Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Print 1411-9587 and ISSN Online 2549-7863). Journal of tropical biology, starting in 2022, will be published in four editions per year, namely: January - March; April - June; July - September and October - December. Our focus is the result of research about Biology, Biology sains, Ecosystem, Forestry. Jurnal Biologi Tropis also collaborates with The International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology (ICBB) E-mail: jb.tropis@unram.ac.id
Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia
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The Relationship Between the Level of Knowledge of the Elderly About Risk Factors of Low Back Pain and the Incidence of Low Back Pain at Pusat Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Mandalika, Nusa Tenggara Barat, in 2025
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal problem that is often experienced by the elderly and can reduce the quality of life. Knowledge of LBP risk factors plays an important role in efforts to prevent and treat it. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of elderly knowledge about LBP risk factors and the incidence of LBP at the Mandalika Elderly Social Service Center, West Nusa Tenggara in 2025. This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design on 41 elderly people selected through total sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed univariately and bivariously with Chi-square test. The results showed that most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge (46.3%), followed by low (34.1%) and good (19.5%) knowledge. The incidence of LBP was found in 26 respondents (63.4%), while 15 respondents (36.6%) did not experience LBP. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of the elderly and the incidence of LBP (p-value = 0.002). It was concluded that low knowledge was related to the high incidence of LBP. Continuous health education is needed to increase the understanding of the elderly in preventing LBP.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Kadek Lioni, Anak Agung Ayu Niti Wedayani, Dyah Purnaning, Azizatul Adni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Duration of Hemodialysis and Knowledge Level About Chronic Kidney Disease Among Hemodialysis Patients in Kupang City
Long-term kidney disease is a worldwide health issue that is becoming more common, leading to numerous individuals needing ongoing hemodialysis treatment. Understanding the illness and the management of hemodialysis is vital for successful treatment and improving life quality. However, the length of time a patient undergoes hemodialysis does not always match their level of understanding about the condition. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hemodialysis duration and knowledge levels about chronic kidney disease among hemodialysis patients in Kupang City. The research method used was analytical with a cross-sectional design. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling according to specific inclusion criteria. Knowledge levels were assessed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Knowledge Questionnaire, while the duration of hemodialysis was gathered from medical records. The data analysis involved univariate and bivariate analysis, utilizing the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). A large portion of the participants were between the ages of 52 to 66 years (41.1%), had completed high school (35.6%), and were either unemployed or retired (36.2%). Regarding the length of hemodialysis, the majority of participants fell into the category of more than 24 months (43.6%). Knowledge levels ranged from good to poor. Bivariate analysis indicated no significant connection between the duration of hemodialysis and the understanding of chronic kidney disease (p-value = 0.500). There is no association between the length of hemodialysis and the understanding of chronic kidney disease among patients receiving hemodialysis in Kupang City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Betty Griselda Christine Soemoeljo, Teguh Dwi Nugroho, Su Djie To Rante, Elisabeth Levina Sari Setianingrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Central Obesity and Low Back Pain Complaints Among Housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba
Central obesity can increase mechanical stress and inflammation on the spine, which can lead to low back pain (LBP). Housewives have limited physical activity and repetitive domestic workloads that can exacerbate this risk. Objective to determine the relationship between central obesity and low back pain complaints among housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study of 101 housewives. Methods: The study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 101 housewives were included as respondents. Central obesity was determined based on waist circumference measurements, while LBP complaints were assessed using a standardised questionnaire. The analysis of the relationship between variables was performed using the Chi-Square test. Results of the total respondents, 89 people (88.1%) were identified as having central obesity, and 67 of them reported complaints of LBP. The Chi-Square test showed a value of p=0.001, indicating a significant relationship between central obesity and complaints of low back pain. There is a significant relationship between central obesity and LBP complaints among housewives in Kampung Sawah Village, West Sumba. Prevention can be achieved through increased physical activity and education on ergonomic work posture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominggus R.K.U.W Pandango, Su Djie To Rante, Audrey Gracelia Riwu, Dwita Anastasia Deo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Indonesia’s Social Forestry Achievements within the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC) Framework
Global climate change demands concrete commitment from every country to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Indonesia established Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution with emission reduction targets of 31.89% unconditionally and 43.20% conditionally by 2030, with Forest and Other Land Use sector as key to achieving Net Sink 2030. Social Forestry program plays strategic role but faces complex challenges related to community capacity, institutional coordination, and regulatory alignment. This study analyzes position and contribution of Social Forestry toward Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution achievement using Systematic Literature Review of 25 publications from 2020-2025. Secondary data from policy documents and official reports were analyzed using DPSIR Framework approach. Results show Social Forestry program until 2024 covers 8.02 million hectares of 12.7 million hectares target with carbon stock reaching 110.5 million tons CO2eq and potential contribution of 34.6% toward forestry sector emission reduction target. Program successfully reduced deforestation rate to lowest level in 20 years at 115,459 hectares in 2019-2020. Main challenges include limited community capacity, excessive administrative burden, weak coordination, and regulatory misalignment. Optimization requires capacity strengthening, procedure simplification, effective coordination, regulatory synchronization, and integration with carbon economic value schemes to achieve Forest and Other Land Use Net Sink 2030.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bangkit Maulana, Taslim Sjah, Ketut Budastra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on The Histopathological Appearance of Large Intestine of White Rats (Rattus novergicus) Induced by Ibuprofen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly Ibuprofen, are widely used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, irrational or prolonged use may lead to gastrointestinal injury, including NSAID-induced colitis, due to the inhibition of protective prostaglandins in the mucosa. Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaf) extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential agent for improving mucosal damage in the colon. Objective to determine the effect of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract on the histopathological features of the colon in Sprague Dawley rats induced with Ibuprofen. This study was an experimental laboratory research using a posttest-only control group design. Thirty male Sprague Histopathological assessment of the colon was performed across five fields of view using the scoring system. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney test. The positive control group exhibited severe mucosal damage with extensive epithelial erosion and inflammatory infiltration. The P1 group (50 mg/kgBW) showed moderate improvements, while the P2 group (150 mg/kgBW) demonstrated reduced inflammation and ulceration. The highest dose group, P3 (250 mg/kgBW), showed the most prominent mucosal recovery, with significantly milder lesions compared to other groups. Bay leaf extract significantly improves the histopathological condition of the colon in Ibuprofen-induced rats. Higher doses of the extract result in better mucosal healing and reduced tissue damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patrick David Altissimo Balbesi, Efrisca M. Br. Damanik, Sangguana Marthen Jacobus Koamesah, Regina M. Hutasoit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on Renal Histopathology in Ibuprofen-Induced White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially ibuprofen, can cause Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) through oxidative stress and prostaglandin inhibition. Syzygium polyanthum leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, which have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that may protect the kidneys. This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect and determine the optimal dose of ethanol extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaves on ibuprofeninduced renal damage in rats. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Negative Control (K-), Acute Positive Control (K+A), Recovery Positive Control (K+B), and three treatment groups (P1, P2, P3). Kidney damage was assessed using the EGTI scoring system (Endothelial, Glomerular, Tubular, Interstitial). Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s Post Hoc test. The analysis revealed significant differences in renal damage scores among the groups. The acute positive control group exhibited the highest level of renal injury. Among the treatment groups, the 150 mg/kgBW dose (P2) demonstrated the most optimal improvement, even exceeding spontaneous recovery. At the highest dose (P3), the protective effect did not increase and instead showed a tendency toward reduced efficacy, reflecting a hormetic phenomenon. The ethanol extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaves exerts significant nephroprotective effects against ibuprofen-induced histopathological damage to the renal epithelium, tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial tissue, with an optimal dose of 150 mg/kgBW.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angel Tiurma Butar, Efrisca M. Br. Damanik, Regina M. Hutasoit, Muhajirin Dean http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Sugar Variation and Fermentation Time on Hydrogen Peroxide Levels and Eco-Enzyme Antibacterial Activity
Eco-enzyme is a filtrate resulting from the fermentation of sugar, organic materials, and water, which is produced not only to reduce organic waste but also as a functional product. This study aims to examine the effects of sugar type and the eco-enzyme's fermentation duration on three key parameters: bacterial optical density, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The bacterial optical density was determined from absorbance measured at 600 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was determined by permanganometric titration, and the inhibition zone of the eco-enzyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for one month had the highest bacterial optical density. Meanwhile, the highest hydrogen peroxide concentration was found in the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months. In addition, the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 6.59 mm and 6.37 mm, respectively. Eco-enzymes fermented with granulated sugar, palm sugar, and molasses all showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, the highest antibacterial activity against both bacteria was observed in the eco-enzyme fermented with molasses for three months.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Vidya Primarista, Abdul Rohman Wali, Trisuciati Syahwardini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of General Practitioners Regarding Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Primary Healthcare Centers on Lombok Island
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and a preventable cause of blindness through early detection. General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in DR screening, yet field practices often do not align with their level of knowledge. This study analyzed the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of GPs and their DR screening practices in primary healthcare centers (Puskesmas) across Lombok Island. This cross-sectional study involved 45 GPs selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing knowledge (36 items), attitude (8 items), and practice (8 items). Pearson’s correlation test was used for data analysis. Most respondents had good knowledge (86.6%) and all demonstrated positive attitudes toward DR screening. However, only 13.3% showed good screening practices. Pearson’s test revealed no significant relationship between knowledge and practice (r = 0.105; p = 0.494) nor between attitude and practice (r = –0.111; p = 0.494). Low implementation of screening was influenced by limited availability of equipment (77.7% lacked an ophthalmoscope), insufficient training (71.1%), high workload, and low confidence in interpreting funduscopic findings. Despite adequate knowledge and positive attitudes, GPs’ screening practices for DR remain low and are not associated with these factors. Screening behavior is more strongly influenced by structural and systemic barriers. Improving early detection requires adequate equipment, practical training, and strengthened referral pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Kadek Ari Sanjaya, Monalisa Nasrul, Ni Nyoman Geriputri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of Star Fruit Leaf Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) Against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a normal flora bacteria on the skin that can cause opportunistic infections. Generally, this infection is treated using antibiotics, but improper use of antibiotics can cause the onset of antibiotic resistance, so the development of natural antibacterial research with plant materials is one of the alternatives to reduce the incidence of resistance. A traditional medicinal plant is the leaves of star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of the extract from star fruit leaves on Staphylococcus epidermidis. The type of research used is a true experimental design with a post-test only control group design. The treatment group in this study consisted of concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, with a positive control of clindamycin at a dose of 2 μg and a negative control of sterile aquadest which was carried out 3 times for each test group. The antibacterial test method is carried out by the disc diffusion method. The data analysis used is the One Way Anova statistical test. Star fruit leaf extract contains alkaloid compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. There is antibacterial activity of star fruit leaf extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The inhibition zone was produced at various concentrations of 100% (⌀ 15.14 mm), 50% (⌀ 14.06 mm), 25% (⌀ 13.75 mm), 12.5% (⌀ 12.01 mm), 6.25% (⌀ 10.55 mm), and 3.12% (⌀ 9.03 mm). Starfruit leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michellin Elsen, Desi Indria Rini, Magdarita Riwu, Carolin Wijaya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Ecoenzyme Addition to Red Glutinous Rice-Based Trichoderma asperellum on Bujang Marantau Germination Biomass
Enhancing rice productivity is essential to meet increasing national food demands, especially for local varieties such as Bujang Marantau from Tanah Datar District. This variety is highly valued for its yield potential and pest resistance; however, it faces challenges related to declining seed quality. This research investigates the effect of incorporating an ecoenzyme into a Trichoderma asperellum formulation, using a red glutinous rice medium, on the germination and early growth of Bujang Marantau rice. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight ecoenzyme concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%) and four replications. The measured parameters were the fresh and dry weights of seedlings at seven days after germination. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by DNMRT when significant differences were detected. The results indicated that ecoenzyme application significantly affected seedling fresh weight during germination but did not influence dry weight. A 30% ecoenzyme concentration was found to be the most effective in promoting germination biomass. This finding demonstrates that ecoenzyme incorporation at this optimal concentration enhances Bujang Marantau rice seedling vigor and represents a promising approach for improving seed quality. Further research is recommended to evaluate field performance and the long-term effects on productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lega Pesona Kasih, Azwir Anhar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Rehabilitation of Kelep River Watershed in West Lombok Regency
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kelep River Watershed (DAS) rehabilitation based on biophysical indicators, including changes in vegetation cover, growth success rate, and erosion dynamics. The research approach used a mixed methods with a Before After Control Impact (BACI) design. Quantitative data were analyzed using NDVI values, the USLE erosion model, and the R/C ratio, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The results showed an increase in vegetation cover, indicated by an increase in NDVI values of 0.12–0.25, which contributed to a 57% reduction in erosion rates in the upstream area. Increased soil organic matter content increased infiltration and supported agroforestry productivity. Economically, the R/C ratio reached 1.67, indicating the financial viability of post-rehabilitation agriculture. Watershed rehabilitation needs to be strengthened through soil and water conservation in erosion-prone zones, regular NDVI-based monitoring, the development of multi-strata agroforestry conservation agribusiness with economic incentives, and strengthening the role of local institutions through technical support, access to capital, and monitoring of IPPKH compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Welmy Soumena, Taslim Sjah, I Ketut Budastra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Stocking Density Variations in Traditional System
Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation is one of the fisheries sub-sectors that has high economic value and is important in supporting the economy, among various cultivation systems, traditional ponds are still the choice for most farmers, especially those who have limited capital and supporting technology. This study aims to analyze the weight growth and absolute weight growth rate of vannamei shrimp cultivated in traditional ponds, this study was carried out for 35 days, the variables of this study include the absolute weight and absolute length of the cultivated shrimp. This study shows that shrimp in pond A have better growth than pond B, where the absolute weight is 15.92 grams while in pond B it is 7.56 grams. Analysis of the absolute length growth of vannamei also shows better in pond A with a value of 5.73 cm while in pond B it is 2.90 cm. Density and water quality are the causes of slow growth, on the other hand, land area, optimal density is more profitable for shrimp in obtaining natural food.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javierrevo Aironic, Andi Rahmad Rahim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Waist-To-Hip Ratio and HbA1c Levels Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Community Health Centers in Kupang
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase, alongside a growing burden of central obesity as a major contributing risk factor. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) serves as a practical anthropometric indicator for assessing central obesity, whereas glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects long-term glycemic control. Nevertheless, the evidence regarding the association between WHR and HbA1c levels remains inconclusive and varies across studies. Research objective to analyze the relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes mellitus at primary health care centers in Kupang City. This study employed a cross-sectional design. Venous blood samples were collected to measure HbA1c levels, while waist and hip circumferences were measured to obtain the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) values. Data were analyzed using the Chi Square test. Result: The respondents were aged 18–59 years. The Chi-Square analysis indicated a non-significant association, with a p-value of 0.067. There was no significant association between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes mellitus at community health centers in Kupang City. Glycemic control is influenced not only by anthropometric parameters but also by various other factors, including dietary patterns, sex, physical activity, and lifestyle behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2026 William Kevin Nathanael Situmorang, Elisabeth Levina Setianingrum, Deif Tunggal, Christina Olly Lada http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Nutritional Status and HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Patients at Primary Health Center in Kupang City
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease with an increasing global prevalence. Effective monitoring and management are essential to reduce disease burden and prevent complications, including through HbA1c assessment and nutritional status evaluation such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), which are feasible in primary health care settings. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and HbA1c levels among patients with Diabetes Mellitus at primary health centers in Kupang City. A cross-sectional design was conducted among 69 respondents selected using consecutive sampling at Oepoi, Sikumana, and Bakunase Primary Health Centers. Data were collected through BMI and MUAC measurements and HbA1c examination and analyzed using Pearson correlation test. The results indicated that most respondents were female, overweight based on BMI, had normal MUAC, and uncontrolled HbA1c levels. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between BMI and HbA1c levels (p > 0.05) nor between MUAC and HbA1c levels (p > 0.05). In conclusion, nutritional status was not significantly associated with HbA1c levels among DM patients. Glycemic control may be influenced by factors beyond anthropometric indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Veronika Florida Fiani, Elisabeth Levina Setianingrum, Rahel Rara Woda, Kristian Ratu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Sea Turtle Welfare Using an Animal Welfare Approach at Nipah Beach Hatchery
The decline in sea turtle populations highlights the importance of conservation efforts through captive management that prioritizes animal welfare. This study aimed to assess the level of sea turtle welfare at the Turtle Conservation Community (TCC) hatchery in Nipah Beach, North Lombok Regency. The research was conducted in June 2025 using field observation, in-depth interviews, and a scoring method based on the five animal welfare principles referring to the Regulation of the Director General of PHKA No. P.6/IV-SET/2011. The results showed that the overall welfare score of sea turtles was 73.21, classified as good. Feeding management and health aspects received high scores, while the natural behavior aspect showed the lowest score. Improvements are needed, particularly in enclosure enrichment, environmental security, and feed variation, to further optimize sea turtle welfare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadira Khairunnisa, Maiser Syaputra, Fauzan Fahrussiam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial and Canopy Utilization Pattern by Long-Tailed Monkeys (macaca fascicularis) Along the Oi Marai Tourist Trail
The riparian ecosystem along the Oi Marai tourism trail in Tambora National Park constitutes a critical habitat for various wildlife species, including the Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). This study aims to analyze spatial use and canopy utilization by long-tailed macaques along the Oi Marai tourism trail in response to pressures from tourism activities. Data were collected using line transect and ad libitum sampling methods to record daily movements over a 14-day observation period. Spatial use was analyzed using the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) technique based on GPS coordinates. The results identified a single group of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) consisting of 21 individuals led by one dominant male (alpha). The home range of this group was recorded at 3.60 ha, with daily travel distances ranging from 1.31 km to 5.52 km and a maximum ranging radius of 0.43 km. The territorial area covered 0.85 ha, with the farthest and nearest night sleeping position (NPS) distances recorded at 0.36 km and 0.03 km, respectively. The core area was estimated at 0.30 ha. Animal movements were predominantly concentrated along the river corridor due to the availability of water and food resources, including both natural forage and supplementary food provided by visitors. Vertically, canopy utilization exhibited functional stratification: strata C and D served as the primary zones for social activities and feeding (65%), whereas strata A and B functioned mainly as protective areas (20%). These findings indicate a reduction in home range size associated with the availability of supplementary food along the tourism trail.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedy Rahman, Maiser Syaputra, Hasyyati Shabrina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Herbivory-induced Defense Responses in Brassicaceae: Implication on Secondary Metabolites Enrichment and Diversification - A Comprehensive Review
Plants of the Brassicaceae family display a highly complex and adaptive chemical defense system against biotic stresses, particularly herbivore attack. These defense mechanisms are physiologically based on the biosynthesis and activation of secondary metabolites, mainly glucosinolates, which are converted into toxic compounds such as isothiocyanates by the enzyme myrosinase upon tissue damage. This response is not only local, but also systemic, involving cross-interactions between roots and leaves, and is modulated by the hormones jasmonate (JA), salicylate (SA), and ethylene (ET). These complex interactions form a plant defense system that can be explicitly induced depending on the type and sequence of herbivore attack. In addition, molecular adaptation strategies, such as MYB gene expression, and engineering technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have opened up opportunities to improve plant resistance. This study aims to analyze the physiological dynamics of Brassicaceae defense mechanisms, evaluate the role of hormonal and genetic regulation in enhancing plant resistance, and address the critical challenges posed by specialist herbivore adaptations and the socio-environmental implications of genetic engineering. By synthesizing these elements, this article presents a comprehensive review of the potential of these defense systems in advancing sustainable agriculture and promoting human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Indah Putri, Shyla Aulia Delfi, Putra Santoso, Resti Rahayu, Muhammad Idris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Yield Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Compound Copper and Zinc Micronutrient Fertilization
This study evaluated a Zn–Cu compound micronutrient fertilizer on plant growth, yield components, grain yield, and fertilizer-use efficiency of Inpari 32 rice. A field experiment was conducted in an Inceptisol paddy field (1,100 m²) in Margokaton, Seyegan, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (January–April 2025). Treatments were arranged in a non-factorial completely randomized design with eight fertilizer regimes and four replications, combining NPK with graded rates of Zn+Cu fertilizer. Pre- and post-planting soil nutrient analyses and post-harvest leaf tissue nutrient analyses were conducted, and vegetative traits, yield, Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE), and fertilizer-use efficiency were evaluated. Soil Zn and Cu were initially very high and high, respectively, but remained below toxicity thresholds. Compared with regimes without Zn+Cu, Zn+Cu additions significantly increased plant height, tiller number, and milled dry grain yield. Treatments P2–P7 achieved RAE >100%, indicating greater agronomic effectiveness than the non-Zn+Cu regimes. The most effective dosage was P6 (1 dosage NPK + 1.5 dosage Zn+Cu).
Copyright (c) 2026 Sutan Tarmizi Lubis, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Betha Silmia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Two Commercial Concentrates on Carcass Percentage and Internal Organs of Broiler Chickens
Commercial concentrates have different nutrient formulations, which may potentially affect body tissue growth and the development of internal organs in broiler chickens, ultimately influencing the percentage of carcass parts and internal organs. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding two different types of commercial concentrates on the percentage of carcass parts and internal organs of broiler chickens. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design with a one-way pattern consisting of three treatments and four replications. The treatments were P1: 100% commercial concentrate A; P2: 100% commercial concentrate B; and P3: 50% commercial concentrate A + 50% commercial concentrate B. The observed variables included the percentages of thigh, wing, and breast parts, as well as the percentages of heart, gizzard, and liver. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and when significant differences were detected, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied. The results showed that the percentages of breast and thigh parts among P1, P2, and P3 did not differ significantly; however, the percentage of wing parts in P1 was significantly lower than in P2 and P3. The percentages of heart and liver in P1, P2, and P3 did not show significant differences, whereas the gizzard percentage in P1 was significantly different compared to P3. It can be concluded that feeding two different types of commercial concentrates significantly affected the percentages of wing and gizzard parts but did not significantly affect the percentages of breast, thigh, heart, and liver.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Sukaryani, Bagas Fajar Firmansyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Quality of Banana Stem and Indigofera sp Mixture Fermented Using MA-11 at Different Doses
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of MA-11 on the physical quality, pH, and dry weight of a fermented mixture of banana pseudostem and Indigofera forage with molasses addition. Fermentation was applied as a method to improve the utilization of local feed resources with low physical quality. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with three treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of P0: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses (control), P1: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses + 1 cc MA-11, and P2: banana pseudostem + Indigofera forage + molasses + 2 cc MA-11. Fermentation was carried out for 12 days. The observed variables included physical quality (color, aroma, and texture), pH value, and dry weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that MA-11 supplementation significantly improved the physical quality of the fermented mixture, as indicated by higher scores for color, aroma, and texture compared to the control. In addition, MA-11 significantly reduced the pH value of the fermented product. However, the application of MA-11 had no significant effect on dry weight. It can be concluded that the fermentation of banana pseudostem and Indigofera forage using MA-11 effectively improved physical quality and fermentation characteristics, although it did not affect dry weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amanda Istiana, Sri Sukaryani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial Strategy of Dasan Lekong Community Health Center, East Lombok to Improve Utilization of Electronic Medical Records by Medical Personnel
The digital transformation in the healthcare sector encourages the implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to improve service quality and the efficiency of patient data management. However, the implementation of EMR at Dasan Lekong Community Health Center (Puskesmas) still faces various technical and managerial challenges. This study aims to identify problems, analyze causal factors, determine priority issues to be addressed, and formulate managerial strategies for EMR development. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were collected through interviews and direct observations involving eight participants directly engaged in EMR management. Data analysis was conducted using four analytical tools: the HOT-Fit Model to identify Human, Organization, and Technology factors; the Fishbone Diagram to determine root causes; the USG (Urgency, Seriousness, Growth) Method to prioritize issues; and SWOT Analysis to develop managerial strategies. The findings reveal that the main obstacles to EMR implementation include limited infrastructure (computers, servers, and network), frequent system errors or slowdowns, inadequate staff skills, and unclear standard operating procedures (SOPs) with insufficient managerial support. Based on the USG analysis, technology and infrastructure are identified as top priorities, followed by human resource competence enhancement and organizational policy improvement. Recommended strategies include upgrading technological facilities, conducting continuous training, establishing standardized SOPs, and strengthening leadership support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rangga Kembang Taruna, Purwadhi Purwadhi, Ign. Wiseto P. Agung http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric And Meristic Aspects of Lemuru Fish (Sardinella lemuru) Landed on Pancer Beach Banyuwangi
Lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) is the main small pelagic commodity in the Bali Strait that has high economic value but is vulnerable to pressure on the surface. This study aims to analyze the morphometric and meristic characteristics of lemuru fish landed on Pancer beach, Banyuwangi. The research method used a descriptive survey with stratified random sampling techniques of 50 individuals in the period from October to December 2022. The results of measurements on 23 morphometric variables showed that the total length was 9 ≤ 19 cm (92%), the standard length was 7 ≤ 17 cm (86%), the body width was 1 ≤ 11 cm (90%), the height of the body was 2 ≤ 10 cm (88%), the height of the tail rod was 1 ≤ 9 cm (84%), the length of the tail rod was 1 ≤ 9 cm (96%), the length of the ventral fin was 1 ≤ 9 cm (90%), Pectoral fin length 1 ≤ 13 cm (98%), Eye diameter 1 ≤ 9 cm (90%) and weight 10 ≤ 24 g (98%). Meanwhile, the calculation of 14 meristic variables of lemuru fish showed that: Number of Hard Dorsal Radius 2 ≤ 12 (88%), Number of Weak Dorsal Radius 3 ≤ 13 (96%), Number of Hard Anal Fin Fingers 2 ≤ 6 (86%), Number of Weak Anal Fin Fingers 2 ≤ 8 (88%), Number of Scales on Lateral Stripes 54 ≤ 67 (78%), Number of Scales Around the Body 33 ≤ 41 (60%), Number of Scales on Side Lines 5 ≤ 17 (94%), The number of scales below the side line is 10 ≤ 20 (94%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Yolanda Aulia Rida, Karnan Karnan, Didik Santoso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mangrove Carbon Potential in The Bagek Kembar Mangrove Area and Cemara Lembar South Coast, West Lombok
The mangrove ecosystem is one of the coastal ecosystems that plays an important role in climate change mitigation due to its ability to absorb and store large amounts of carbon, especially in sediments (below ground carbon). Sedimentary carbon is relatively stable and stored for a long period of time, making its presence an important indicator in blue carbon studies. This study aims to analyze the potential of mangrove sediment carbon storage in Bagek Kembar Village and Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village, West Lombok Regency. The study was conducted from August to December 2025 using a quantitative descriptive method. Sediment sampling was carried out by purposive sampling in three mangrove zones, namely the front, middle, and back zones. In each zone, sediment samples were taken at three depth intervals, namely 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, and 60–100 cm, resulting in a total of 18 samples analyzed. Analysis of organic matter and sediment carbon content was carried out using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) method, while bulk density was used as a physical parameter of the sediment for calculating sediment carbon stocks. The results of the study showed that the bulk density value of mangrove sediment in Bagek Kembar Village ranged from 0.51–0.62 g/cm³ with an average of 0.57 g/cm³, while at Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village ranged from 0.44–0.69 g/cm³ with an average of 0.60 g/cm³. The carbon stock of mangrove sediment in Bagek Kembar Village was higher than that of Cemara Beach, Lembar Selatan Village. This difference was influenced by the density of mangrove vegetation, the organic matter content of sediment, as well as the environmental characteristics and water dynamics at each location. This study shows that both locations have good potential as sediment carbon stores and need to be managed sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Alawiyah, Abdul Syukur, Didik Santoso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of the Difference in Biodegradation Rate of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates) and MES (Methyl Ester Sulfonate) Surfactants by Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is the most widely used surfactant in industrial detergent formulations, generating waste that poses potential risks to environmental quality and human health. As an environmentally friendly alternative, palm oil–based Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) has renewable and biodegradable properties, stability in hard water and high salinity, and a faster degradation rate than LAS. However, direct comparative studies on the biodegradation rates of LAS and MES are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the biodegradation ability of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium toward LAS and MES in vitro using the MBAS method. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design with a two-factor factorial arrangement and three replications, resulting in 12 experimental units. Biodegradation rates were determined by measuring surfactant concentrations at days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and linear regression analysis. The results showed a decrease in surfactant concentration over time in all treatments. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between LAS and MES biodegradation rates, but significant differences between bacterial species and their interaction with surfactant type.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Dini Najia Dzurrahmi, Prapti Sedijani, Muhlis Muhlis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prediction of Salmon Inhibitor Peptides For DPP-IV Proteins Using Molecular Docking
Diabetes mellitus is the 3rd leading cause of death in Indonesia. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are incretin hormones that function in postpandrial insulin secretion. The purpose of this study was to determine potential peptides from salmon as DPP-IV inhibitors for antidiabetic drugs, using the molecular docking method. This study design refers to several in silico peptide design studies through a bioinformatics approach. The results showed that bioactive peptide molecules derived from salmon, as well as peptide 1 and peptide 2 were predicted as potential molecular peptides and had good interactions with DPP-IV proteins, and were proven to be able to inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme as a target for diabetes mellitus drugs through the identification and evaluation of molecular interactions that occurred using the in silico peptide protein-based molecular binding method. The conclusion is that bioactive peptide molecules derived from salmon, as well as peptide 1 and peptide 2 were predicted as potential molecular peptides and had good interactions with DPP-IV proteins and were proven to be able to inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahdiyah Vernanda Saputri, Yulanda Antonius http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Menarche Age and the Incidence of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Christian Junior High School Students of Citra Bangsa Mandiri Kupang City
Primary dysmenorrhea ranks among the most prevalent menstrual issues in teenagers, impacting their everyday life and general well-being. The age at which menstruation begins has frequently been linked to the likelihood of experiencing dysmenorrhea; however, previous studies have produced mixed results. The goal of this research was to examine the connection between the age of menarche and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in female students at Kristen Citra Bangsa Mandiri Junior High School in Kupang. This investigation utilized an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 54 students were chosen using purposive sampling according to specific inclusion and exclusion standards. Menarche age was classified as early (younger than 12 years), normal (12 to 14 years), and late (older than 14 years). The WaLIDD Score was employed to evaluate primary dysmenorrhea. The data were processed using the chi-square test, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. The findings indicated that 55.6% of female students had a normal age for the start of menstruation, while 44.4% started early. The occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea was found to be 77.8%, with mild cases at 38.9%, moderate cases at 31.5%, and severe cases at 7.4%. Those who did not experience primary dysmenorrhea made up 22.2% of the respondents. The statistical analysis yielded a p=0.90 value. There was no significant link between the age of menarche and the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea among students at Citra Bangsa Mandiri Christian Junior High School in Kupang City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Giovani Maria Fallo, Kristian Ratu, Nimas Prita R. K. Wardani , Teguh Dwi Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Blood Pressure Reduction in Individuals with Prehypertension and Stage 1 Hypertension
Hypertension is a significant worldwide health concern that greatly affects heart-related illnesses and deaths. One recommended method to help lower blood pressure without medication is the isometric handgrip exercise. This research aimed to investigate the impact of isometric handgrip exercise on lowering blood pressure in those with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design following a two-group pretest–posttest format. The participants included 50 seminarians from Seminari Tinggi St. Mikhael Penfui, Kupang, who were chosen through purposive sampling based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were split into two groups: the intervention group (n = 25) that engaged in isometric handgrip exercises for three minutes daily over five days, and the control group (n = 25) that did not participate in any exercise. The data were evaluated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann–Whitney test. After five days of exercise, a notable decrease in blood pressure occurred in the intervention group, both for prehypertension (systolic p < 0.001; diastolic p = 0.005) and stage 1 hypertension (systolic p = 0.003; diastolic p = 0.012). No remarkable changes were noted in the control group (p > 0.05). The comparison between the two groups indicated significant differences in blood pressure changes for both categories (p < 0.05). Isometric handgrip training significantly affects reducing blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension and stage one hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marescha Alehandro L. Pajukang, Su Djie To Rante, Regina Marvina Hutasoit, Deif Tunggal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Echinoderms with Seagrass on the South Coast of East Lombok
Seagrass ecosystems have a vital function in sustaining the stability of coastal environments by enhancing biodiversity and maintaining key ecological processes of associated organisms, including Echinodermata. This study was conducted to examine the species composition, abundance, and distribution patterns of Echinodermata, to evaluate the composition and diversity of seagrass species, and to determine the degree of association between Echinodermata and seagrass in the southern coastal waters of East Lombok, specifically at Lungkak and Poton Bako Beaches. The research employed a survey method using a transect–quadrat technique in intertidal seagrass ecosystems, with subsequent analyses including the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, distribution pattern assessment, and Spearman correlation analysis to quantify the strength of the association. The study found that seagrass diversity indices at both sites were categorized as moderate, with relatively similar species composition, while Echinodermata communities were dominated by several key species exhibiting clustered to uniform distribution patterns. Correlation analysis indicated a positive to weak association between seagrass density and Echinodermata abundance. In conclusion, the seagrass beds in the study area continue to function as important habitats for Echinodermata, although signs of increasing environmental pressure were observed. These findings provide important scientific implications for seagrass ecosystem management and conservation-oriented regulation of coastal activities in East Lombok.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarwan Ardani, Abdul Syukur, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Growing Media on the Growth of Kepok Tanjung Banana (Musa paradisiaca) During the Acclimatization Stage
Kepok Tanjung banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a superior variety with high economic value. Tissue culture is a promising propagation method, but the acclimatization stage is a critical bottleneck. The aim of this study was to test the effect of planting medium composition on the development of Kepok Tanjung banana seedlings during the acclimatization period. A completely randomized design was used with six planting medium treatments: soil (control), cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, soil + cocopeat (2:1), soil + rice husk charcoal (2:1), and soil + cocopeat + rice husk charcoal (2:1:1). Each treatment was repeated four times, with ten plantlets per replicate. Observations were made every two weeks for 12 weeks on parameters of survival, plant height, stem diameter, leaf dimensions, leaf count, root length, and fresh and dry weight. All growth parameters were found to be significantly influenced by the composition of the growing medium, according to data analysis conducted using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% significance level. The mixture of soil and rice husk charcoal (2:1) provided the best results, with a survival rate of 95%, plant height of 19.94 cm, stem diameter of 9.95 mm, root length of 25.25 cm, and the highest fresh and dry weights (18.87 g and 1.96 g). This combination offered an optimal balance of aeration, moisture retention, and nutrient availability, supporting the plantlets' transition from in vitro to in vivo conditions. It is concluded that a mixture of soil and rice husk charcoal (2:1) is the most effective medium for the acclimatization of Kepok Tanjung banana plantlets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulisa Fitri, Yosi Zendra Joni, Violita Violita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and Neonatal Asphyxia Incidence at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital in the 2021-2024 Period
Neonatal mortality is still a worldwide issue. Two of the main reasons for new-born deaths, including those at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital, are neonatal asphyxia and low birth weight. It is vital to comprehend how low birth weight is connected to asphyxia to implement preventive measures. This research intends to examine the connection between low birth weight and the occurrence of asphyxia in newborns at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital from 2021 to 2024 after adjusting for other risk factors. The study employs an analytical observational design with a descriptive method. It is a case-control retrospective research. The data analysis comprises univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square), and multivariate (logistic regression) to pinpoint independent risk factors. The bivariate analysis indicates that low birth weight significantly correlates with the occurrence of asphyxia (p-value 0.004), along with prematurity (p-value 0.044). Additionally, the multivariate analysis results revealed that low birth weight is an independent predictor of asphyxia occurrence after accounting for the variables of primiparity and prematurity with a p-value of 0.031 and odds ratio of 5.426, which shows that newborns with low birth weight are over five times more likely to face asphyxia compared to those with normal birth weight. In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between low birth weight and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia at Kalabahi-Alor Regional Hospital from 2021 to 2024 after other risk factors have been taken into account.
Copyright (c) 2026 Calistha Regina Sandy, Gottfrieda P. Taeng Ob-Adang, Nicholas Edwin Handoyo, Dief Tunggal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity and Distribution of Orthoptera in Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park
Orthoptera is one of the insect orders that has an important role in the ecosystem, acting as herbivores, prey for predators, and decomposition. The study aims to determine the diversity and distribution patterns of Orthoptera in the Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park Area. This research is a descriptive exploratory study and was conducted in November-December 2024. The research method used was pitfall trap and sweep net. Followed by three observation paths: intensive use block, protection block and rehabilitation block. Analysis of species diversity data using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and calculation of Orthoptera distribution patterns using the Morisita Index. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the Orthoptera found consisted of three families, namely Acrididae, Tettigonidae and Gryllidae, 7 species and 41 individuals. The overall Orthoptera diversity index value (H ') was 1.81 which is included in the moderate category. When ranked based on the diversity index value in each block, the highest diversity was found in the Intensive Utilization Block (H'=1.79) in the medium category, followed by the Protection Block (H'=1.52) in the medium category, and the lowest in the Rehabilitation Block (H'=1.52) in the medium category. Overall, the distribution pattern of Orthoptera individuals in the Kerandangan TWA is generally uniform, with morisita index values ranging from 0.01-0.46 (Id<1).
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Putri Yasa, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi, Eni Suyantri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract of Mikania micrantha Kunth. Leaves Against Malassezia furfur
West Kalimantan experiences a tropical climate characterized by elevated humidity, which creates an environment conducive to the proliferation of Pityriasis versicolor due to Malassezia furfur. Plants with medicinal properties that include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and quinones, such as sembung rambat (Mikania micrantha Kunth.), represent promising sources of antifungal compounds. This research sought to assess the antifungal efficacy of the methanol extract from sembung rambat leaves against Malassezia furfur in a laboratory setting and to identify its minimum inhibitory concentration. The disc diffusion technique was employed with extract concentrations of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. Ketoconazole at 2% acted as the positive control, while sterile distilled water was utilized as the negative control. The diameters of the inhibition zones were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, accompanied by Duncan's multiple range test. The findings indicated that all concentrations of the extract successfully suppressed the growth of Malassezia furfur. The minimum inhibitory concentration was established at 20%, resulting in an inhibition zone measuring 0.48 cm in diameter after 48 hours of incubation. The methanol extract of sembung rambat leaves displayed a fungistatic action against Malassezia furfur in vitro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmawati Rahmawati, Evi Nurmeiti, Diah Wulandari Rousdy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanisms of Substance Transport Across the Cell Membrane: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
The cell membrane is a semipermeable structure that regulates substance exchange between intracellular and extracellular environments, maintains cellular homeostasis, and supports metabolic processes, yet the fundamental mechanisms of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are still frequently misunderstood in both theoretical and educational contexts. This study aims to comprehensively review substance transport mechanisms across the cell membrane and their relevance to biology education and contemporary cellular research. This research employed a narrative literature review, analyzing scientific books and peer-reviewed journal articles published within the last five to ten years, selected from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and MDPI based on topic relevance. The results indicate that diffusion facilitates molecular movement along concentration gradients either directly or through transport proteins; osmosis regulates water balance through semipermeable membranes mediated by aquaporins; and active transport enables the movement of ions and molecules against concentration gradients through ATP-dependent pumps, secondary transporters, ABC transporters, and V-ATPase. These mechanisms are interconnected and influenced by membrane composition, molecular characteristics, and transporter–substrate interactions. This review highlights the importance of an integrative understanding of membrane transport processes to strengthen conceptual learning in biology education and to support advancements in cellular and biomedical research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizah Amalia Abbas, Lutfitri Rahmadani, Fransiska Petronela Sepe, Yohanes Mari Ba'i Leta, Veronika P. Sinta Mbia Wae http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory of Medicinal Plants and Conservation Efforts among the Indigenous Community of Kedayon Village, Kemanisan Subdistrict, Curug District, Serang City
Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country with a wealth of medicinal plants and strong ethnobotanical knowledge among indigenous communities. However, modernization and the declining interest of the younger generation have caused traditional knowledge and the availability of medicinal plants to be increasingly threatened, including in Kedayon Village, Kemanisan Subdistrict, Curug District, Serang City. This study aims to: identify the types of medicinal plants used by the Kedayon Village community, describe how they are utilized in traditional medicine, and analyze forms of conservation efforts that can be implemented by the community in a sustainable manner. The method used is descriptive qualitative through field observation, documentation, and interviews. The results of the study identified 16 types of medicinal plants utilized from various plant parts such as leaves, roots, rhizomes, and seeds, with simple processing techniques such as boiling, squeezing, or steeping. These findings indicate that the community still relies on natural resources for traditional health needs. Recommended conservation efforts include community-based in-situ cultivation through home gardens and yards, accompanied by education and routine maintenance. These efforts are important to maintain the scarcity of medicinal plants while preserving local knowledge for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah Azahrah, Nabilah Artanti, Nurhasanah Nurhasanah, Aef Saefulloh, Desi Eka Nur Fitriana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Various Pharmacological Activities in the Development of Kombucha as A Functional Food Ingredient with Economic Potential: A Literature Review
Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and has gained increasing attention as a functional food due to its bioactive compounds. This literature review aims to evaluate the pharmacological activities of kombucha and its potential development as a functional food with economic value. A systematic literature review was conducted using reputable international databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The findings indicate that kombucha consistently exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, and cosmetic-related bioactivities. These effects are influenced by substrate type, fermentation conditions, and microbial composition, which determine the production of organic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and postbiotic metabolites. Beyond its health benefits, kombucha contributes significantly to economic development through product diversification, utilization of local resources and agro-industrial by-products, and entrepreneurial opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Nevertheless, challenges related to quality standardization, food safety, and health claim regulations remain critical issues. Overall, kombucha demonstrates strong potential as a functional food and an economically valuable fermented biotechnology product.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firrman Rezaldi, Nia Agustina, Paramita Wisnuwardhani, Fahmi Alamil Huda, Erni Suminar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Rice Field Potential Using a Geographic Information System Approach in Sambas Regency
Sustainable food cropland protection is similar to the system and process of planning and determining, developing, utilizing, guiding, controlling, and supervising sustainable food cropland and its areas. This study aims to determine the distribution and changes in the intended rice fields, especially in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The research methodology refers to the Decree of the Director General of Agricultural Infrastructure and Facilities Number 14/KPTS/SR/B/01/2022 concerning Technical Guidelines for Recommendations for Sustainable Food Cropland Protection. The initial stage of implementation is collecting data from relevant agencies, then creating a work map, collecting field data (groundcheck) in the form of open camera photos at 4,213 points. Then, field data processing is carried out and then the preparation of updated raw rice field data. The results of the RPLP2B study in Sambas Regency show that based on the type of irrigation, rice fields in Sambas Regency are identified as technical irrigated rice fields with an area of ± 643.12 ha, non-technical irrigation ± 16,415.69 ha, and non-irrigated rice fields ± 26,976.67 ha, the area of rice fields with IP 100 reaches ± 10,091.15 ha, IP 150 covers an area of ± 5,614.59 ha, IP 200 covers an area of ± 27,943.68 ha, IP 250 covers an area of ± 50.43 ha, and the area of land with IP 300 covers an area of ± 335.64 ha. The conclusion is that the potential of rice fields in Sambas Regency is as follows: Of the total 43,508.29 ha of raw rice fields, only 93.65% or 40,743.77 ha of rice fields have been identified, the remaining 6.35% consists of others, food fields, built-up areas and water bodies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Romiyanto Romiyanto, Leony Agustine http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification Phalaenopsis sp in Nglurah Village, Tawangmangu as A Source of High School Biology Learning
Biology learning in the Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes the use of local potential as a contextual and meaningful learning resource. Nglurah Village, Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency has high potential for moon orchid (Phalaenopsis sp) diversity that has not been widely utilized as a learning resource for high school biology. This study aims to identify the types and morphological characteristics of moon orchids in Nglurah Village and explore their use as a learning resource for biology in the biodiversity material for 10th grade high school students. The research method used is direct observation with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation of the morphology of flowers, leaves, and roots, visual documentation, and identification of varieties with the help of Google Lens and interviews with local orchid farmers. The results of the study showed that 22 varieties of moon orchids were found with quite diverse morphological differences, including flower size, color patterns, labellum shape, and other visual characteristics. This diversity indicates an intensive hybridization process, supported by environmental conditions in Nglurah Village that are suitable for the growth of moon orchids. The findings of this study have great potential to be used as a source of high school biology learning that is relevant to the Merdeka Curriculum, particularly in the subject of biodiversity and classification of living things. The use of moon orchids as a learning object is expected to provide direct learning experiences, improve observation and classification skills, and foster students' awareness of the importance of preserving local biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nur, Tri Wiharti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Family Medicinal Plants in Bulusari Village, Wonogiri as High School Biology Learning Resources
The diversity of family medicinal plants in Indonesia represents an important biological resource that supports public health and has considerable potential as a learning resource in biology; however, it has not been optimally utilized in senior high school biodiversity education. This study aims to identify medicinal plant species in Bulusari Village, analyze their distribution, and evaluate their potential as a biology learning resource based on local wisdom. The study employed an exploratory descriptive method with direct field observation and semi-structured interviews. Data collection was conducted using a total sampling technique, in which all medicinal plant species found in home gardens and surrounding village environments were recorded and identified. Data were analyzed descriptively based on botanical classification, distribution patterns, and medicinal uses. The results identified 25 medicinal plant species belonging to 19 families and 6 classes, with Asteraceae as the dominant family. The plants were distributed across cultivated home gardens and wild habitats. These findings indicate that the diversity of family medicinal plants in Bulusari Village has strong potential as a contextual biology learning resource for senior high school, supporting authentic, environment-based, and locally relevant learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthia Mardyah, Agus Purwanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global Research Trends on Environmental Sanitation and Pathogenic Bacteria: A Bibliometric Review
Environmental sanitation plays a critical role in controlling pathogenic bacteria and protecting public health, yet research trends in this field require systematic evaluation. This bibliometric study examines global research developments, thematic structures, and scientific contributions related to environmental sanitation and pathogenic bacteria from 2015 to 2025. A total of 98 articles indexed in Scopus were systematically selected following PRISMA guidelines and analyzed using VOSviewer to assess publication trends, geographic and journal contributions, and keyword co-occurrence networks. Results indicate consistent growth in research output, reflecting sustained global interest in sanitation-related health issues. Leading contributions came from countries with strong research infrastructure and regions experiencing significant sanitation challenges. Keyword analysis identified core research themes including environmental sanitation, pathogenic bacteria, water quality, and public health, while emerging topics such as molecular detection methods and metagenomics represent evolving research directions. The findings demonstrate that research on environmental sanitation and pathogenic bacteria has developed into an increasingly interdisciplinary field. This study provides a comprehensive overview of current research landscapes and identifies knowledge gaps that may guide future investigations and evidence-based policy formulation to improve environmental sanitation systems and public health outcomes globally.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfadilah Zulfadilah, Elsa Yuniarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Structure of Spider (Araneae) in Kerandangan Nature Park, West Lombok
Kerandangan Nature Park is a conservation area with high biodiversity potential, including spiders (Ordo Araneae) which play an important role as natural predators in maintaining ecosystem balance. However, information regarding the structure of the spider community in this area is still limited. This study aims to analyze the structure of the spider community based on species composition, diversity index, evenness, and dominance in Kerandangan Nature Park, West Lombok. This study was conducted in 2025 with two replications in three management blocks, namely intensive use, limited use, and protection. Sampling was carried out using the sweep net method and pitfall traps. Data analysis used the Shannon–Wiener index (H'), evenness index (E'), and Simpson dominance index (D'). The results showed that the spider community consisted of 25 species from seven families. The community composition was dominated by Pardosa pseudoannulata (42.2%), Cytaea haematica (12.64%), and Pardosa lapidicina (8%). The diversity index (H’) ranged from 0.73 to 2.60, the evenness index (E’) from 0.19 to 0.85, and the dominance index (D’) from 0.084 to 0.68. The conclusion is that the spider community structure is in the moderate and relatively stable category, thus supporting ecosystem balance in the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aswangga Abigail Hidayat, I Putu Artayasa, Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Stunting and Decrease in Cognitive Ability: A Literature Review
Chronic nutritional inadequacy causes stunting, which affects children's physical appearance and mental development, particularly in the first 1,000 days of life. This research used narrative synthesis to evaluate literature. Google Scholar was searched for 2020–2025 literature on stunting influence on cognitive development in children. Original research papers (excluding reviews) with a citation count ≥50 and first five pages of search results were considered for inclusion. Nine articles were chosen for final analysis after reviewing titles and abstracts for relevance and eligibility. The synthesis found persistent links between early-life stunting and worse memory, language, numeracy, and literacy scores. These relationships remained substantial after adjusting for environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. Stunting impairs brain development by disrupting neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination owing to nutritional deficits in early growth. The data confirm that stunting affects long-term intellectual capacity as well as physical development. This review enhances scientific knowledge of neurocognitive pathways influenced by early-life undernutrition and emphasizes the need for early dietary therapies to avoid permanent brain impairment. This study highlights the need for integrated strategies that combine nutritional and cognitive stimulation interventions in child health programs, while also identifying future directions for research on evidence-based early development policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Ayu Putu Widi Adnyani, Made Suadnyani Pasek, Ni Putu Dewi Sri Wahyuni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Drug-Related Problems in Hypertensive Patients in Pharmaceutical Practice
Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high global prevalence and often requires combination therapy, which increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). This review aims to identify the types of DRPs, the most frequently implicated medications, causative factors, and pharmaceutical interventions based on various studies conducted in hypertensive patients. The literature review results indicate that common DRPs include drug interactions, ineffective therapy, the need for additional therapy, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and inappropriate medication selection. Amlodipine, candesartan, valsartan, beta-blockers, and diuretics are among the medications most frequently associated with DRPs. Polypharmacy, non-adherence, comorbidities, and inadequate monitoring are the main contributing factors. Pharmaceutical interventions such as medication review, therapy monitoring, patient counseling, and adherence to clinical guidelines have been shown to be effective in reducing DRPs. The role of pharmacists is crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of hypertension therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eti Agustiani, Keysha Nabilla Putri Marasabessy, Dhea Syafitri Dwiyanti, Ulfatul Mutthoimah, Tuhfatul Ulya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Employees of UPTD Puskesmas La'o Kelurahan Wali Langke Rembong District
Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for obesity, which is a global health problem, including in Indonesia. Community health center employees as health workers have a high risk of becoming obese due to a sedentary lifestyle. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in UPTD employees of La'o Community Health Center, Wali Village, Langke Rembong District. This research uses design cross-sectional with a sample of 54 health center employees selected randomly purposive sampling. Physical activity data was collected using a questionnaire-based questionnaire Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs), while BMI is calculated from measurements of weight and height. Data analysis was carried out using the Fisher’s Exact test. Respondents with active physical activity mostly had a normal Body Mass Index (BMI), while respondents with inactive physical activity were more likely to have an abnormal BMI. Overall, 63% of respondents had a normal BMI and 37% had an abnormal BMI, with the proportion of active and inactive respondents each being 50%. The findings from the analysis conducted with Fisher's Exact Test indicated a notable connection between exercise and Body Mass Index, with a p-value of less than 0.001. A clear link exists between exercise and BMI among employees at community health centers. Boosting physical activity can serve as a crucial approach to avoid obesity in healthcare workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Flaviana Jeo, Christina Olly Lada, Dwita Anastasia Deo, Elizabeth L.S. Setianingrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Mothers Knowledge Level and the Timing of Providing Complementary Foods to Infants Aged 6-24 Months in Langa Community Health Center Work Area, Ngada Regency
Inappropriate timing of complementary feeding causes nutritional problems and increases the likelihood of malnutrition in the region. Mothers' understanding of complementary feeding is crucial in determining when and how it is introduced. This study aims to explore the relationship between maternal knowledge and the appropriate timing of complementary feeding in the area served by the Langa Community Health Center. This study included a correlational analysis with a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis in this study was conducted using univariate and bivariate approaches (Chi-Square test). The results of the analysis showed that the timing of introducing complementary feeding at six months of age was 64.1%. Meanwhile, maternal knowledge was assessed as being in the good range at 48.5%. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge level, good or bad, and the timing of introducing complementary feeding. The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge level and the timing of introducing complementary feeding in infants aged 6 to 24 months in the Langa Community Health Center area, Ngada Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Faustina Veren Dika, Regina Marvina Hutasoit, Gottfrieda P. Taeng-Ob Adang, Nimas Prita R. K. Wardani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Analysis of The Food Additive Rhodamine B in Foods Circulated in The Public
Food safety is very important, especially when it comes to snacks that kids and adults eat a lot of. Rhodamine B is still often used as a food coloring, even though it has been banned because it can cause serious health problems, like liver damage and a higher risk of cancer from long-term exposure. This review seeks to investigate the occurrence of Rhodamine B in diverse food products available in the community and to evaluate the analytical methodologies employed in prior research. The research methodology employed is a literature review of national articles published between 2020 untill 2025, utilizing a literature search via Google Scholar with keywords pertinent to Rhodamine B and food analysis. Data were analyzed descriptively according to sample type and analytical methods, including color reaction tests, wool thread tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, along with the outcomes of Rhodamine B identification. The findings indicated that Rhodamine B was still present in various food items, particularly traditional red cakes, school snack crackers, unbranded jam, red velvet cakes, and certain steamed cakes. Layer cakes, jelly-based foods, cilok sauce, and shrimp paste, on the other hand, were said to not have Rhodamine B in them. This finding stresses the need for ongoing food monitoring and the use of good analytical methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Ramdhani Kanata, Chairatun Hisyani Putri , Eti Agustiani, Siti Nurain, Ninda Syaharani, B. Novia Rahmadita Sutanti, Ni Luh Eka Sudiawati Putri, Selvir Anandia Intan Maulidya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Forest Fires: A Bibliometric Study of Respiratory Diseases
Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants, particularly PM2.5, that pose serious risks to respiratory health. This study aimed to map research trends and thematic developments related to wildfire-related air pollution and respiratory diseases using a bibliometric approach. A total of 188 Scopus-indexed articles published between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed using VOSviewer to examine co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and citation patterns. The results show a steady increase in publications over the past decade, with dominant research themes focusing on PM2.5 exposure and respiratory outcomes such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, existing studies are largely concentrated in high-income countries, with limited attention to long-term health effects and developing regions. These findings highlight critical research gaps and provide a scientific basis for strengthening future research directions and public health policies to mitigate respiratory risks associated with wildfire smoke.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elisa Suryani, Elsa Yuniarti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Dendrobium Orchid Species in Nglurah, Karanganyar as a High School Biology Learning Resource
Biodiversity-based learning that utilizes local potential plays an important role in enhancing students’ understanding of biological concepts through direct interaction with real objects in their environment. This study aimed to identify Dendrobium orchid species found in Desa Nglurah, Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency, and to analyze their potential as learning resources for senior high school biology, particularly on biodiversity topics. The research was conducted from May to August 2025 using a descriptive qualitative approach to describe field phenomena based on actual conditions. Data were collected through direct observations at several randomly selected sites and supported by descriptive notes, photographs, and records of morphological characteristics. Species identification was carried out using reference literature and Google Lens. Each encountered Dendrobium species was identified, and variations in flower morphology, color, and form were documented for classification purposes. The results revealed 26 Dendrobium orchid species classified into two main flower types: star-shaped flowers (22 species) and curly-shaped flowers (4 species). Flower color variations included white, pink, purple, golden brown, bluish purple, bright yellow, red, and bright green, most of which resulted from hybridization. These morphological variations reflect species-level biodiversity and align with senior high school biology learning outcomes. Therefore, Dendrobium orchids from Desa Nglurah have strong potential to be utilized as contextual and concrete learning resources. This study recommends further development of the identification results into biology learning media and teaching materials based on local potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Andhi Saputra, Agus Purwanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: The Antimicrobial Potential of Xanthorrhizoland and Curcuminoids from the Rhizomes of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza (Temulawak)
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that drives the search for new antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) contains two major active compounds, xanthorrhizol and curcuminoid, known for their antimicrobial properties. This review aims to analyze and compare the antimicrobial potential of these compounds to determine the most prospective candidate for development as an active natural antimicrobial agent in Indonesia. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA guideline on articles published between 2015 and 2025, obtained from Google Scholar and PubMed. Of the 251 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The results indicate that xanthorrhizol exhibits stronger and broader antimicrobial activity, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL, inhibition zones of 12–14 mm, and inhibition rates exceeding 90% against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. In contrast, curcuminoid shows variable activity (inhibition zones of 0–16 mm) and its effectiveness increases after photodynamic activation (Photodynamic Therapy, PDT) through the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In conclusion, xanthorrhizol is more promising as a primary natural antimicrobial agent, while curcuminoid serves as a complementary compound to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habibah Habibah, Vriezka Mierza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica L. Leaves
Indonesia is a tropical country with high plant biodiversity, including Centella asiatica L., a medicinal plant known to contain various bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify the classes of secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic leaf extract of C. asiatica through qualitative phytochemical screening. The research was conducted as a laboratory-based study using standard phytochemical methods based on classical procedures to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of C. asiatica leaves contained all tested secondary metabolite groups, indicating a diverse phytochemical profile. The presence of these compounds suggests potential biological and pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize individual bioactive compounds and to evaluate their specific biological activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizky Hasyara Putri, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Mukarlina Mukarlina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Direct Pellet PCR: Rapid Extraction-Free Method for Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Empty Fruit Bunch
Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a major industrial crop producing large amounts of empty fruit bunches (EFB), which necessitate rapid molecular methods to support microbial biodiversity studies and biotechnology applications. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Direct Pellet PCR as a rapid, extraction-free method for the molecular identification of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from EFB. Bacterial cell pellets were directly used as PCR templates to amplify the 16S rRNA gene without prior DNA extraction. The method consistently produced clear and specific amplicons of approximately 1500 bp for all isolates, indicating reliable PCR amplification. Sequence analysis showed similarity values ranging from 68.82% to 80.43% compared with reference sequences in the NCBI database, suggesting low similarity to currently available references. These findings demonstrate that Direct Pellet PCR is an efficient and cost-effective approach for rapid DNA amplification and preliminary molecular screening of cellulolytic bacteria from lignocellulosic substrates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edo Agam Pamungkas, Sylvia Madusari, Halida Adistya Putri, Risa Rosita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovation of Mix Mango-Spirulina Smoothies as a Modern Functional Beverage Towards Creative Economy
The global shift toward healthy lifestyles has accelerated the development of functional beverages that not only provide basic nutrition but also deliver additional physiological benefits. Fruit-based beverages are widely consumed due to their sensory appeal; however, many commercial products remain high in sugar while lacking sufficient protein and essential micronutrients. Therefore, integrating nutrient-dense natural ingredients such as Spirulina into fruit-based smoothies represents a promising scientific approach to enhance nutritional quality and functional value. This study aimed to develop a mango–Spirulina smoothie as a modern functional beverage and to evaluate consumer acceptance of its sensory attributes. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied. Spirulina sp. was cultivated in the Aquatic Biota Cultivation Laboratory, while smoothie formulation was conducted in the Entrepreneurship Laboratory of Universitas Islam Negeri Palangka Raya. Organoleptic and consumer acceptance tests were carried out with 30 respondents, assessing color, taste, texture, aroma, and overall preference. The results showed that the smoothie exhibited a slightly green color (90%), sweet taste (100%), and smooth texture (90%). Although aroma acceptance was relatively low, with 47% of respondents rating it as not fragrant, overall consumer acceptance was high, with 73% indicating “like” and 27% “very like.” In conclusion, the mango–Spirulina smoothie demonstrates strong potential as a modern functional beverage with good sensory acceptance and prospects for development within the creative economy. Further studies are recommended to improve aroma quality and to conduct quantitative nutritional analysis to support product commercialization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumrodah Jumrodah, Akhmad Mujahid, Nadia Uswatun Jayanti, Nor Rezqiyatun Najhah, Nuridah Nuridah, Nuridah Nuridah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: Potential of Natural Extracts on the Inhibition Zone of Acne vulgaris – Causing Bacteria
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which bacterial colonization plays a central role in lesion development. Growing concern regarding antibiotic resistance have encouraged the exploration of natural extracts as alternative antibacterial agents. This narrative literature review aims to analyze the zone profiles of natural extracts evaluated using diffusion assays against acne-associated bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and to identify factors controbuting the variability of antibacterial activity. A total of 22 primary studies published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Garuda and analyzed descriptively. The reviewed studies reported inhibition zone diameters ranging from approximately 10 to 25 mm, indicating varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Differences in inhibition zones were influenced by extract concentration, extraction solvent, and diffusion method. Overall, natural extract demonstrated promising antibacterial potential in preliminary in vitro screening assays; however, methodological variations should be carefully considered when interpreting inhibition zone results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Haryanto, Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Hand Washing with Soap of Oxyuris vermicularis Infection in Children at Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta
Oxyuriasis is an intestinal worm infection caused by Oxyuris vermicularis, a non-STH (Non-Soil Transmitted Helminths) group, the infection process does not require soil transmission. One way of transmission is through hand to mouth (autoinfection). Preschool aged children are more susceptible to Oxyuris vermicularis worm infection because they tend to be less aware of personal hygiene. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between handwashing with soap and Oxyuris vermicularis infection. This research method was observasional analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample used a total sampling technique, namely all students of Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta, with a total of 103 children. Research data were obtained from microscopic observations and questionnaire results, which were then then tested using Chi-Square. Of the 81 Anal swab samples, 3,7% were found to be positive for Oxyuris vermicularis eggs and 96,3% were negative for Oxyuris vermicularis eggs. Chi-Square analysis with Fisher’s Exact Test obtained a significant value of 0.043 (p-value <0,05) which is less than 0,05. It can be concluded that there is a significant correlation bettwen handwashing with soap and Oxyuris vermicularis infection in children at Angkasa Kindergarten, Surakarta.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadya Putri Oktavia, Adhi Kumoro Setya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Potential of Lamiaceae Terpenoid Compounds as Anti-Inflammatory
Lamiaceae family are rich in natural bioactive compounds, particularly essential oils, with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, making them a potential source of therapeutic agents for managing inflammation, which is a biological response to tissue damage. This review article aims to provide an overview and analyze the potential of terpenoid compounds from the Lamiaceae family as anti-inflammatory agents. A systematic literature search was conducted using ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, EBSCO, and Google Books, covering publications from 2014 to 2025. Using relevant keywords, a total of 100 publications were initially identified. After title and abstract screening, 72 articles were selected for eligibility assessment, of which 20 peer-reviewed research articles reporting in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Lamiaceae terpenoids were analyzed in detail. This study showed that terpene compounds in Lamiaceae essential oils have significant potential to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, and TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO). These findings strongly support the Lamiaceae family as a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory agents, warranting further investigation through mechanistic studies, in vivo validation, toxicity assessment, and formulation development to advance their potential therapeutic application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zozy Aneloi Noli, Melda Yunita Sari, Kania Khairunnisa, Irda Yanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of The Profitability of Traditional Tuna Processing (Boiling) Businesses in Mataram City
One of the leading fisheries products in Mataram City is boiled skipjack tuna (pindang ikan tongkol). This study aims to identify the potential and procurement of raw materials for boiled skipjack tuna processing in Mataram City and to analyze the financial feasibility (business profitability) as well as the development strategies of traditional boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises. Data were collected using a descriptive quantitative approach through surveys, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis employed business feasibility analysis, including profitability, R/C ratio, ROI, and Payback Period (PBP), as well as SWOT analysis. The results indicate that traditional boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises in Mataram City have considerable potential and promising sustainability prospects. The procurement of skipjack tuna raw materials is sourced from local fishermen, surrounding areas, and the availability of cold storage facilities, which play a crucial role in maintaining production continuity. The boiled skipjack tuna processing business in Mataram City is proven to be feasible and profitable for further development. This is reflected in the average annual profit, which reaches IDR 47,964,060 for micro-scale enterprises and IDR 141,405,000 for small-scale enterprises. The R/C ratio is 1.06 for micro-scale enterprises and 1.04 for small-scale enterprises. The ROI values are 28% for micro-scale enterprises and 21% for small-scale enterprises, with a very short Payback Period of 14–18 days. The business development strategy places boiled skipjack tuna processing enterprises in a strategic position that enables the implementation of aggressive strategies through the optimization of internal strengths and the utilization of external opportunities to enhance competitiveness and business sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggun Rizki Siami Aprilina, Muhammad Junaidi, Rinda Noviyanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Adolescent Impulsivity in New Trends and Impact on Psychosocial Development
Impulsivity is a personality trait characterized by a lack of careful thought. This trait tends to be dangerous if there are no boundaries, especially in early adolescents who do not yet have a mature prefrontal cortex to think about their actions. This study used a literature review method with data search using the latest scientific journals or articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. This review found that impulsivity stems from neurophysiological, neural biological, limbic system, and psychological factors that impact adolescents. Adolescents affected by interpersonal issues may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience increased psychological pressure. Consequently, impulsivity in adolescents has the potential to become an issue if not addressed through preventive measures, such as implementing positive reinforcement, practicing mindfulness, controlling self-control, and Impulsive Decision Reduction Training for Youth (IDRT-Y). It is advisable to prevent impulsivity in early adolescence to promote more mature thinking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khadijah Almuthii'ah, Luthfiyah Luthfiyah, Nadiya Dewi Syahida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Correlation between Iron and Protein Intake in the Hemoglobin Levels of the Faculty of Medicine Students, Unram
naemia is a global burden disease that mostly occurs in the reproductive age. About 31.2% of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) have anaemia. This condition may affect oxygen transport in the body and interfere with some bodily functions. Several factors may induce anaemia; iron deficiency is one of them. An amount of iron and protein intake may contribute to haemoglobin levels. This study aims to determine the correlation between iron and protein intake and haemoglobin levels among students in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Mataram. This is an observational analytic study using cross-sectional methods that includes students aged 17-20 years old. Data is taken in May–June 2024 using a spectrophotometer for checking haemoglobin levels. Iron and protein intake were traced by a 24-hour food records questionnaire over 2 days. Results: There are 118 samples with 25.42% male and 74.58% female. Normal mean haemoglobin levels were detected in this study (12.59±0.82). The correlation tests, with the t-test for iron and protein intake, are not significant, with p-values of 0.246 and 0.254, respectively. Also, total protein and iron intake from this study, with an Anova F-test, is not significant, with a p-value of 0.408. The amount of consumption of iron and protein intake is not significant in the hemoglobin levels of Faculty of Medicine Students of the University.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifana Cholidah, Emmy Amalia, Ario Danianto, Dyah Purnaning, Asti Ananda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: The Potential of Soft Coral Lobophytum sp. as a Source of Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Lobophytum sp. is a soft coral found in Indonesian waters, mainly distributed on coral reef slopes. Lobophytum sp. contains various terpenoid compounds, including sesquiterpenes and terpenoid glycosides, which have a variety of biological activities. This literature review examines the pharmacological potential of Lobophytum sp. based on ten studies reporting its pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and neuroprotective properties. The diterpene cembranoids in Lobophytum sp. show potential as candidate active substances for the development of pharmaceutical products through various in vitro and in vivo studies. The antioxidant activity of cembranoids has the potential to be developed as an anti-aging agent. In addition, its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities can be developed in the form of topical preparations. However, the development of Lobophytum sp. As a source of active ingredients still faces various challenges, especially the limited isolation of cembranoids, which requires a biotechnological approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indra Purnomo, Baiq Risky Wahyu Lisnasari, Tuhfatul Ulya, Selvira Anandia Intan Maulidya, Wayan Cintya Ganes Budastra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobotany of Natural Dye Plants of Godhongkoe and Cindelaras for Eco-Friendly Ecoprint Batik in Surakarta
The demand for environmentally friendly textiles has driven the increasing use of plant-based natural dyes, particularly in ecoprint batik products. However, local knowledge regarding dye plant species, utilized plant parts, and dyeing techniques has not been systematically documented. This study aims to examine the utilization of natural dye plants in ecoprint batik fabric production within the GodhongKoe and Cindelaras communities in Surakarta City, Central Java. The research employed a descriptive method using primary data obtained through observations, questionnaires, and interviews with artisans selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by calculating the percentage of plant organ usage. The results showed that both communities utilized 10 plant species each. Leaves were the most dominantly used plant organ, accounting for 60% of total usage, due to their easy availability and effectiveness in producing natural patterns and colors. In addition, stems and bark were utilized as sources of strong pigments and natural fixatives. This study concludes that ecoprint practices reflect the utilization of local plant diversity based on ethnobotanical knowledge. These findings contribute to the preservation of local knowledge on the use of natural dye plants while supporting the development of environmentally friendly creative industries based on local biological resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Septiana Putri, Siswo Aji Prasetyo, Nurmiyati Nurmiyati, Joko Ariyanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermentation of Banana Stems and Indigofera sp. Using MA-11 with Different Durations on Physical Quality
The high cost of ruminant feed and fluctuating forage availability have encouraged the use of local waste, such as banana stems, combined with Indigofera sp. through fermentation with the probiotic MA-11 to improve the feed's pHysical quality and pH. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) on the texture, aroma, color, and pH of the mixture to determine the optimal time for use as an alternative feed based on agricultural waste. The study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications, conducted over 12 days in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Veteran Bangun Nusantara University, Sukoharjo. Testing involved panelist assessments for pHysical quality and periodic pH measurements. The results showed a highly significant effect of fermentation time on all parameters, with a 9-day treatment producing a soft texture, fresh sour aroma, yellowish-brown color, and an optimal low pH. A 9-day fermentation with MA-11 yields high-quality feed from local waste.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taufik Ferdiansyah, Ludfia Windyasmara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changesin Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N) in Peatlands of Pontianakas Influenced by Land Management Duration
Peatland farmers in Pontianak have traditionally applied combustion ash and organic matter to increase soil pH and nutrient availability, thereby enhancing crop productivity. Poultry manure is essential for providing essential macro- and micronutrients. Although changes in peat soil properties due to agricultural use are known, the specific attributes affected and the magnitude of these changes remain poorly documented. This study aimed to: (1) determine changes in the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in peat soils cultivated under different land management practices, and (2) assess temporal changes in the C/N ratio associated with different cultivation durations. The study employed a direct survey method. Results showed that differences in peat soil characteristics between managed and unmanaged land were primarily evident in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layers. Changes in the C/N ratio were caused by intensive management practices involving large amounts of combustion ash, fish waste, shrimp shells, lime, urea, and KCl. In general, management duration did not significantly affect the C/N ratio or other chemical properties, except for KED and base saturation. At depths of 40–80 cm, the management effect is negligible, indicating that topsoil interventions have only limited impact on deeper layers. The relative stability of nutrient status in Pontianak's peatlands, despite prolonged intensive inputs, demonstrates the resilience of peat soil fertility. Changes in land suitability characteristics are primarily driven by management practices rather than cultivation duration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulmujib Alhaddad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene, Knowledge Level, and Occupancy Density with the Incidence of Pediculosis Capitis in Children
Pediculus humanus capitis lives by drawing blood from the scalp of individuals, leading to discomfort and itching. Inadequate personal cleanliness, notably among learners in Islamic boarding institutions, such as infrequently washing their hair or neglecting general hygiene, may heighten the chances of encountering this issue. This research seeks to explore the connection between personal cleanliness, awareness levels, and room occupancy density with the occurrence of Pediculosis Capitis in junior high students at the Darul Mubarok NW Yasnuhu Pringgabaya Islamic Boarding School. The research utilizes a quantitative strategy employing an analytical observational method along with a cross-sectional study framework. Furthermore, the sampling technique includes a total of 79 children, following specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were evaluated both univariately and bivariately through the Chi-Square test. Findings from the study indicated that the majority of participants were male, mainly in the 7th grade, and most were in their early teenage years. The number of children with pediculosis capitis was higher (62.0%), respondents with poor personal hygiene were higher (54.4%), most respondents still had poor knowledge, and the majority of students lived in crowded rooms (93.7%). The results of the chi-square test revealed a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), suggesting there is an important connection between personal cleanliness and the occurrence of pediculosis capitis. The final statement is that personal cleanliness and awareness levels are strongly linked to the occurrence of pediculosis capitis, while there is no connection between crowding in rooms and the occurrence of pediculosis capitis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghefira Nurringganis Abhari, Fahriana Azmi, Alfian Muhajir, Wiwin Mulianingsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Scabies Symptoms in the Kupang City Sports Talent School (SKO) Dormitory
Nutritional status assessment was conducted using two approaches: Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement as a non-invasive method, and hemoglobin (Hb) level examination as an invasive method. This study aimed to determine the relationship between scabies and nutritional status measured using BMI and Hb in SKO boarding school students in Kupang City. The study was an observational analytic cross-sectional design with a simple sampling technique. The research group included 144 individuals, and the sample size was determined through simple random sampling using the Slovin formula, leading to 59 participants. The chi-square statistical test was applied in this research to examine the connection between nutritional status and the occurrence of scabies. Results will be relevant if the p-value is less than 0.05. Scabies symptoms appeared in 15 participants (25.4%), while the bivariate analysis indicated no meaningful connection between nutritional status and scabies symptoms. Nutritional status evaluated through Body Mass Index (BMI) did not demonstrate a significant link with scabies symptoms, with the chi-square result yielding a value of (p = 0.814). Most participants had a normal BMI. In addition, nutritional status assessed by hemoglobin (Hb) levels also exhibited no noteworthy correlation with scabies symptoms, with a chi-square test giving a p-value of 0.531. The majority of participants had normal Hb levels. This leads to the conclusion that nutritional status is not related to scabies symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan Azis Hussein Geong, Regina M. Hutasoit, Gottfrieda P. Taeng-Ob Adang, Herman P. L. Wungouw http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between the Use of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets and Malaria Incidence in Gaura Village, West Lamboya District, West Sumba Regency
Malaria remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in eastern regions such as East Nusa Tenggara. Gaura Village in West Lamboya District has the highest malaria incidence in West Sumba Regency. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a key prevention strategy, but their effectiveness depends on consistent use, net condition, and adequate household coverage. Objective to assess the relationship between ITN usage and malaria occurrence among residents of Gaura Village. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 252 participants. Data on malaria history, ITN use frequency, net condition, duration of use, washing frequency, and household coverage were collected through questionnaires and home observations. Statistical analyses included the Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Consistent ITN use was significantly associated with lower malaria incidence (p < 0.05). Net condition, bedroom coverage, and household member coverage also showed significant relationships with malaria occurrence. Multivariate analysis indicated that ITN usage remained the most influential variable. ITN usage is significantly associated with malaria incidence in Gaura Village. Ensuring consistent use, maintaining good net condition, and improving household coverage may strengthen malaria prevention efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliefa Sansabila Putri Sandewi, S. M. J. Koamesah, Dwita A. Deo, Deif Tunggal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Parenting Styles, Self-Esteem and Peer Support on Anxiety in Grade XI Students of SMAN 5 Mataram
Individuals with high self esteem tend to be more confident and are therefore more capable of effectively coping with various situations, which ultimately reduces the likelihood of social anxiety. Peer support represents a form of affection from peers in the form of attention, assistance, and appreciation, providing both physical and psychological comfort through social interaction. This study aims to determine the relationship between parenting styles, self-esteem, and peer support on anxiety in 11th-grade students at SMAN 5 Mataram. This research utilized an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional method. The sample for this study included 92 students who were chosen through total random sampling. Data was gathered by using questionnaires to assess parenting styles, self-esteem, peer support, and anxiety levels. The analysis of the data was carried out with univariate and bivariate techniques employing the Spearman rank sum test. The findings indicated a notable correlation between authoritarian parenting styles and anxiety among 11th-grade students at SMAN 5 Mataram, with a p-value of 0.049 (p-value <0.05), signifying that Ho was rejected. There is a connection between self-esteem and anxiety in class XI students of SMAN 5 Mataram with a p-value of 0.005 (p-value <0.05), indicating that Ho is rejected. Additionally, there is a link between peer support and anxiety among class XI students of SMAN 5 Mataram with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value <0.05), which also means Ho is rejected. In summary, it can be concluded that there is an association between parenting styles and anxiety, a connection between self-esteem and anxiety, and a relationship between peer support and anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Rani Widyasari, Danang Nur Adiwibawa, Sherliyanah Sherliyanah, Suci Nirmala http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status of Fifth-Grade Students in Kediri District
The quality of future human resources is closely linked to the current nutritional status of children. Unhealthy and irregular dietary patterns can lead to undernutrition or overnutrition, affecting overall health and brain development. This study aimed to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and the nutritional status of fifth-grade students in Kediri District. A correlational design with random sampling was conducted in eight schools, involving 221 respondents. Dietary patterns were classified as good (66.5%), fair (24.4%), very good (7.2%), and poor (1.8%). Nutritional status was predominantly normal (96.8%), with 3.2% categorized as overweight, and no cases of underweight. Chi-Square analysis indicated a significant association between dietary patterns and nutritional status (p = 0.009 < 0.05), with a low correlation coefficient (r = 0.224). These findings suggest that dietary patterns are not the sole determinant of nutritional status; factors such as health condition, physical activity, illness frequency, and environmental conditions also contribute. It is recommended to promote healthy eating habits among students and parents, ensure food hygiene in schools, and provide nutritious food options. Future research should consider nutritional education interventions to assess their impact on students’ dietary patterns and nutritional status.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Nurul Azizah, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Dewa Ayu Citra Rasmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Effectiveness of A Combination of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) and Soursop (Annona muricata) Leaf Extract on The Growth of Escherichia coli in Vitro
The high incidence of diarrhea and the increasing resistance of Escherichia coli to various first-line antibiotics has prompted the search for safer and more effective antibacterial alternatives. Herbal plants such as binahong leaves and soursop leaves are known to contain secondary metabolites with antibacterial potential. This study aims to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of binahong and soursop leaf extracts on the growth of Escherichia coli in vitro and to determine the most effective combination concentration. This study was a laboratory experimental study with a true experimental design, then tested against Escherichia coli using the agar diffusion method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and continued with the Mann–Whitney test. The results showed that the combination of binahong and soursop leaf extracts was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli at all concentrations tested. There was a statistically significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone between treatment groups (p < 0.05). The combination of extracts at a concentration of 50% showed more optimal inhibitory activity than other concentrations, which is thought to be influenced by the interaction of the active compounds in both extracts. In conclusion, the combination of binahong and soursop leaf extracts has antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of Escherichia coli in vitro and has the potential to be developed as a natural antibacterial alternative.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agna Shailla Monica Wiranty, I Putu Dedy Arjita, Ety Retno Setyowati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Substituting Rice Bran with Fermented Tofu Pulp in The Basal Diet on Broiler Chicken Performance
This study aims to determine the effect of substituting rice bran with fermented tofu pulp in the basal diet on the performance of grower phase broiler chickens in Mengeruda Village, Soa District, Ngada Regency. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replicates, namely: P0 (100% basal diet without fermented tofu pulp), P1 (95% basal diet + 5% fermented tofu pulp), P2 (85% basal diet + 15% fermented tofu pulp), and P3 (75% basal diet + 25% fermented tofu pulp), each with three replicates. The population of chickens used in this study was 48, with each treatment consisting of 4 chickens and each treatment consisting of 3 replicates. Thus, 1 treatment required 12 broiler chickens. The research data were statistically analyzed according to RAL (Complete Randomized Design). If there were significant differences, they were followed up with a BNT test. The analysis was performed using SPSS 22.00 software. The parameters observed included feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results showed that the substitution of fermented tofu pulp had a significant effect on broiler chicken performance. Treatment P3 yielded the best results in terms of weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. This improvement in performance was due to better nutrient availability, increased digestibility, and a reduction in anti-nutritional factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Januarius Djawa Patty, Maria Alfonsa Ngaku, Agnes Yunita Dea, Wilisonius Tena Meo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential Reduction of Food Waste and Hospital Wastewater Sludge Using Bioconversion by BSF Larvae
Food waste and sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of hospitals are organic wastes with high utilization potential through bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. This study aims to examine the characteristics of food waste and WWTP sludge from Karawang Regional General Hospital and to evaluate their reduction potential through BSF larval activity. The experiment was conducted using three feed variations SML1 (70%:30%), SML2 (50%:50%), and SML3 (30%:70%) along with two control treatments. The analyzed parameters included nutritional content (protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash content, moisture content, and crude fiber), C/N ratio, as well as waste reduction efficiency through substrate consumption (SC) and the Waste Reduction Index (WRI). The results showed that food waste contains high levels of protein and carbohydrates, whereas WWTP sludge contains high organic carbon (C-organic). The best feed variation was SML2, producing 27.11% protein, 4.78% fat, and 7.74% crude fiber, indicating its potential as livestock feed. The best frass quality was obtained from SML3 with a C/N ratio of 30.24%, approaching the standard for organic fertilizers. The highest substrate consumption was recorded in SML1 at 58.86%, and the highest WRI reached 5.21%/day. These findings demonstrate that BSF larvae are effective in reducing hospital organic waste while simultaneously producing valuable end products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafida Aina, Gina Lova Sari, Kania Ratnawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between Duration of Work and Candida Colony Counts and Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Commercial Sex Workers
Sexually transmitted infections remain a major health problem among high-risk groups, including female commercial sex workers, in whom Candida spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis are frequently identified as causative agent. This study aimed to determine the relationship between duration of work and Candida colony counts as well as Trichomonas vaginalis infection among commercial sex workers. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 30 respondents. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis was performed microscopically using wet mount and dry smear preparations, while Candida colony counts were determined through urine culture on CHROM Agar Candida media and confirmed by Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) staining. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact tests. The results showed that 56,7% of respondents had worked for more than three years, 56,7% had Candida colony counts greater that 251 with dominant species Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis, and 33.3% tested positive for Trichomonas vaginalis. Statistical analysis demonstated a significant association between duration of work and Candida colony counts (p=0.000) as well as Trichomonas vaginalis infection (p=0.001). In conclusion, a longer duration of employment as a commercial sex worker is associated with an increased risk of Candida colonization and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Dwi Nurhidayah, Nia Riyana Nurcahyani, Dwi Haryatmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Nanoemulsion as an Antibiofilm Agent against Multidrug-Resistant Candida albicans: Formulation Approach and In Vitro Evaluation
Candida albicans infection is a serious health concern, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, due to its ability to form biofilms that are resistant to conventional antifungal therapies. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (temulawak) possesses antifungal properties; however, its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. Nanoemulsion formulation offers a promising strategy to enhance the penetration of active compounds. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of temulawak nanoemulsion as an antibiofilm agent against multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. albicans. Using a post-test control group only design, the antibiofilm assay was conducted via the microtiter plate method and analyzed based on Optical Density (OD) measurements. The results showed that temulawak nanoemulsion significantly reduced biofilm formation, with an 89% reduction in OD at the 100% concentration. These findings support the potential use of temulawak nanoemulsion as an alternative therapeutic strategy for Candida albicans infections, particularly those involving drug-resistant biofilms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dzulfira Arifah, Nurul Izzah, Dyah Virga Pujiani, Abidah Ardilia, Masfufatun Masfufatun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Butterfly Community Structure in Ulem-ulem Forest, Southern Area of Mount Rinjani National Park
The southern area of Mount Rinjani National Park (TNGR), serves a dual purpose as a tourist destination and a conservation zone under the management of the TNGR Office. Data and information on wildlife diversity, particularly butterflies, in this location are crucial for supporting the development of ecotourism. This study aims to analyze the butterfly community structure in Ulem-Ulem Forest. The research was conducted in July 2025 using a survey method with a sweeping net technique along three observation transects: a water stream transect, a mid-forest transect, and a forest edge transect adjacent to residential areas. The collected data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou evenness index. The results identified 550 individual butterflies, classified into 28 species, 23 genera, and 4 families (Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and Lycaenidae). The species diversity index (H') value was 3.15, the dominance index (D) value was 0.051, and the evenness index (E) value was 0.94. These results indicate that the butterfly community in the southern area of Mount Rinjani National Park (TNGR), no dominant species, and high evenness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Nike Syakila, M. Liwa Ilhamdi, Gde Cahyadi Wirajagad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) in Aik Bual Village, Central Lombok Regency
Aik Bual Village has a durian community that grows durian, both local and introduced durian. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the diversity and level of similarity of durian accessions in Aik Bual village, Central Lombok Regency in an effort to save and develop durian germplasm (Durio zibethinus) to obtain the diversity and level of similarity of durian accessions (D. zibethinus) in Aik Bual village, Central Lombok Regency. The study was conducted from December 2023 to October 2024. Sampling of D. zibenthinus accessions was collected using the exploration method. Morphological characterization data was analyzed using NTSys pc. 2.02i software. Durio kutejensis known as Lai was used as an outgroup in this study. The results of the study found eight accessions of D. zibethinus, consisting of introduced durian accessions such as Musang King, Black Thorn (Ochee), Montong, Kane, and Otong, while local durian accessions such as Mentega, Susu, and Sukun. Kinship analysis with NTsys resulted in two main groups, the first group consisting of Montong, Kane and Otong while the second group consisted of Musang King, Ochee, Sukun, Mentega and Susu.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evy Aryanti, Kurniasih Sukenti, Nur Indah Julisaniah, Aida Muspiah, Sukiman Sukiman, Deandra Alma Thalita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil in the Riau University Arboretum
Soil is an important component of forest ecosystems because it acts as a provider of nutrients, a support for vegetation, and a regulator of biogeochemical cycles. Variations in the physical and chemical properties of soil are greatly influenced by vegetation cover and soil depth. This study aims to analyse the chemical properties of soil in two types of vegetation cover, namely dense and moderate cover, in the Riau University Arboretum, which was determined using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. Soil samples were taken at three depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) to determine the vertical variation in soil chemical properties. The parameters analysed included pH, organic carbon (organic C), total nitrogen (total N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), and potassium (K₂O). The results showed that soil pH was in the acidic category, ranging from 4.43 to 5.21. Organic carbon content was higher in the surface layer than in the lower layers, with the highest value of 5.14% in medium cover. Total N content was low in all samples (0.11–0.25%), indicating a limitation of nitrogen as a factor restricting vegetation growth. The nutrient elements P₂O₅ and K₂O tended to be higher in the surface layer, especially in dense cover (P₂O₅ = 26.66 mg/100 g; K₂O = 24.56 mg/100 g). In general, dense cover was able to maintain nutrient availability better than medium cover, although medium cover had relatively higher organic C content on the surface. These findings confirm that vegetation cover plays an important role in maintaining soil quality, and the preservation of dense vegetation needs to be optimised to support soil fertility and the sustainable conservation function of the arboretum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pebriandi Pebriandi, Gilang Panca Marsanda, Zeki Desvita, Efilda Sari, Vinny Volcherina Darlis, Yossi Oktorini, Ewi Irfani, Lefdi Agung Nugraha, Hutami Indah Pertiwi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Species and Conservation Status of Birds in the Rawa Tripa Peat Forest Area, Nagan Raya, Aceh
Peat ecosystems are one of the tropical ecosystems that have high ecological value because they play a role in carbon storage, hydrological regulation, and as a habitat for various fauna groups, including birds. Rawa Tripa, as part of the Leuser Ecosystem Area, is one of the most important peat landscapes in Aceh that faces anthropogenic pressures such as forest fragmentation and land use change. The lack of basic data on bird communities in this area hinders evidence-based conservation efforts. This study aims to inventory the bird species found in the Tripa Peat Forest and assess their conservation value in the context of habitat management. The survey was conducted from July 18 to 28, 2024, using the point count method on 10 observation transects. The results of the study recorded 16 bird species from 12 families, with the Pycnonotidae family being the most commonly found group. Several species with important conservation status were also identified, such as Leptoptilos javanicus (Near Threatened), Acridotheres javanicus (Vulnerable), and the presence of Rhyticeros undulatus (Vulnerable) and their nest, indicating the availability of large trees for nesting. Based on their feeding behavior, the birds of Rawa Tripa exhibit a diversity of ecological functions, ranging from insectivores and frugivores to raptors. These findings indicate that Rawa Tripa still has habitat quality that supports bird communities, even though threats such as hunting and land degradation remain. This study emphasizes the urgency of long-term monitoring and the need for conservation strategies that maintain vegetation structure and wetland sustainability in the Rawa Tripa area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hendrix Kusuma, Ikbal Maulana, Aida Fithri, Widya Sari, Zuriana Siregar, Ghina Kamilah, Nada Ariqah, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Khairul Munawir, Zulhilmi Zulhilmi, Munreza Anandita, Novrizal Akbar, Rayhannisa Rayhannisa, Rubama Rubama http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LC–MS-Based Metabolomics and Multivariate Analysis for Detecting Herbal Adulteration: A Global Literature Review
Herbal medicines are widely used worldwide, yet the risk of adulteration poses a serious challenge to their quality, safety, and efficacy. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based metabolomics combined with multivariate analysis for detecting adulteration in medicinal plants. Relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from Scopus and Google Scholar using keywords such as “LC–MS,” “metabolomics,” “herbal adulteration,” and “multivariate analysis.” The review highlights the workflow of untargeted and targeted metabolomics, data preprocessing pipelines, and commonly used multivariate statistical models such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Case studies on Panax ginseng, Echinacea spp., Curcuma longa, and other herbal species illustrate the capability of LC–MS metabolomics to differentiate authentic from adulterated samples. Challenges, including data standardization, metabolite annotation, and overfitting in chemometrics, are also discussed. This review underscores the critical role of LC–MS metabolomics as a robust and reproducible tool for herbal authentication and provides perspectives for improving regulatory frameworks and quality control in the global herbal medicine industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Dara Kharisma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pathogenicity of Salmonella: A Literature Study
Salmonella is a type of gram-negative bacteria that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and is a major health issue worldwide because it can lead to different illnesses in both humans and animals. This comprehensive study explores the pathogenicity of Salmonella, focusing on its general characteristics, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and host-pathogen interactions. The research examines the taxonomy, morphology, and biochemical properties of Salmonella, highlighting the diversity within the genus and its adaptability to various environments. The study then delves into the complex mechanisms of pathogenicity, including adhesion to host cells, tissue invasion, intracellular survival, and modulation of host immune responses. Particular focus is placed on the significance of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) and the Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS) they code for in relation to virulence. In addition, the research examines how the host's immune system reacts to a Salmonella infection, covering both innate and adaptive immune responses. This study also looks into the clinical symptoms associated with Salmonella infections, which can vary from mild gastroenteritis that resolves on its own to serious systemic illnesses such as typhoid fever. Diagnostic methods, including traditional culture techniques and modern molecular approaches, are evaluated for their efficacy in detecting and characterizing Salmonella infections. Finally, the study examines current prevention and treatment strategies, including vaccination and antibiotic therapy, while addressing the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance. This comprehensive analysis of Salmonella pathogenicity provides valuable insights into the intricate host-pathogen relationship and highlights potential avenues for developing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies against Salmonella infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widhie Estiningtyas, Ima Arum Lestarini, Nikita Andini Putri, Diajeng Aesya Mutiara Firdausy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial–Vertical Distribution of Microplastics Abundance and Characteristics in the Coastal Waters of Raha City, Muna Regency
Microplastics are emerging pollutants increasingly detected in coastal waters and may disrupt marine ecosystem functioning as well as pose potential risks to human health. This study aimed to analyze the spatial–vertical distribution of microplastic abundance and characteristics in the coastal waters of Raha City. Sampling was conducted at three stations representing an anthropogenic activity gradient: the harbor/fish landing port (Station I), the tourism–residential area (Station II), and the river mouth (Station III). At each station, samples were collected at three depths (surface, mid-water, and near-bottom) using a plankton net, then filtered and microscopically identified based on microplastic type and color. The results showed a consistent spatial gradient, with the highest mean abundance at Station I (5.58 particles/m³), followed by Station III (4.45 particles/m³), and the lowest at Station II (1.87 particles/m³). Vertically, microplastic abundance tended to be higher in the surface and mid-water layers than near the bottom, indicating the dominance of low-density particles remaining suspended in the water column. Microplastic characteristics were dominated by fibers across all stations, while black-colored particles were most frequently observed, accounting for >30% at each station. These findings confirm the strong contribution of fisheries–harbor activities and land-based waste inputs (particularly via the river mouth) as the main sources of microplastics in the study area. This study provides important baseline data on the three-dimensional distribution of microplastics in the coastal waters of Raha City and underscores the need to strengthen land-based waste management and regulate marine-related activities in the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisa Syaesar Rahman, La Ode Alirman Afu, Emiyarti Emiyarti, Warsidah Warsidah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Effectiveness Test of Combination Ethanol Extract of Rosella Flowers (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) and Green Betel Leaves (Piper betle L) on Growth Escherichia coli
Infections from bacteria like Escherichia coli continue to be a major health issue, especially because of the rising rates of antibiotic resistance. This situation emphasizes the necessity for creating different antibacterial solutions that come from natural sources. The Roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and the green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) are recognized for having several secondary compounds that may have antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ethanol extracts of roselle flower and green betel leaf against the growth of Escherichia coli. This study was an experimental laboratory study using a post-test only control group design. Ethanol extractions from the roselle flower and green betel leaf were assessed separately at a concentration of 100% and together at a ratio of 50%:50%. The antibacterial properties were examined using the disk diffusion technique. Ciprofloxacin was utilized as a positive control, and 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide acted as a negative control. The findings indicated that the 100% ethanol extract of the roselle flower yielded an average inhibition zone diameter of 19.6 mm, whereas the 100% ethanol extract of the green betel leaf resulted in an average inhibition zone diameter of 29.4 mm. The combined extract at a 50%:50% ratio showed an average inhibition zone diameter of 25.2 mm. Thus, it can be concluded that the mixture of ethanol extracts from the roselle flower and green betel leaf demonstrates significant antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, although it remains less effective than the green betel leaf extract alone.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Anantha Pradivtha, Halia Wanadiatri, Rusmiatik Rusmiatik, Novianti Anggie Lestari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Problem Profile of Drugs (DRPs) in Antidiabetic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in The Inpatient Ward
The occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus keeps rising worldwide each year, and this includes Indonesia. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus frequently encounter Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) due to multiple medications resulting from related health issues. Thus, recognizing DRPs is essential to enhance treatment success. The Mataram City Regional General Hospital stands out as one of the hospitals with the most significant number of type 2 diabetes mellitus cases each year from 2021 to 2023, showing an increase of 18.81%. The objective of this study was to analyze the profile of DRPs (Drug-Related Problems) in antidiabetic therapy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient ward of Mataram City General Hospital during the period of April 2025. Data gathering was performed retrospectively by reviewing medical documents and conducting patient interviews. The medical documents were examined using the Cipolle classification, and the findings were illustrated in a diagram format with Microsoft Excel. The findings indicated that drug-related issues (DRPs) were present in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Mataram City Regional General Hospital in April 2025. Among the 55 diabetes patients, 7 were found to have DRPs (12.72%), with DRPs manifesting as indications lacking medication (9.09%) and medications prescribed without indications (3.64%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Luluk Alfhina, Herpan Syafii Harahap, Raisya Hasina Alaydrus http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Association Between Saturated Fat Intake and Central Obesity and Elevated Hypertension Among Communities and Monasteries of The Archdiocese of Ende
Central obesity and hypertension are major public health problems contributing substantially to the burden of non-communicable diseases. Excess saturated fat intake plays an important role in visceral fat accumulation and blood pressure elevation, particularly in populations with distinctive lifestyles and dietary patterns such as religious communities and monasteries. This study aimed to determine the association between saturated fat intake and central obesity as well as elevated hypertension among members of communities and monasteries of the Archdiocese of Ende. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 50 respondents were selected using simple random sampling. Saturated fat intake was assessed using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, central obesity was determined by waist circumference measurement, and elevated hypertension was identified through blood pressure assessment. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Most respondents had normal saturated fat intake (50.0%), followed by high intake (40.0%). Central obesity was observed in 72.0% of respondents, and 40.0% were classified as having elevated hypertension. Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between saturated fat intake and central obesity (p = 0.001) as well as elevated hypertension (p = 0.009). There is a significant association between saturated fat intake and both central obesity and elevated hypertension among members of communities and monasteries of the Archdiocese of Ende.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohana Helena Fiorola Ire, Herman P. L Wungouw, Helena Meldy Asa, Rahel Rara Woda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics of Kombucha as a Functional Immunomodulatory Food for Children with Special Needs at Elementary School Level: Literature Review
Kombucha is a fermented tea-based beverage containing various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids (acetic, gluconic, and glucuronic acids), and probiotic microorganisms produced by the Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY). These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities that may support immune function. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological and pharmacoeconomic aspects of kombucha as a functional immunomodulatory food for elementary-level children with special needs through a systematic literature review approach. Data were collected from Scopus-indexed journals and other reputable scientific databases published between 2016 and 2025. The findings indicate that kombucha exerts pharmacological effects by modulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing antioxidant activity, and improving gut microbiota balance, thereby contributing to immune homeostasis. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, kombucha shows potential as a cost-effective preventive functional food intervention with relatively low production costs and potential long-term healthcare cost efficiency. However, direct clinical evidence in children with special needs remains limited, highlighting the need for further experimental and clinical studies to establish safety, efficacy, and comprehensive cost-benefit evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Jubaedah, Yugga Tri Surahman, Firrman Rezaldi, Fahmi Alamil Huda, Erni Suminar, Syariful Mubarok http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Influencing Pneumonia Recurrence in Children Under Five Years at Lingsar and Sigerongan Health Center
World Health Organization (WHO) labels pneumonia as “the leading killer of children worldwide” because for every five deaths of children under five, one is caused by pneumonia. According to WHO, pneumonia is the main cause of death in children less than five years old in developing countries. Based on Indonesia's health profile in 2020, pneumonia is the main problem causing death in children aged 29 days - 11 months with a prevalence of 14.5% or the equivalent of 3.55 per 100 children under five. Data from the West Nusa Tenggara health service in 2023 recorded 31,035 cases of pneumonia in children under five in NTB. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence the recurrence of pneumonia in toddlers in the Sigerongan and Lingsar Community Health Center Working Areas. This research is a observational analytical research with a Case Control design. The sampling technique uses Consecutive Sampling until the required sample is reached. The research was conducted in the work area of the Sigerongan and Lingsar Health Centers in West Lombok with a research sample of 84 respondents. The data obtained was analyzed using tests Chi-Square, Fisher’s exact, and Kolmogorov Smirnov. The results of the bivariate analysis using the testwho square, Fisher’s exact, And Kolmogorov Smirnov shows the completeness factor of immunization (p-value0.532), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value0.698), LBW (p-value0.395), nutritional status (p-value0.000), time to start MPASI (p-value 0.698), comorbidities (p-value 0.296), residential density (p-value0.549), smoking behavior (p-value 0.443), duration of smoking (p-value0.278), smoking area (p-value0.000), smoking dependence (p-value 0.000), parents education (p-value0.000), and home environment (p-value 0.616) does not affect pneumonia recurrence The results show that residential density factors influence the recurrence of pneumonia in children under five years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathinah Salsabilla Hairy, Linda Silvana Sari, Titi Pambudi Karuniawaty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parents’ Knowledge and Behavior Related to Pneumonia Incidence in Children Under Five: A Literature Review
Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five worldwide, including in Indonesia, with its severity influenced by immunization status, air pollution exposure, delayed access to healthcare, and families’ socioeconomic and behavioral conditions.of families influence the severity of pneumonia. This review aims to explore parental knowledge and behavior and the severity of pneumonia in children under five based on previous studies. This study used a literature review method by collecting and analyzing relevant articles from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using keywords including "pneumonia", "knowledge", "behavior", and "under-five children". The findings indicate that adequate parental knowledge about pneumonia can support early detection and timely medical care. Parents with better knowledge tend to recognize the early symptoms of pneumonia more quickly and promptly seek medical care. In addition, good preventive behaviors, such as proper hygiene practices, complete immunization, and adequate care, can help prevent pneumonia or reduce the severity of the disease if it occurs. However, some studies show that high knowledge does not always correlate with appropriate treatment-seeking behavior, as it is influenced by other factors such as education level, economic status, and access to healthcare facilities. In addition, poor preventive behavior such as smoking inside the house and inadequate sanitation contributes to increased risk and severity of pneumonia. Parental knowledge and behavior play a crucial role in the prevention and management of pneumonia in children. However, a holistic approach is required, considering educational, economic, and healthcare access factors to ensure effective interventions in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumonia among children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lale Nubya Nitzana, Wayan Sulaksmana Sandhi Parwata, Titi Pambudi Karuniawaty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formalin Analysis in Anchovies (Stolephorus sp) at Simpang Limun Market, Medan City
Salted anchovies (Stolephorus sp.) are a long-known and popular delicacy among Indonesians. Salting is the most common method of preserving fish. Table salt (NaCl) is the most common and widely used method. The salting process takes a long time, leading traders who want to make large profits to add formalin to the fish to prevent it from rotting quickly and to preserve it for a long time. This study aims to determine whether anchovies sold at the Simpang Limun market in Medan City contain formalin and the levels of formalin identified in salted anchovies using the VIS spectrophotometry method. The research was carried out employing a purposive approach, and the samples analyzed were anchovies sourced from both the Simpang Limun market and the Modern Market. The independent variables in this research included anchovies, Schryver reagent, KMnO4 reagent, Schiff reagent, as well as VIS Spectrophotometry. To perform qualitative analysis of formalin, KMnO4 reagent, Schryver reagent, and Schiff reagent were utilized, while the quantitative analysis was conducted using the VIS spectrophotometry method with Schiff reagent. The findings from the validation of the method indicated a detection threshold of 10.39 µg/mL and a quantitative limit of 34.65 µg/mL, with formalin recovery rates in anchovy samples between 98.8 and 101.16%. Qualitative examinations of six anchovy samples returned negative outcomes, and the quantitative analysis across all samples supported the findings, revealing that only one sample was free of formalin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Sari Utami, Melati Yulia Kusumastuti, Syarifah Nadia, Anny Sartika Daulay, Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi, Helni Maulida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Region-Based Plant Vegetation Productivity in Cibinong Botanical Garden, Bogor Regency
Vegetation productivity in botanical gardens plays a crucial role in carbon sequestration and soil nutrient regulation, yet region-based differences in vegetation performance under ex situ conservation systems remain poorly understood. This study aims to analyze vegetation composition and structure, estimate biomass and carbon stock, and evaluate the influence of dominant species on soil nutrient content across different regional collections in the Cibinong Botanical Garden, Bogor Regency. The research was conducted in seven regional collections (Java–Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, and Papua) using a survey method with 20 × 50 m plots. Tree biomass was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stock was calculated based on organic carbon content. Soil chemical properties, including organic carbon and phosphorus, were also analyzed. The results showed that the Kalimantan region had the highest biomass and carbon stock, reaching 237.26 tons/ha and 111.51 tons/ha, respectively, largely influenced by the dominance of Pentace sp. In contrast, the Maluku region exhibited the highest soil organic carbon and available phosphorus, despite having lower biomass values. These findings indicate that vegetation productivity is not solely determined by biomass accumulation, but also by species composition, stand structure, and soil nutrient dynamics. This study highlights the importance of region-based vegetation management in botanical gardens to optimize carbon storage and maintain soil fertility under ex situ conservation systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chairul Chairul, Sunardi Sunardi, Senriella Habinuya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Local Tawangmangu Bananas: Traditional Markets as Learning Resources for High School Biology
Biodiversity learning in senior high schools (SMA) is often less than optimal due to a lack of local context. Tawangmangu boasts a diverse range of banana varieties in its traditional markets, which offer potential as a biology learning resource in line with the existing curriculum. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of local banana varieties in Tawangamngu Tourist Market and develop biology learning resources for high school biodiversity. Sampling was conducted using a purposive-random method across all market stalls. Morphological identification was conducted systematically, including visual documentation, measurements of quantitative (fruit length, diameter, number of clusters) and qualitative (skin color, fruit shape, flesh texture, aroma) parameters, and interviews with vendors to obtain ethnobotanical information. Data were verified with taxonomic literature and then analyzed through triangulation of morphological observations, ethnobotanical interviews, and literature references. The research identified 17 banana varieties with the AA, AAA, AAB, ABB, and BB genome groups, including Bawen, Raja Bulu, Susu, Cavendish, Raja Sereh, Raja Uli, Raja Mas, Ambon Lumut, Ambon Kuning, Tanduk, Kepok Kuning, Kepok Putih, Mas Kirana, Nangka, Klutuk, and Kembung. Each variety has distinctive morphological characteristics and different uses. The diversity of local bananas at Tawangmangu Tourist Market can be used as an effective learning resource for high school biodiversity materials, bridging theoretical concepts with students' real-world environments, in accordance with the Independent Curriculum framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Selumiel Yoshia, Nur Rokhimah Hanik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Swab Samples from Gastritis Patients Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Gastritis is a choronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that can lead to atrophy and is often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection through urease activity that triggers gastric inflammation and related diseases.. This study aimed to detect Helicobacter pylori in swab samples from patients with gastritis using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. A descriptive qualitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at Stella Maris Hospital, Makassar. Fifteen swab samples from gastritis patients were analyzed using PCR targeting a 294 bp DNA fragment. All samples showed negative results, indicated by the absence of DNA bands at the target size. Helicobacter pylori was not detected in swab samples from gastritis patients. The negative findings may be attributed to limitations of swab sampling outside the stomach, the absence of bacterial transfer during reflux, or gastritis caused by factors other than H. pylori.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewinta Nur Alvionita, Srianingsih Lestari Ma’bi, Nurlaela Alydrus http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Species Diversity and Biological Vulnerability of Sharks in Indonesia’s Fisheries Management Area 573
The Tanjung Luar Fishing Port (PPTL) in East Lombok is one of Indonesia’s major shark-landing centers operating within Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 573 of the Indian Ocean. Intensive fishing activities carried out for commercial purposes have exerted significant pressure on shark populations in the region. This research aims to analyze species composition, conservation status, size distribution, and sex ratio of sharks landed at Tanjung Luar Fishing Port as a basis for developing sustainable shark fisheries management strategies. Data collection was conducted through direct observation of fishermen’s catches from March to June 2025. The results showed that a total of 2,002 individual sharks were identified, consisting of 33 species. The most dominant species was the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), accounting for 46.6% of the total catch, followed by the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) (18.3%), the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) (6.6%), and Carcharhinus limbatus (5.7%). Based on the IUCN Red List (2023), the catch included 2 species classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 7 Endangered (EN), and 10 Vulnerable (VU), with 22 species listed in CITES Appendix II. The landed sharks were predominantly adults and subadults with total lengths ranging from 120–280 cm. The sex ratio revealed a significant imbalance, with approximately 3.3 females for every male. These findings indicate high exploitation pressure on shark populations, particularly on mature females, highlighting the need for adaptive and sustainable management strategies for shark fisheries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roy Pereira, Ayu Adhita Damayanti , Soraya Gigentika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of KNO₃ Fertilizer Concentration Levels on the Growth and Yield of Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata)
Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) is a fruit rich in nutrients, especially carbohydrates, making it a potential alternative food source. Optimal growth of this plant can be achieved through fertilization, such as with potassium nitrate (KNO₃), which contains potassium and nitrogen to enhance growth, quality, and yield. This study aimed to determine the effect of different KNO₃ fertilizer concentrations on the growth and yield of butternut squash plants. The research was conducted from February to June 2025 at Kebun Bibit Cibubur Pusat Pengembangan Benih dan Proteksi Tanaman (P2BPT), Jl. Jambore, Cibubur, Ciracas District, East Jakarta City. The experiment used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor, namely KNO₃ concentration, consisting of five treatment levels: K0 (control), K1 (8 g/L), K2 (16 g/L), K3 (24 g/L), and K4 (32 g/L). Each treatment was replicated six times with two samples per replicate, resulting in 30 experimental units and a total of 60 plant samples. The observed parameters included plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaves), stem diameter (mm), fruit weight (g), fruit diameter (cm), fruit length (cm), flesh thickness (cm), and fruit sweetness (°Brix). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) by The SAS System for Windows 9.0, followed and further testing using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of α = 5%. The results showed that KNO₃ fertilizer had a significant effect on the growth and yield of butternut squash, particularly on plant height at 6–8 weeks after transplanting (WAT), number of leaves at 5–8 WAT, and fruit weight. The highest growth and yield were obtained at the concentration of 32 g/L KNO₃.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arin Maulani Sya'bana, Budiman Budiman, Tubagus Kiki Kawakibi Azmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Ethylene Gas Exposure of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) on the Morphological Growth of Green Beans (Vigna radiata)
Ethylene is one of the natural growth hormones produced by fruits such as tomatoes, and is known to have an important role in regulating various plant physiological processes. This research was conducted to examine the effect of natural ethylene gas from tomatoes on the early growth of green bean plants (Vigna radiata). The research used a simple experimental method with two treatment groups, namely the group of plants exposed to ethylene gas from tomatoes and the control group without ethylene exposure. The observed parameters include stem height and root length in a certain period of time. Observation results show that exposure to ethylene affects the growth of green bean plants, especially in increasing the height of the stem which is more significant than control plants. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that ethylene gas produced naturally by tomatoes has the potential to accelerate the early growth of green bean plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Beatrix Putri Septianingrum, Dinda Khairurohmah, Intan Kurniyati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Differences SGPT Levels Using Immediately Monoreagent And Delayed For 5 Days At Room Temperature
SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase) is a liver enzyme that plays an important role in assessing hepatocellular damage. The stability of reagents, especially monoreagents consisting of a mixture of reagent 1 and reagent 2, affects the accuracy of laboratory test results. Delaying the use of monoreagent at room temperature may influence the enzymatic activity of SGPT. This study aims to determine the difference in SGPT levels between the monoreagent used immediately and the monoreagent delayed for 5 days at room temperature.This study used an experimental design with 16 serum samples from second-year students in the Diploma III Medical Laboratory Technology Program. SGPT levels were measured using the Clima MC-15 photometer. Two conditions were tested: monoreagent used immediately after mixing and monoreagent stored for 5 days at room temperature. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and because the data were not normally distributed, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average SGPT level using the immediate monoreagent was 10.69 U/L, while the delayed monoreagent showed an average of 9.88 U/L. Of the 16 samples, 9 decreased, 3 increased, and 4 remained unchanged. The Wilcoxon test produced a significance value of 0.030 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two conditions.In conclusion, there is a significant difference in SGPT levels immediate monoreagent use and delayed monoreagent use for 5 days at room temperature. It is recommended that monoreagent be used immediately after mixing to maintain accurate examination results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salma Yuki Anisa Putri, Hari Saktiningsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Monoreagent Delay Time Variation at Room Temperature on Creatinine Levels
Creatinine is a waste product of body metabolism that is excreted by glomerular filtration in the kidneys. One method for measuring serum creatinine is the Jaffe Reaction which is based on the reaction between creatinine and picric acid in an alkaline medium, forming a red-orange complex. Creatinine reagents have a shorter shelf life or stability, especially after being mixed into a monoreagent. Monoreagents that are delayed may affect the levels of the analyte being tested. Based on this, the study aims to determine the effect of variations in monoreagent delay time at room temperature on creatinine levels. This research used an analytical experimental design and was conducted in the STIKES Nasional laboratory. A total of 10 samples were obtained using quota sampling from students of class 2A2, D-III Medical Laboratory Technology, STIKES Nasional Surakarta. A total of 30 data points were analyzed using the non-parametric Friedman test. The results showed that the average creatinine levels at 0 minutes, 3 hours, and 4 hours were 0.611 mg/dL, 0.555 mg/dL, and 0.572 mg/dL, respectively. Normality testing indicated the data were not normally distributed, so that the non-parametric Friedman test was used. The test results showed a p-value of 0.014 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, variation in monoreagent delay time at room temperature affects creatinine levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Layla Nur Hidayah, Hari Saktiningsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0