Jurnal Pijar MIPA (e-ISSN: 2460-1500 & p-ISSN: 1907-1744) is an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. The journal publishes original research articles and reviews encompassing various topics in natural sciences and science education, particularly in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. Jurnal Pijar MIPA colaborates with Perkumpulan Pendidik IPA Indonesia Wilayah Nusa Tenggara Barat
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Phytochemical Profile and Hair Growth Activity of Marigold Flower (Tagetes erecta L.) Extract
The Marygold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) exhibits numerous pharmacological properties. The marigold flower promotes hair development. Antioxidant substances that contribute to hair growth include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of ethanol extracts from Marygold flowers (Tagetes Erecta L.) as hair growers in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In a post-test-only control-group design, this study employed an experimental methodology. Thirty male rabbits served as test subjects in this study, which used one-way ANOVA. The KTL method was used in this study to determine the chemical constituent content of the ethanol extract of Marygold flowers at 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations. Then, the length and density of the rabbit hair were measured to test the activity of hair growth. On days 7, 14, and 21, hair growth length was measured. On day 21, however, hair weight (density) was measured. Compounds from the flavonoid group (Rf 0.50 & 0.76), tannins (Rf 0.33 & 0.64), saponins (Rf 0.36 & 0.80), and alkaloids (Rf 0.33 & 0.62) were all positively present in the Marygold flower ethanol extract. The 20% concentration of Marygold flower ethanol extract exhibited the highest activity (p<0.05) in tests of hair density and length growth. The ethanol extract from Marygold flowers promotes hair growth in male rabbits, making their hair longer and denser.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lia Puspitasari, Putu Indrayoni, Putu Ayudia Septiarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reproductive Aspects of Mangrove Crabs (Scylla sp.) Caught by Fishermen in the Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem Area, West Lombok
Mangrove crabs are a high-value fishery resource that is closely associated with mangrove ecosystems, but their uncontrolled use has the potential to threaten the sustainability of the population. This study aims to analyze the reproductive aspects of mangrove crabs (Scylla sp.) caught by fishermen in the Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem Area (KEE), West Lombok, as the basis for sustainable fisheries management. The research was conducted in March-May 2025, using a quantitative survey method and observation-based data collection. The sampling technique in this study is purposive sampling. The observed parameters included gender, carapace width, body weight, gonadal maturity level (TKG), and gonadal maturity index (IKG). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially to describe growth patterns and reproductive conditions. The results showed a dominance of females, with a male:female ratio of 0.83:1. The relationship between carapace width and body weight is negative allometric (b < 3), indicating that carapace growth is faster than body weight growth. The distribution of TKG is dominated by TKG I and III, while the average IKG ranges from 2.05–5.72% with a frequency of 80%. The novelty of this research lies in providing location-based mangrove crab reproductive data in essential ecosystem areas that remain limited. The results of the study confirm the importance of regulating catch size and protecting mature gonadal individuals, and recommend further research on seasonal reproductive dynamics to support ecosystem-based fisheries management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Gina Amalia Niarni, Karnan Karnan, Anindita Suliya Hangesti Mandra Kusuma, Mahrus Mahrus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of the Problem-Based Learning Model on Critical Thinking Skills and Biology Learning Outcomes
Biology learning requires the development of critical thinking skills and learning outcomes through meaningful and contextual processes; however, classroom instruction is often still dominated by conventional approaches. This study aimed to analyze the effect of implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on the critical thinking skills and Biology learning outcomes of Grade XI students at SMA Negeri 4 Praya. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test–post-test control group. The participants were Grade XI students, divided into an experimental and a control class. The research instruments included a critical thinking skills test based on Ennis' (1996) indicators and a Biology learning outcomes test based on curriculum competencies. The results showed that students in the experimental class achieved significantly higher improvements in both critical thinking skills and learning outcomes compared to the control class. Statistical analysis indicated that implementing the Problem-Based Learning model had a positive, significant effect on student performance. These findings suggest that the PBL model promotes active and meaningful learning, making it an effective approach for enhancing critical thinking skills and Biology learning outcomes among Grade XI students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risma Yanti, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin, I Wayan Merta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and Evaluation of Capsule Shell Films Formulated from Brown Seaweed Alginate (Sargassum crassifolium)
Brown seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium) grows a lot along the coast of Indonesia, especially in the Pangandaran area. Brown seaweed may serve as a viable natural source of sodium alginate, a biopolymer extensively utilized in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Most capsule shells are made of gelatin, but as more people seek alternatives to animal products, alginate-based materials are being explored. This study aimed to extract sodium alginate from Sargassum crassifolium and fabricate capsule-shell films, subsequently evaluating their physicochemical properties. To obtain sodium alginate powder, the extraction process involved the following steps: acid pretreatment, alkaline immersion, sodium carbonate extraction, bleaching, precipitation, and drying. The extracted material had a moisture content of 12% and a yield of 26.21%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the structure of the extracted material by showing that its functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, C–O–H, and C–O–C, were the same as those of standard sodium alginate. Capsule-shell films were prepared by varying the alginate concentration in the casting volume to 3%, 4%, and 5%. Organoleptic testing showed that all formulations produced films that were slightly brown, opaque, and felt like paper. Tests on thickness and weight showed that films with higher alginate concentrations were thicker and heavier. F3-1 had a thickness value that was closest to what is needed for commercial hard capsules, and F1-2 had a moisture content range that was acceptable for commercial capsule shells. The moisture content of the formulations ranged from 8% to 24%, depending on the temperature, humidity, and length of time they were dried. All formulations produced films that could be used, but F3-1 had the best thickness, and F1-2 had the correct moisture content, supporting their potential application as non-gelatin capsule-shell alternatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syumillah Saepudin, Baiq Vera El Viera, Luthfiyah Irbah As Saidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Immersion Media on the Swelling Degree of Banana Peel Extract-Based Biofilm
The waste from banana peels has bioactive chemicals that could be exploited as natural biomaterials for wound dressings. The amount of swelling in a biofilm is one of the most crucial things that impacts how effectively it works for wound care. This is because it changes how much water it can hold and how solid its structure is. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of immersion media on the swelling of banana peel extract-based biofilms. We mixed banana peel extract with gelatin at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mL to form biofilms. We tested for swelling in distilled water and a 0.9% NaCl solution for 10 to 30 minutes. We calculated out how much the swelling changed by comparing the weights before and after immersion. After that, we looked at the data by finding the average swelling numbers. The findings indicated that biofilms immersed in NaCl solution exhibited greater swelling than those immersed in pure water. This means that ionic interactions affect how polymer networks grow. The biofilm with 0.3 mL of extract swelled the most, although greater concentrations of extract made the swelling more controllable. These findings indicate that the concentration of the extract and the nature of the immersion medium significantly influence the swelling behavior of banana peel extract-based biofilms. This work provides scientists with insights into enhancing natural biofilm compositions for use as stable and absorbent, eco-friendly wound dressings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthia Muthmainnah Ismail, Mira Setiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Administration og the Ovaspec Hormone with Different Doses on the Reproduction of Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
African catfish are freshwater fish that have long been cultivated in Indonesia. African catfish grow quickly, are highly resilient to environmental conditions, and reproduce rapidly. The critical phase in producing fish fry is the larval stage, during which the fry reach the post-larval stage (fry) and measure 1-3 cm. Fish spawning can be accelerated by manipulating conditions, such as injecting hormones into the fish. Therefore, when conducting artificial spawning, it is important to know the correct hormone type and dosage. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of different ovaspec injection doses on spawning time, egg hatchability, and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments repeated 3 times. The treatments in this study used different doses of Ovaspec. The ovaspec dose is 0 ml/kg, the ovaspec dose is 0.4 ml/kg, the ovaspec dose is 0.6 ml/kg, and the ovaspec dose is 0.8 ml/kg. The parameters calculated are spawning latency, fecundity, egg hatchability, larval survival and water quality. The results of this study show that the ovaspec hormone can influence the latency to spawning, egg hatchability and survival of African catfish larvae. The best dose in this study was 0.4 ml/kg, which resulted in an average fastest spawning latency of 521.33 minutes, egg hatchability of 84.47%, and larval survival of 77%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Diansyah, Muhammad Junaidi, Bagus Dwi Hari Setyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Human–Wildlife Conflict in Buffer Villages Surrounding Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
Conflict between local communities and wildlife in the buffer villages surrounding Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (TNBNW) continues to rise due to increasing human pressure on forest ecosystems. This study aims to identify the types of conflict, the wildlife species involved, and community responses to these disturbances. Data were collected through interviews with 30 respondents in East Suwawa and West Dumoga Subdistricts. Results show that most conflicts (90%) are triggered by wildlife perceived as agricultural pests, while 10% are caused by animals entering residential areas. Key species involved include the crested black macaque (Macaca nigrescens), Sulawesi wild boar (Sus celebensis), snakes, lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis), and various bird species. Reported disturbances range from crop damage and wildlife presence in farmlands to potential threats to human safety. Most community mitigation efforts are non-lethal, such as installing nets, using spiritus as a repellent, guarding fields with dogs, and setting simple traps. However, hunting still occurs in some areas for crop protection or economic purposes. Habitat loss from encroachment, logging, and land clearing exacerbates conflict by pushing wildlife out of forests into human landscapes. Overall, these findings demonstrate that human–wildlife conflict leads not only to economic losses but also threatens the survival of protected species such as Macaca nigrescens (VU), Sus celebensis (NT), and Bubalus depressicornis (EN). This study demonstrates scientific novelty by presenting an integrated empirical analysis of the forms of human–wildlife conflict, the composition of species involved, and community response patterns in buffer villages surrounding Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park that have not previously been systematically documented, and provides practical contributions by offering an evidence-based foundation for the development of adaptive, non-lethal, and community-based conflict mitigation strategies to support conservation area management and the protection of threatened species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Regita Cahyani Djibu, Djuna Lamondo, Zuliyanto Zakaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DHT (Diapers Hydrogel and Tajin) Fertilizer: Liquid Organic Fertilizer for the Growth of Chili Pepper Plants (Capsicum frustencens)
The issue of disposable diaper waste is a significant environmental challenge because it is difficult to decompose, taking between 250 and 500 years, and leads to widespread pollution. The rising volume of diaper waste and the suboptimal disposal of rice wash water (air tajin) require innovative solutions. This research offers a novel approach by integrating the water retention capacity of diaper hydrogel with the nutritional benefits of rice wash water into a single Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) formulation. A nutritional hydrogel derived from used diapers can absorb baby urine, which contains ammonia (approximately 60%) and urea (approximately 35%), both of which are essential nutrients for plants. DHT Fertilizer is created by extracting hydrogel from cleaned, used diapers. The hydrogel is heated to 50 °C for 60 minutes, then mixed with 60 mL of rice wash water. This study aims to repurpose these waste materials into "DHT Fertilizer" and test its effectiveness on the growth of bird's eye chili (Capsicum frutescens). Experimental Design: This quantitative experiment involved one control plant and one treatment plant, each with a single replication, and was observed over a two-week period. The independent variable was the dosage of DHT Fertilizer, and the dependent variable was the growth of the chili plants. The fertilizer was applied by spraying the plants twice daily, in the morning and evening. The results show that DHT Fertilizer significantly and rapidly increases the growth of bird's eye chili compared to the control plant. This accelerated growth is driven by the ammonia and urea content, while the vitamin B and E components from the rice wash water improve the plant’s resistance to weather changes. Additionally, the hydrogel component helps the plant absorb and store water efficiently. DHT Fertilizer serves as an eco-friendly, efficient, and easy-to-use solution to overcome growth vulnerabilities in chili plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mochammad Nasrul Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anti-infertility Effects of Zinc (Zn) Supplements on the Spermatozoa Quality of Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke
Cigarette smoke contains nicotine compounds (C10H14N2), tar and carbon monoxide (CO), which cause inhibition of Leydig cells, damage to seminiferous tubules and damage to spermatozoa cells. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-infertility effect of Zinc supplements on the quality of Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) spermatozoa exposed to cigarette smoke. This research is an experimental study consisting of 4 treatments with 3 replications: Control (drinking water), P1 (14 mg/g BW), P2 (28 mg/g BW), and P3 (42 mg/g BW) Zinc. Exposure to cigarette smoke was carried out twice a day for 14 days in all treatments, and zinc was given for 14 days in treatments P1, P2 and P3. On the 29th day, mice were sacrificed by anesthesia using chloroform and dissected to observe the quality of spermatozoa with parameters of motility, viability and morphology. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Varience) and the BNT test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that Zinc supplementation in treatments P1 and P2 significantly improved spermatozoa quality, whereas in P3 it decreased significantly. The conclusion of this study is that Zinc (Zn) supplements at a dose of 14 mg/g BW (P1) and a dose of 28 mg/g BW (P2) have an anti-infertility effect by improving the quality of rat spermatozoa that have been exposed to cigarette smoke. The results of this research can be important information for improving male reproduction due to exposure to free radicals from cigarette smoke.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wa Ode Harlis, Rasna Rostika Rasna, Adi Karya, Resman Resman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Rationality of Hypertension Treatment in Indonesia Based on JNC 7 and JNC 8 Treatment Standards: A Review
Hypertension is a multifactorial chronic disease and a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with a high prevalence in Indonesia. Irrational pharmacotherapy can reduce therapeutic effectiveness, increase the risk of adverse drug reactions, and exacerbate the economic burden on the healthcare system. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of hypertension treatment in Indonesia based on the Joint National Committee 7 (JNC 7) and 8 (JNC 8) therapy standards. A literature review was conducted on research articles accessed via Google Scholar, published between 2015 and 2025. Of the 675 identified articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria, which required that the articles contain percentage data on the rationality of hypertension treatment and use JNC 7 or JNC 8 as a reference. The results indicate that the appropriate indication aspect achieved the highest level of adherence, with 8 out of 10 studies (80%) reporting 100% compliance. The aspect of appropriate dosage was also high, exceeding 97% in 9 studies (90%). However, the appropriate drug selection rate showed wide variation, ranging from 48.65% to 100%. This inconsistency was primarily attributed to the prevalent use of monotherapy in stage 2 hypertension patients, for whom combination therapy is recommended. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), particularly amlodipine, were the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive class, dominating the prescribing patterns in 8 out of the 10 studies (80%). In conclusion, hypertension treatment in Indonesia demonstrates a high degree of rationality concerning indication, drug selection, and dosage appropriateness, aligning with JNC standards to achieve optimal blood pressure control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratama Immanuel Parlinggoman Sagala, Atika Atika, Jef Gishard Kristo Kalalo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Guided Inquiry on the Development of Critical Thinking in Science Learning in Junior High School Students: A Review
Students in the 21st century are required to develop advanced thinking skills, especially critical thinking skills, which are essential for dealing with technological advances and scientific developments. Results from international studies indicate that Indonesian students, particularly at the junior high school level, still have relatively low critical thinking skills. This study aims to determine the extent to which guided inquiry approaches can strengthen critical thinking skills among junior high school students. The method used in this study was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that adopted the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach. The articles analyzed are national and international publications from 2015 to 2025 that are relevant to the topics of Guided Inquiry and critical thinking skills. The synthesis results indicate that guided learning models are consistently effective at enhancing critical thinking skills, particularly in analysis, evaluation, and conclusion. This model requires students to be active in scientific investigation, engage in reflective thinking, and connect concepts to real-life contexts. The integration of the STEM approach, digital learning media, and local contexts further strengthens its effectiveness in shaping scientific and collaborative mindsets. The uniqueness of this study is evident in its comprehensive synthesis of the application of guided learning approaches in the 21st-century context, which emphasizes the integration of technology and contextual learning as a strategy for enhancing critical thinking. This study concludes that the Guided Inquiry Learning Model is an adaptive, innovative, and relevant learning model for strengthening critical thinking skills in the modern era, especially at the junior high school level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Calsabila Syasre Hidayat, Sri Wahyuni, Sri Rejeki Dwi Astuti, Siti Shofa Assyifa`ul Qulbi Barid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Digital Media in the Discovery Learning Model to Enhance Junior High School Students Conceptual Understanding in Science: A Review
The low level of students' conceptual understanding in science learning remains a primary issue, as instructional activities often emphasize rote memorization and fail to optimally utilize digital media to support meaningful learning. This study aims to examine the role of digital media across the stages of the Discovery Learning model, identify the most effective types of digital media, and determine the characteristics of science topics that require technological support. The research method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 15 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025. Data were analyzed thematically by grouping findings based on the role of digital media in the Discovery Learning stages, media types, science topics, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in implementation. The results indicate that digital media such as PhET simulations, animated videos, interactive flipbooks, and augmented reality significantly enhance students' conceptual understanding by providing visual and interactive representations. These media are most effective for abstract topics such as energy, the solar system, and the digestive system. However, their implementation faces challenges, including limited school facilities, low digital literacy among teachers and students, and insufficient preparation time. The integration of digital media within the Discovery Learning model proves effective in concretizing abstract science concepts, with the novelty of this study lying in its comprehensive mapping of the relationships between media types, learning stages, and topic characteristics. Practically, these findings can serve as a guide for educators in selecting and designing digital media for more innovative instruction. Academically, this study encourages further research to address implementation challenges and to explore more personalized and adaptive technology integration for supporting quality science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinanthi Asta Maharani, Siti Shofa Assyifaul Qulbi Barid, Sri Rejeki Dwi Astuti, Sri Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Problem-Based Learning in Science Learning with Digital Learning to Improve Critical Thinking and Collaboration Skills: A Review
The integration of digital-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is increasingly important to support learning that demands critical thinking and collaboration skills in the technological era. This approach allows the exploration and investigation process to be carried out in a more interactive, flexible, and student-centered manner, making it relevant for improving the quality of 21st-century learning. This study aims to explore the forms of digital PBL implementation and its impact on student competencies through a systematic review. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with article searches in Publish or Perish version 8 and Google Scholar, using the keywords “Problem-Based Learning,” “digital learning,” “critical thinking,” and “collaboration” for the period 2020-2025. The selection process followed PRISMA 2020, resulting in 15 articles meeting the inclusion criteria from the initial 200 articles. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic descriptive approach to identify patterns in findings across three main themes: forms of digital PBL implementation, its effects on critical thinking and collaboration skills, and implementation challenges. The results of the study show that technologies such as Nearpod, Padlet, blended learning, mobile learning, and interactive media play an important role in enriching the PBL stages, while also improving critical thinking and collaboration skills by supporting information access and more dynamic learning interactions. However, implementing digital PBL faces obstacles, including limited facilities, teacher readiness, and variations in students' digital literacy. This study confirms that digital PBL has great potential to improve learning quality, with implications for facilities, teacher training, and the strengthening of digital competencies. Further studies are recommended to develop a more adaptive digital PBL integration model and media innovations that are appropriate for future learning needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainun Mardiyah, Sri Wahyuni, Siti Shofa Assyifaul Qulbi Barid, Sri Rejeki Dwi Astuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Using the Hydrostatics and Heat Kit on High School Students Conceptual Change in the Heat Topic
This research is motivated by the fact that students frequently experience misconceptions, particularly in distinguishing between temperature and heat, understanding the direction of heat transfer, and analyzing the relationship between heat and phase changes. This study aims to analyze the effect of using the Hydrostatics and Heat Kit on senior high school students’ conceptual change in the topic of heat. The use of the Hydrostatics and Heat Kit in heat instruction is expected to facilitate students’ conceptual understanding through concrete and direct experimental activities. This study employed an experimental method with a one-group pretest–posttest design conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Bolangitang. The research subjects consisted of two classes: an experimental class and a replication class, each with 30 students. A Three-Tier Diagnostic Test was used as the research instrument to identify students’ conceptual status, which was classified into Guessing (MB), Lack of Conceptual Understanding (TPK), Misconception (M), and Scientific Understanding (PK). Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis by comparing pretest and posttest results to identify patterns of students’ conceptual change. These patterns were represented by red arrows (↑) indicating improvement from misconception to scientific understanding, blue arrows (↓) indicating a decline in conceptual understanding, and yellow circles (O) indicating no conceptual change. The results showed that students in both classes experienced conceptual changes toward more scientific understanding, as indicated by the dominance of red arrows (↑). The most significant improvements occurred in differentiating between temperature and heat and in analyzing the relationship between heat and temperature changes during phase transitions. These findings support the Constructivism Conceptual Change theory, which emphasizes learning as a process of reconstructing initial conceptions into more accurate scientific concepts. Overall, the use of the Hydrostatics and Heat Kit within an Inquiry-Based Learning framework was effective in improving students’ conceptual understanding and reducing misconceptions about heat.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulisa Baks, Asri Arbie, Trisnawaty Junus Buhungo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Learning Media Uno Dare Card on Human Digestive System Material to Improve Students Learning Motivation
Motivation plays a crucial role in the integrated science learning process. Low learning motivation is often not due to limited ability but rather to a lack of encouragement. In integrated science learning, the human digestive system presents complex material that is difficult to visualize, resulting in decreased student learning motivation. This research aims to develop the Uno Dare Card learning media, which is feasible (valid, practical, and effective), to enhance students' learning motivation in the human digestive system material. The research method employed the ADDIE development model with 29 eighth-grade students from class VIII I of SMP Negeri 1 Martapura Kota as research subjects. The instruments used to collect data included test and non-test instruments. The research results show that the Uno Dare Card learning media is highly valid across content, presentation, language, and media feasibility, with an overall score of 0.943 in the highly valid category. The Uno Dare Card is also highly practical, and the Uno Dare Card learning media has been proven effective in enhancing learning motivation, with N-gain values in the high category. The Uno Dare Card learning media is valid, practical, and effective for teaching material on the human digestive system and for enhancing students' motivation to learn.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairun Nida, Sauqina Sauqina, Ellyna Hafizah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Teams Games Tournament Learning Model Assisted by Question Ball Media on the IPAS Learning Outcomes
Low learning outcomes, especially in IPAS subjects, are often caused by students becoming passive and disengaged in class when learning is dominated by lecture methods (teacher-centered). Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate how well the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) model, combined with question-ball media, affects fourth-grade students' learning outcomes. In this study, a quantitative, one-group pretest-posttest design was used, with 24 students from SDN 03 Sidigede as the research subjects. The instrument in this study was a validated learning outcome test, and the data analysis involved normality testing and N-Gain analysis using IBM SPSS version 25. According to the analysis, using the TGT model with question-ball media improved student learning outcomes. This is indicated by the N-Gain values in the moderate improvement category for the concept understanding and skills processes, which are 0.57 and 0.54, respectively. These findings indicate that implementing the TGT model with the help of question ball media not only improves learning outcomes but also encourages active student participation in learning, strengthens learning motivation, and helps students understand IPAS concepts more contextually through game activities and group work.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Nailul Furqon, Siti Masfuah, Erik Aditia Ismaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Item Analysis of the Minimum Competency Assessment in Science Subjects at the Junior High School Level
Minimum Competency Assessment (MCA), known in Indonesia as Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum (AKM), is a national assessment of basic mastery that students must complete. Teachers must be able to compile MCA questions that accurately measure student knowledge. Well-written questions are crucial for creating high-quality assessments. This study analyzes the quality of MCA items on the topic of linear motion in science education at a junior high school in Surabaya. The study aims to evaluate multiple-choice questions using key psychometric parameters, such as validity, reliability, difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency. The questions were created by the author and administered to 15 ninth-grade students on 8 May 2024. The analysis used descriptive quantitative methods, and data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel. The results showed that only 4 of 10 items were valid, and the overall reliability coefficient was low (KR-20 = 0.213). Based on the difficulty index, six items were categorized as moderate, three were difficult, and one was easy. The discrimination index analysis revealed that five items had good to excellent discrimination power, whereas others showed poor discrimination and required revision. Distractor efficiency analysis indicated that several distractors were non-functional, particularly in items with low discrimination indices. These findings imply that although some MCA items are suitable for use, many require improvement to ensure accurate, reliable, and diagnostic measurement of student competencies. The study highlights the importance of item analysis as a basis for improving the design of MCA-based assessments in science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Durriyatus Salsabila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Needs for Developing Digital Learning Media to Improve Concept Mastery and Collaboration
Education is currently one of the most important aspects of human life. Education is the process of developing students' abilities. The importance of developing learning media is that using them can help students understand complex, abstract material more simply. This study aims to analyze the need for learning media in biology material at MA Darussalam Lempuing OKI. This study employed quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. Data collection used a questionnaire, with subjects being 11th-grade students and biology teachers at MA Darussalam Lempuing, OKI. The sample for this study consisted of 30 students. The analysis showed that only 23% of activities supported student collaboration, and that 60% of students' conceptual understanding remained low. This was influenced by the use of less engaging learning media, such as PPT (50%), YouTube (33%), and visual aids (17%). Furthermore, the teaching method used by teachers remained dominated by lectures (57%), leading to student boredom and disinterest. Thus, a flashcard learning media integrated with augmented reality is needed to improve students' collaboration skills and their mastery of concepts through the TGT model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Candra Dwinata; Wulandari Saputri, Meli Astriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Test of Chitosan–Nanosilver–Black Cumin Seed Oil (Nigella sativa) Gel Preparation against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and functions as a protective barrier against environmental factors, making it susceptible to wounds caused by physical trauma and microbial infections. One pathogenic bacterium frequently associated with skin disorders such as boils, acne, and wound infections is Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, topical formulations are required to prevent and manage infection. The combination of chitosan, nanosilver, and black cumin oil exhibits antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and antibacterial activity of a chitosan–nanosilver–black cumin oil gel against Staphylococcus aureus. The gel was formulated in five variations containing black cumin oil concentrations of 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. Chemical characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups, while nanosilver particle size was analyzed using a Particle Size Analyzer. Physical evaluation included a pH measurement to assess compatibility with the skin's pH. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, measuring inhibition zone diameters. The Particle Size Analyzer results showed an average nanosilver particle size of 31.54 nm. FTIR analysis of the chitosan–nanosilver system confirmed the presence of O–H, N–H, C–H, and C=O functional groups, while FTIR characterization of black cumin oil confirmed the presence of functional groups associated with C–H stretching, C=O, C–O, and =C–H bending. The formulated gel exhibited a pH of 5.12–5.72, within the physiological pH range of human skin. Antibacterial testing demonstrated that inhibitory activity increased with increasing black cumin oil concentration, with the largest inhibition zone observed in the 7% formulation (21.67 mm). These findings indicate that chitosan–nanosilver–black cumin oil gel has potential for development as an antibacterial formulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Nurul Mustofa, Sari Edi Cahyaningrum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Solution Concentration on the Adsorption Capacity of Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) for Fe(III) Separation
Iron (Fe) contamination in Indonesian waters frequently exceeds the drinking water quality standard (0.3 mg/L) and poses risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the need for a selective and effective removal method. This study aimed to analyze the effect of solution concentration on the adsorption capacity of an EDTA-based Ion Imprinted Polymer (IIP) for Fe(III) ions. The research employed an experimental design through the synthesis of IIP using the precipitation polymerization method, with methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinker, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator. Data were collected through characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), while Fe(III) concentrations were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Fe(NO₃)₃ solutions at concentrations ranging from 5 to 35 ppm were tested at neutral pH. Data analysis was conducted by calculating the adsorption capacity as the difference between the initial and final concentrations. The results showed that increasing the initial concentration increased adsorption capacity until equilibrium was reached, with a maximum of 19.06 mg/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups and the removal of Fe–O bonds after extraction, while SEM analysis revealed the formation of specific cavities in the IIP structure. In conclusion, the synthesized IIP demonstrates good selectivity and effectiveness for Fe(III) adsorption from aqueous solutions, indicating its potential application as a selective adsorbent for heavy metal-contaminated water treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aryansyah Tri Wibowo, Maria Monica Sianita Basukiwardojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory of the Genus Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae) at Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park, Singkawang, West Kalimantan
The high level of biodiversity Indonesia contains is a prestigious national treasure. One type of biodiversity found in Indonesia is plant diversity. Plant diversity is inevitable due to their use as ornamental plants. Among many ornamental plants famous in Indonesia, the genus Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss is known globally for its essential role in horticulture development. Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park, located in Sijangkung Subdistrict, South Singkawang District, Singkawang City, West Kalimantan Province, maintains a diverse and abundant collection of cultivated Bougainvillea plants, which can serve as an important resource for investigating Bougainvillea diversity. To date, no research has inventoried the diversity of Bougainvillea in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Therefore, this research aims to inventory and identify members of the Bougainvillea genus found in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Using a qualitative method, this research involved the Bougainvillea members at the research site, sampled using convenience sampling due to the vast area. The research is then continued with identification based on morphology, supported by various peer-reviewed literature. The identification process revealed two species: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., both in non-variegated and variegated forms, and Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. The sampling also revealed substantial numbers of each species in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park: B. spectabilis in non-variegated form, totalling 237 individuals; B. spectabilis in variegated form, totalling 126 individuals; and B. glabra, totalling 53 individuals, for a total of 416 individuals encountered throughout the sampling period. The identification and abundance of the two species indicate that the area has favorable ecological conditions for cultivating Bougainvillea, supporting its role as a specialized agrotourism destination. Overall, the results provide a baseline inventory for future planning regarding conservation, landscape management, and ornamental plant breeding programs. Moreover, the documented species composition can inform agrotourism development strategies, including educational interpretation, biodiversity-based tourism promotion, and sustainable plant management practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nambisas Arum Kusuma Ayu, Widya Astuti, Isyatirradhiyah Isyatirradhiyah, Mas Akhbar Faturrahman, Hayatul Fajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Valorization of Kintamani Arabica Coffee Pulp as a Functional Food Ingredient: Integrating Environmental Risk Reduction and Antioxidant Potential
The increasing production of Arabica coffee in the Kintamani region, Bali, has led to a proportional rise in coffee pulp waste, which remains inadequately managed. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Kintamani Arabica coffee pulp as a functional food raw material while simultaneously assessing its role in environmental risk mitigation through a zero-waste approach. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, while a semi-quantitative Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) was applied to evaluate pollution risks associated with coffee pulp disposal. The results demonstrated that coffee pulp contains phenolic bioactive compounds with very strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 13.96 ppm), comparable to established antioxidant-rich agricultural by-products. From an environmental perspective, converting coffee pulp into cascara (coffee pulp tea) reduced odor-related gas emission and groundwater contamination risks from high to low categories, achieving an overall risk reduction exceeding 75%. This study uniquely integrates functional food characterization with environmental risk assessment, providing scientific evidence that coffee pulp valorization supports circular economy strategies and sustainable coffee production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Agung Yogi Rabani RS, Ardhinata Antares, Ida Ayu Agung Prawitasari, I Nyoman Arya Maha Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of the Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) Learning Model on Improving Students Argumentation Abilities
The Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) learning model is designed to provide students with opportunities to improve their methods of data collection, investigation, writing, answering investigative questions, and critical thinking. The ADI model also allows participants to participate in scientific debates and peer review. This study used a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected through a pretest and posttest comprising 10 essay questions, which were validated by expert lecturers and tested for validity and reliability. The data obtained from the tests were analyzed using test statistics, namely the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, hypothesis testing, and n-gain analysis. The results showed that the average posttest scores in the experimental class across replications 1 and 2 were 84.5 and 83.7, respectively. Analysis using a t-test confirmed that the argumentation ability of class XI MAN 1 Boalemo students on the sound wave material taught using the Argument Driven Inquiry (ADI) model was significantly higher than the KKM of 70. The magnitude of the influence of the use of the Argument Driven Inquiry (ADI) model was also shown by the course average normalized gain per class, with the magnitude of the gain of the three classes consistently being in the high category, namely 0.77 for the experimental class, 0.77 for replication class 1, and 0.76 for replication class 2. The statistical test in this study shows that the calculated t-value (thitung) exceeds the critical t-value (ttabel) at the 5% significance level. This indicates a significant difference between students’ pre-test and post-test argumentation skills. These findings are consistent with various previous studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indrawati Tahir, Abdul Haris Odja, Dewi Diana Paramata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0