikania micrantha Kunth. Leaves Against Malassezia furfur
West Kalimantan experiences a tropical climate characterized by elevated humidity, which creates an environment conducive to the proliferation of Pityriasis versicolor due to Malassezia furfur. Plants with medicinal properties that include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and quinones, such as sembung rambat (Mikania micrantha Kunth.), represent promising sources of antifungal compounds. This research sought to assess the antifungal efficacy of the methanol extract from sembung rambat leaves against Malassezia furfur in a laboratory setting and to identify its minimum inhibitory concentration. The disc diffusion technique was employed with extract concentrations of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. Ketoconazole at 2% acted as the positive control, while sterile distilled water was utilized as the negative control. The diameters of the inhibition zones were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, accompanied by Duncan's multiple range test. The findings indicated that all concentrations of the extract successfully suppressed the growth of Malassezia furfur. The minimum inhibitory concentration was established at 20%, resulting in an inhibition zone measuring 0.48 cm in diameter after 48 hours of incubation. The methanol extract of sembung rambat leaves displayed a fungistatic action against Malassezia furfur in vitro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmawati Rahmawati, Evi Nurmeiti, Diah Wulandari Rousdy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanisms of Substance Transport Across the Cell Membrane: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
The cell membrane is a semipermeable structure that regulates substance exchange between intracellular and extracellular environments, maintains cellular homeostasis, and supports metabolic processes, yet the fundamental mechanisms of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are still frequently misunderstood in both theoretical and educational contexts. This study aims to comprehensively review substance transport mechanisms across the cell membrane and their relevance to biology education and contemporary cellular research. This research employed a narrative literature review, analyzing scientific books and peer-reviewed journal articles published within the last five to ten years, selected from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and MDPI based on topic relevance. The results indicate that diffusion facilitates molecular movement along concentration gradients either directly or through transport proteins; osmosis regulates water balance through semipermeable membranes mediated by aquaporins; and active transport enables the movement of ions and molecules against concentration gradients through ATP-dependent pumps, secondary transporters, ABC transporters, and V-ATPase. These mechanisms are interconnected and influenced by membrane composition, molecular characteristics, and transporter–substrate interactions. This review highlights the importance of an integrative understanding of membrane transport processes to strengthen conceptual learning in biology education and to support advancements in cellular and biomedical research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizah Amalia Abbas, Lutfitri Rahmadani, Fransiska Petronela Sepe, Yohanes Mari Ba'i Leta, Veronika P. Sinta Mbia Wae http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory of Medicinal Plants and Conservation Efforts among the Indigenous Community of Kedayon Village, Kemanisan Subdistrict, Curug District, Serang City
Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country with a wealth of medicinal plants and strong ethnobotanical knowledge among indigenous communities. However, modernization and the declining interest of the younger generation have caused traditional knowledge and the availability of medicinal plants to be increasingly threatened, including in Kedayon Village, Kemanisan Subdistrict, Curug District, Serang City. This study aims to: identify the types of medicinal plants used by the Kedayon Village community, describe how they are utilized in traditional medicine, and analyze forms of conservation efforts that can be implemented by the community in a sustainable manner. The method used is descriptive qualitative through field observation, documentation, and interviews. The results of the study identified 16 types of medicinal plants utilized from various plant parts such as leaves, roots, rhizomes, and seeds, with simple processing techniques such as boiling, squeezing, or steeping. These findings indicate that the community still relies on natural resources for traditional health needs. Recommended conservation efforts include community-based in-situ cultivation through home gardens and yards, accompanied by education and routine maintenance. These efforts are important to maintain the scarcity of medicinal plants while preserving local knowledge for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah Azahrah, Nabilah Artanti, Nurhasanah Nurhasanah, Aef Saefulloh, Desi Eka Nur Fitriana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Various Pharmacological Activities in the Development of Kombucha as A Functional Food Ingredient with Economic Potential: A Literature Review
Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and has gained increasing attention as a functional food due to its bioactive compounds. This literature review aims to evaluate the pharmacological activities of kombucha and its potential development as a functional food with economic value. A systematic literature review was conducted using reputable international databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The findings indicate that kombucha consistently exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, and cosmetic-related bioactivities. These effects are influenced by substrate type, fermentation conditions, and microbial composition, which determine the production of organic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and postbiotic metabolites. Beyond its health benefits, kombucha contributes significantly to economic development through product diversification, utilization of local resources and agro-industrial by-products, and entrepreneurial opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Nevertheless, challenges related to quality standardization, food safety, and health claim regulations remain critical issues. Overall, kombucha demonstrates strong potential as a functional food and an economically valuable fermented biotechnology product.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firrman Rezaldi, Nia Agustina, Paramita Wisnuwardhani, Fahmi Alamil Huda, Erni Suminar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Rice Field Potential Using a Geographic Information System Approach in Sambas Regency
Sustainable food cropland protection is similar to the system and process of planning and determining, developing, utilizing, guiding, controlling, and supervising sustainable food cropland and its areas. This study aims to determine the distribution and changes in the intended rice fields, especially in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The research methodology refers to the Decree of the Director General of Agricultural Infrastructure and Facilities Number 14/KPTS/SR/B/01/2022 concerning Technical Guidelines for Recommendations for Sustainable Food Cropland Protection. The initial stage of implementation is collecting data from relevant agencies, then creating a work map, collecting field data (groundcheck) in the form of open camera photos at 4,213 points. Then, field data processing is carried out and then the preparation of updated raw rice field data. The results of the RPLP2B study in Sambas Regency show that based on the type of irrigation, rice fields in Sambas Regency are identified as technical irrigated rice fields with an area of ± 643.12 ha, non-technical irrigation ± 16,415.69 ha, and non-irrigated rice fields ± 26,976.67 ha, the area of rice fields with IP 100 reaches ± 10,091.15 ha, IP 150 covers an area of ± 5,614.59 ha, IP 200 covers an area of ± 27,943.68 ha, IP 250 covers an area of ± 50.43 ha, and the area of land with IP 300 covers an area of ± 335.64 ha. The conclusion is that the potential of rice fields in Sambas Regency is as follows: Of the total 43,508.29 ha of raw rice fields, only 93.65% or 40,743.77 ha of rice fields have been identified, the remaining 6.35% consists of others, food fields, built-up areas and water bodies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Romiyanto Romiyanto, Leony Agustine http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification Phalaenopsis sp in Nglurah Village, Tawangmangu as A Source of High School Biology Learning
Biology learning in the Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes the use of local potential as a contextual and meaningful learning resource. Nglurah Village, Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency has high potential for moon orchid (Phalaenopsis sp) diversity that has not been widely utilized as a learning resource for high school biology. This study aims to identify the types and morphological characteristics of moon orchids in Nglurah Village and explore their use as a learning resource for biology in the biodiversity material for 10th grade high school students. The research method used is direct observation with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation of the morphology of flowers, leaves, and roots, visual documentation, and identification of varieties with the help of Google Lens and interviews with local orchid farmers. The results of the study showed that 22 varieties of moon orchids were found with quite diverse morphological differences, including flower size, color patterns, labellum shape, and other visual characteristics. This diversity indicates an intensive hybridization process, supported by environmental conditions in Nglurah Village that are suitable for the growth of moon orchids. The findings of this study have great potential to be used as a source of high school biology learning that is relevant to the Merdeka Curriculum, particularly in the subject of biodiversity and classification of living things. The use of moon orchids as a learning object is expected to provide direct learning experiences, improve observation and classification skills, and foster students' awareness of the importance of preserving local biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nur, Tri Wiharti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Family Medicinal Plants in Bulusari Village, Wonogiri as High School Biology Learning Resources
The diversity of family medicinal plants in Indonesia represents an important biological resource that supports public health and has considerable potential as a learning resource in biology; however, it has not been optimally utilized in senior high school biodiversity education. This study aims to identify medicinal plant species in Bulusari Village, analyze their distribution, and evaluate their potential as a biology learning resource based on local wisdom. The study employed an exploratory descriptive method with direct field observation and semi-structured interviews. Data collection was conducted using a total sampling technique, in which all medicinal plant species found in home gardens and surrounding village environments were recorded and identified. Data were analyzed descriptively based on botanical classification, distribution patterns, and medicinal uses. The results identified 25 medicinal plant species belonging to 19 families and 6 classes, with Asteraceae as the dominant family. The plants were distributed across cultivated home gardens and wild habitats. These findings indicate that the diversity of family medicinal plants in Bulusari Village has strong potential as a contextual biology learning resource for senior high school, supporting authentic, environment-based, and locally relevant learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthia Mardyah, Agus Purwanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global Research Trends on Environmental Sanitation and Pathogenic Bacteria: A Bibliometric Review
Environmental sanitation plays a critical role in controlling pathogenic bacteria and protecting public health, yet research trends in this field require systematic evaluation. This bibliometric study examines global research developments, thematic structures, and scientific contributions related to environmental sanitation and pathogenic bacteria from 2015 to 2025. A total of 98 articles indexed in Scopus were systematically selected following PRISMA guidelines and analyzed using VOSviewer to assess publication trends, geographic and journal contributions, and keyword co-occurrence networks. Results indicate consistent growth in research output, reflecting sustained global interest in sanitation-related health issues. Leading contributions came from countries with strong research infrastructure and regions experiencing significant sanitation challenges. Keyword analysis identified core research themes including environmental sanitation, pathogenic bacteria, water quality, and public health, while emerging topics such as molecular detection methods and metagenomics represent evolving research directions. The findings demonstrate that research on environmental sanitation and pathogenic bacteria has developed into an increasingly interdisciplinary field. This study provides a comprehensive overview of current research landscapes and identifies knowledge gaps that may guide future investigations and evidence-based policy formulation to improve environmental sanitation systems and public health outcomes globally.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfadilah Zulfadilah, Elsa Yuniarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Structure of Spider (Araneae) in Kerandangan Nature Park, West Lombok
Kerandangan Nature Park is a conservation area with high biodiversity potential, including spiders (Ordo Araneae) which play an important role as natural predators in maintaining ecosystem balance. However, information regarding the structure of the spider community in this area is still limited. This study aims to analyze the structure of the spider community based on species composition, diversity index, evenness, and dominance in Kerandangan Nature Park, West Lombok. This study was conducted in 2025 with two replications in three management blocks, namely intensive use, limited use, and protection. Sampling was carried out using the sweep net method and pitfall traps. Data analysis used the Shannon–Wiener index (H'), evenness index (E'), and Simpson dominance index (D'). The results showed that the spider community consisted of 25 species from seven families. The community composition was dominated by Pardosa pseudoannulata (42.2%), Cytaea haematica (12.64%), and Pardosa lapidicina (8%). The diversity index (H’) ranged from 0.73 to 2.60, the evenness index (E’) from 0.19 to 0.85, and the dominance index (D’) from 0.084 to 0.68. The conclusion is that the spider community structure is in the moderate and relatively stable category, thus supporting ecosystem balance in the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aswangga Abigail Hidayat, I Putu Artayasa, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Stunting and Decrease in Cognitive Ability: A Literature Review
Chronic nutritional inadequacy causes stunting, which affects children's physical appearance and mental development, particularly in the first 1,000 days of life. This research used narrative synthesis to evaluate literature. Google Scholar was searched for 2020–2025 literature on stunting influence on cognitive development in children. Original research papers (excluding reviews) with a citation count ≥50 and first five pages of search results were considered for inclusion. Nine articles were chosen for final analysis after reviewing titles and abstracts for relevance and eligibility. The synthesis found persistent links between early-life stunting and worse memory, language, numeracy, and literacy scores. These relationships remained substantial after adjusting for environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. Stunting impairs brain development by disrupting neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination owing to nutritional deficits in early growth. The data confirm that stunting affects long-term intellectual capacity as well as physical development. This review enhances scientific knowledge of neurocognitive pathways influenced by early-life undernutrition and emphasizes the need for early dietary therapies to avoid permanent brain impairment. This study highlights the need for integrated strategies that combine nutritional and cognitive stimulation interventions in child health programs, while also identifying future directions for research on evidence-based early development policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Ayu Putu Widi Adnyani, Made Suadnyani Pasek, Ni Putu Dewi Sri Wahyuni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Drug-Related Problems in Hypertensive Patients in Pharmaceutical Practice
Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high global prevalence and often requires combination therapy, which increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). This review aims to identify the types of DRPs, the most frequently implicated medications, causative factors, and pharmaceutical interventions based on various studies conducted in hypertensive patients. The literature review results indicate that common DRPs include drug interactions, ineffective therapy, the need for additional therapy, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and inappropriate medication selection. Amlodipine, candesartan, valsartan, beta-blockers, and diuretics are among the medications most frequently associated with DRPs. Polypharmacy, non-adherence, comorbidities, and inadequate monitoring are the main contributing factors. Pharmaceutical interventions such as medication review, therapy monitoring, patient counseling, and adherence to clinical guidelines have been shown to be effective in reducing DRPs. The role of pharmacists is crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of hypertension therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eti Agustiani, Keysha Nabilla Putri Marasabessy, Dhea Syafitri Dwiyanti, Ulfatul Mutthoimah, Tuhfatul Ulya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Employees of UPTD Puskesmas La'o Kelurahan Wali Langke Rembong District
Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for obesity, which is a global health problem, including in Indonesia. Community health center employees as health workers have a high risk of becoming obese due to a sedentary lifestyle. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in UPTD employees of La'o Community Health Center, Wali Village, Langke Rembong District. This research uses design cross-sectional with a sample of 54 health center employees selected randomly purposive sampling. Physical activity data was collected using a questionnaire-based questionnaire Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs), while BMI is calculated from measurements of weight and height. Data analysis was carried out using the Fisher’s Exact test. Respondents with active physical activity mostly had a normal Body Mass Index (BMI), while respondents with inactive physical activity were more likely to have an abnormal BMI. Overall, 63% of respondents had a normal BMI and 37% had an abnormal BMI, with the proportion of active and inactive respondents each being 50%. The findings from the analysis conducted with Fisher's Exact Test indicated a notable connection between exercise and Body Mass Index, with a p-value of less than 0.001. A clear link exists between exercise and BMI among employees at community health centers. Boosting physical activity can serve as a crucial approach to avoid obesity in healthcare workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Flaviana Jeo, Christina Olly Lada, Dwita Anastasia Deo, Elizabeth L.S. Setianingrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Mothers Knowledge Level and the Timing of Providing Complementary Foods to Infants Aged 6-24 Months in Langa Community Health Center Work Area, Ngada Regency
Inappropriate timing of complementary feeding causes nutritional problems and increases the likelihood of malnutrition in the region. Mothers' understanding of complementary feeding is crucial in determining when and how it is introduced. This study aims to explore the relationship between maternal knowledge and the appropriate timing of complementary feeding in the area served by the Langa Community Health Center. This study included a correlational analysis with a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis in this study was conducted using univariate and bivariate approaches (Chi-Square test). The results of the analysis showed that the timing of introducing complementary feeding at six months of age was 64.1%. Meanwhile, maternal knowledge was assessed as being in the good range at 48.5%. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge level, good or bad, and the timing of introducing complementary feeding. The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge level and the timing of introducing complementary feeding in infants aged 6 to 24 months in the Langa Community Health Center area, Ngada Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Faustina Veren Dika, Regina Marvina Hutasoit, Gottfrieda P. Taeng-Ob Adang, Nimas Prita R. K. Wardani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Analysis of The Food Additive Rhodamine B in Foods Circulated in The Public
Food safety is very important, especially when it comes to snacks that kids and adults eat a lot of. Rhodamine B is still often used as a food coloring, even though it has been banned because it can cause serious health problems, like liver damage and a higher risk of cancer from long-term exposure. This review seeks to investigate the occurrence of Rhodamine B in diverse food products available in the community and to evaluate the analytical methodologies employed in prior research. The research methodology employed is a literature review of national articles published between 2020 untill 2025, utilizing a literature search via Google Scholar with keywords pertinent to Rhodamine B and food analysis. Data were analyzed descriptively according to sample type and analytical methods, including color reaction tests, wool thread tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, along with the outcomes of Rhodamine B identification. The findings indicated that Rhodamine B was still present in various food items, particularly traditional red cakes, school snack crackers, unbranded jam, red velvet cakes, and certain steamed cakes. Layer cakes, jelly-based foods, cilok sauce, and shrimp paste, on the other hand, were said to not have Rhodamine B in them. This finding stresses the need for ongoing food monitoring and the use of good analytical methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Ramdhani Kanata, Chairatun Hisyani Putri , Eti Agustiani, Siti Nurain, Ninda Syaharani, B. Novia Rahmadita Sutanti, Ni Luh Eka Sudiawati Putri, Selvir Anandia Intan Maulidya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Forest Fires: A Bibliometric Study of Respiratory Diseases
Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants, particularly PM2.5, that pose serious risks to respiratory health. This study aimed to map research trends and thematic developments related to wildfire-related air pollution and respiratory diseases using a bibliometric approach. A total of 188 Scopus-indexed articles published between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed using VOSviewer to examine co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and citation patterns. The results show a steady increase in publications over the past decade, with dominant research themes focusing on PM2.5 exposure and respiratory outcomes such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, existing studies are largely concentrated in high-income countries, with limited attention to long-term health effects and developing regions. These findings highlight critical research gaps and provide a scientific basis for strengthening future research directions and public health policies to mitigate respiratory risks associated with wildfire smoke.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elisa Suryani, Elsa Yuniarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Dendrobium Orchid Species in Nglurah, Karanganyar as a High School Biology Learning Resource
Biodiversity-based learning that utilizes local potential plays an important role in enhancing students’ understanding of biological concepts through direct interaction with real objects in their environment. This study aimed to identify Dendrobium orchid species found in Desa Nglurah, Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency, and to analyze their potential as learning resources for senior high school biology, particularly on biodiversity topics. The research was conducted from May to August 2025 using a descriptive qualitative approach to describe field phenomena based on actual conditions. Data were collected through direct observations at several randomly selected sites and supported by descriptive notes, photographs, and records of morphological characteristics. Species identification was carried out using reference literature and Google Lens. Each encountered Dendrobium species was identified, and variations in flower morphology, color, and form were documented for classification purposes. The results revealed 26 Dendrobium orchid species classified into two main flower types: star-shaped flowers (22 species) and curly-shaped flowers (4 species). Flower color variations included white, pink, purple, golden brown, bluish purple, bright yellow, red, and bright green, most of which resulted from hybridization. These morphological variations reflect species-level biodiversity and align with senior high school biology learning outcomes. Therefore, Dendrobium orchids from Desa Nglurah have strong potential to be utilized as contextual and concrete learning resources. This study recommends further development of the identification results into biology learning media and teaching materials based on local potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Andhi Saputra, Agus Purwanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: The Antimicrobial Potential of Xanthorrhizoland and Curcuminoids from the Rhizomes of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza (Temulawak)
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that drives the search for new antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) contains two major active compounds, xanthorrhizol and curcuminoid, known for their antimicrobial properties. This review aims to analyze and compare the antimicrobial potential of these compounds to determine the most prospective candidate for development as an active natural antimicrobial agent in Indonesia. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA guideline on articles published between 2015 and 2025, obtained from Google Scholar and PubMed. Of the 251 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The results indicate that xanthorrhizol exhibits stronger and broader antimicrobial activity, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL, inhibition zones of 12–14 mm, and inhibition rates exceeding 90% against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. In contrast, curcuminoid shows variable activity (inhibition zones of 0–16 mm) and its effectiveness increases after photodynamic activation (Photodynamic Therapy, PDT) through the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In conclusion, xanthorrhizol is more promising as a primary natural antimicrobial agent, while curcuminoid serves as a complementary compound to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habibah Habibah, Vriezka Mierza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica L. Leaves
Indonesia is a tropical country with high plant biodiversity, including Centella asiatica L., a medicinal plant known to contain various bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify the classes of secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic leaf extract of C. asiatica through qualitative phytochemical screening. The research was conducted as a laboratory-based study using standard phytochemical methods based on classical procedures to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of C. asiatica leaves contained all tested secondary metabolite groups, indicating a diverse phytochemical profile. The presence of these compounds suggests potential biological and pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize individual bioactive compounds and to evaluate their specific biological activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizky Hasyara Putri, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Mukarlina Mukarlina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Direct Pellet PCR: Rapid Extraction-Free Method for Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Empty Fruit Bunch
Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a major industrial crop producing large amounts of empty fruit bunches (EFB), which necessitate rapid molecular methods to support microbial biodiversity studies and biotechnology applications. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Direct Pellet PCR as a rapid, extraction-free method for the molecular identification of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from EFB. Bacterial cell pellets were directly used as PCR templates to amplify the 16S rRNA gene without prior DNA extraction. The method consistently produced clear and specific amplicons of approximately 1500 bp for all isolates, indicating reliable PCR amplification. Sequence analysis showed similarity values ranging from 68.82% to 80.43% compared with reference sequences in the NCBI database, suggesting low similarity to currently available references. These findings demonstrate that Direct Pellet PCR is an efficient and cost-effective approach for rapid DNA amplification and preliminary molecular screening of cellulolytic bacteria from lignocellulosic substrates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edo Agam Pamungkas, Sylvia Madusari, Halida Adistya Putri, Risa Rosita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovation of Mix Mango-Spirulina Smoothies as a Modern Functional Beverage Towards Creative Economy
The global shift toward healthy lifestyles has accelerated the development of functional beverages that not only provide basic nutrition but also deliver additional physiological benefits. Fruit-based beverages are widely consumed due to their sensory appeal; however, many commercial products remain high in sugar while lacking sufficient protein and essential micronutrients. Therefore, integrating nutrient-dense natural ingredients such as Spirulina into fruit-based smoothies represents a promising scientific approach to enhance nutritional quality and functional value. This study aimed to develop a mango–Spirulina smoothie as a modern functional beverage and to evaluate consumer acceptance of its sensory attributes. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied. Spirulina sp. was cultivated in the Aquatic Biota Cultivation Laboratory, while smoothie formulation was conducted in the Entrepreneurship Laboratory of Universitas Islam Negeri Palangka Raya. Organoleptic and consumer acceptance tests were carried out with 30 respondents, assessing color, taste, texture, aroma, and overall preference. The results showed that the smoothie exhibited a slightly green color (90%), sweet taste (100%), and smooth texture (90%). Although aroma acceptance was relatively low, with 47% of respondents rating it as not fragrant, overall consumer acceptance was high, with 73% indicating “like” and 27% “very like.” In conclusion, the mango–Spirulina smoothie demonstrates strong potential as a modern functional beverage with good sensory acceptance and prospects for development within the creative economy. Further studies are recommended to improve aroma quality and to conduct quantitative nutritional analysis to support product commercialization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumrodah Jumrodah, Akhmad Mujahid, Nadia Uswatun Jayanti, Nor Rezqiyatun Najhah, Nuridah Nuridah, Nuridah Nuridah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Potential of Natural Extracts on the Inhibition Zone of Acne vulgaris – Causing Bacteria
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which bacterial colonization plays a central role in lesion development. Growing concern regarding antibiotic resistance have encouraged the exploration of natural extracts as alternative antibacterial agents. This narrative literature review aims to analyze the zone profiles of natural extracts evaluated using diffusion assays against acne-associated bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and to identify factors controbuting the variability of antibacterial activity. A total of 22 primary studies published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Garuda and analyzed descriptively. The reviewed studies reported inhibition zone diameters ranging from approximately 10 to 25 mm, indicating varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Differences in inhibition zones were influenced by extract concentration, extraction solvent, and diffusion method. Overall, natural extract demonstrated promising antibacterial potential in preliminary in vitro screening assays; however, methodological variations should be carefully considered when interpreting inhibition zone results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Haryanto, Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Hand Washing with Soap of Oxyuris vermicularis Infection in Children at Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta
Oxyuriasis is an intestinal worm infection caused by Oxyuris vermicularis, a non-STH (Non-Soil Transmitted Helminths) group, the infection process does not require soil transmission. One way of transmission is through hand to mouth (autoinfection). Preschool aged children are more susceptible to Oxyuris vermicularis worm infection because they tend to be less aware of personal hygiene. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between handwashing with soap and Oxyuris vermicularis infection. This research method was observasional analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample used a total sampling technique, namely all students of Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta, with a total of 103 children. Research data were obtained from microscopic observations and questionnaire results, which were then then tested using Chi-Square. Of the 81 Anal swab samples, 3,7% were found to be positive for Oxyuris vermicularis eggs and 96,3% were negative for Oxyuris vermicularis eggs. Chi-Square analysis with Fisher’s Exact Test obtained a significant value of 0.043 (p-value <0,05) which is less than 0,05. It can be concluded that there is a significant correlation bettwen handwashing with soap and Oxyuris vermicularis infection in children at Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadya Putri Oktavia, Adhi Kumoro Setya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Potential of Lamiaceae Terpenoid Compounds as Anti-Inflammatory
Lamiaceae family are rich in natural bioactive compounds, particularly essential oils, with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, making them a potential source of therapeutic agents for managing inflammation, which is a biological response to tissue damage. This review article aims to provide an overview and analyze the potential of terpenoid compounds from the Lamiaceae family as anti-inflammatory agents. A systematic literature search was conducted using ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, EBSCO, and Google Books, covering publications from 2014 to 2025. Using relevant keywords, a total of 100 publications were initially identified. After title and abstract screening, 72 articles were selected for eligibility assessment, of which 20 peer-reviewed research articles reporting in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Lamiaceae terpenoids were analyzed in detail. This study showed that terpene compounds in Lamiaceae essential oils have significant potential to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, and TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO). These findings strongly support the Lamiaceae family as a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory agents, warranting further investigation through mechanistic studies, in vivo validation, toxicity assessment, and formulation development to advance their potential therapeutic application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zozy Aneloi Noli, Melda Yunita Sari, Kania Khairunnisa, Irda Yanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of The Profitability of Traditional Tuna Processing (Boiling) Businesses in Mataram City
One of the leading fisheries products in Mataram City is boiled skipjack tuna (pindang ikan tongkol). This study aims to identify the potential and procurement of raw materials for boiled skipjack tuna processing in Mataram City and to analyze the financial feasibility (business profitability) as well as the development strategies of traditional boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises. Data were collected using a descriptive quantitative approach through surveys, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis employed business feasibility analysis, including profitability, R/C ratio, ROI, and Payback Period (PBP), as well as SWOT analysis. The results indicate that traditional boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises in Mataram City have considerable potential and promising sustainability prospects. The procurement of skipjack tuna raw materials is sourced from local fishermen, surrounding areas, and the availability of cold storage facilities, which play a crucial role in maintaining production continuity. The boiled skipjack tuna processing business in Mataram City is proven to be feasible and profitable for further development. This is reflected in the average annual profit, which reaches IDR 47,964,060 for micro-scale enterprises and IDR 141,405,000 for small-scale enterprises. The R/C ratio is 1.06 for micro-scale enterprises and 1.04 for small-scale enterprises. The ROI values are 28% for micro-scale enterprises and 21% for small-scale enterprises, with a very short Payback Period of 14–18 days. The business development strategy places boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises in a strategic position that enables the implementation of aggressive strategies through the optimization of internal strengths and the utilization of external opportunities to enhance competitiveness and business sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggun Rizki Siami Aprilina, Muhammad Junaidi, Rinda Noviyanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Adolescent Impulsivity in New Trends and Impact on Psychosocial Development
Impulsivity is a personality trait characterized by a lack of careful thought. This trait tends to be dangerous if there are no boundaries, especially in early adolescents who do not yet have a mature prefrontal cortex to think about their actions. This study used a literature review method with data search using the latest scientific journals or articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. This review found that impulsivity stems from neurophysiological, neural biological, limbic system, and psychological factors that impact adolescents. Adolescents affected by interpersonal issues may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience increased psychological pressure. Consequently, impulsivity in adolescents has the potential to become an issue if not addressed through preventive measures, such as implementing positive reinforcement, practicing mindfulness, controlling self-control, and Impulsive Decision Reduction Training for Youth (IDRT-Y). It is advisable to prevent impulsivity in early adolescence to promote more mature thinking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khadijah Almuthii'ah, Luthfiyah Luthfiyah, Nadiya Dewi Syahida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Correlation between Iron and Protein Intake in the Hemoglobin Levels of the Faculty of Medicine Students, Unram
naemia is a global burden disease that mostly occurs in the reproductive age. About 31.2% of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) have anaemia. This condition may affect oxygen transport in the body and interfere with some bodily functions. Several factors may induce anaemia; iron deficiency is one of them. An amount of iron and protein intake may contribute to haemoglobin levels. This study aims to determine the correlation between iron and protein intake and haemoglobin levels among students in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Mataram. This is an observational analytic study using cross-sectional methods that includes students aged 17-20 years old. Data is taken in May–June 2024 using a spectrophotometer for checking haemoglobin levels. Iron and protein intake were traced by a 24-hour food records questionnaire over 2 days. Results: There are 118 samples with 25.42% male and 74.58% female. Normal mean haemoglobin levels were detected in this study (12.59±0.82). The correlation tests, with the t-test for iron and protein intake, are not significant, with p-values of 0.246 and 0.254, respectively. Also, total protein and iron intake from this study, with an Anova F-test, is not significant, with a p-value of 0.408. The amount of consumption of iron and protein intake is not significant in the hemoglobin levels of Faculty of Medicine Students of the University.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifana Cholidah, Emmy Amalia, Ario Danianto, Dyah Purnaning, Asti Ananda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0