Jurnal Pijar MIPA (e-ISSN: 2460-1500 & p-ISSN: 1907-1744) is an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. The journal publishes original research articles and reviews encompassing various topics in natural sciences and science education, particularly in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. All submitted manuscripts undergo an initial editorial review followed by a rigorous peer-review process. Jurnal Pijar MIPA was first published in 2006, initially releasing two issues per year (March and September) until 2018. In 2019, publication frequency increased to three issues per year. This was expanded further to four issues annually in 2021. Beginning in 2022, Jurnal Pijar MIPA transitioned to a bimonthly publication schedule, with issues released in January, March, May, July, September, and November.
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. Jurnal Pijar MIPA colaborates with Perkumpulan Pendidik IPA Indonesia Wilayah Nusa Tenggara Barat
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Effect of Using Integrated Markerless Augmented Reality Learning Media on Buffer Solution Material to Improve Students Learning Outcomes
Integrated learning media markerless augmented reality can overcome the problems faced by some students in understanding the material of buffer solutions and become a learning media that displays the three levels of chemical representation in full. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an effect of the use of integrated learning media markerless augmented reality on the material of buffer solutions on the learning outcomes of phase F students of SMA/MA. The research design used is a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This study was conducted at SMA N 2 Padang in the 2024/2025 academic year. The sampling technique used in this study is a purposive sampling technique. Data for this study were collected through test techniques. The data analysis techniques used are the Normality test, the Homogeneity test, and the hypothesis test. The results of the t-test analysis (Independent Sample t-Test) with the final data obtained are the value tvalue (2.2407) > ttable (2.0017) at a real level of α = 0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Thus, the use of integrated markerless augmented reality learning media on buffer solution material has a significant effect on the learning outcomes of class XI students at SMA N 2 Padang.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadila Khairunnisa, Nofri Yuhelman, Guspatni Guspatni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an E-Worksheet on Acid-Base Material with the Sorogan-Bandongan Learning Model to Train Students Attitude of Responsibility
The Sorogan-Bandongan learning model is a traditional approach that is effective in training learners' responsibility through a series of learning activities, including reading and working on handouts, diagnostic tests, independent practice based on test results, reinforcement of concepts by the teacher, and self-reflection. This model emphasizes both individual (Sorogan) and collective (Bandongan) approaches, so that students are not only responsible for tasks they complete independently but also participate in collaborative discussion and evaluation processes. The purpose of this study is to describe the feasibility of the E-Worksheet on acid-base material using the Sorogan-Bandongan learning model to cultivate students' sense of responsibility. The feasibility of the E-Worksheet is assessed based on validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R&D) with Thiagarajan's 4D development model, limited to the Develop stage. In this study, a limited pilot test was conducted in May 2025 with 20 high school students from SMA Negeri 19 Surabaya who had already studied acid-base material. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was found that the validity of the E-Worksheet was deemed valid based on the scores obtained from the validation sheet. The overall results of student activities from meeting 1 to meeting 3 showed an increase and obtained a percentage of ≥ 61%, indicating that the E-Worksheet on acid-base material is practical. The effectiveness of the E-Worksheet was assessed based on the increase in the observation sheet scores for students' sense of responsibility in each session. The n-gain results for students' sense of responsibility were categorized as high. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the E-Worksheet on acid-base material using the Sorogan-Bandongan learning model to cultivate students' sense of responsibility is suitable for use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kholifatul Naimah, Rinaningsih Rinaningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an E-worksheet Based on Problem-Based Learning with Prompting Question Technique on Chemical Equilibrium Material
Students' misunderstandings and low level of active involvement in learning chemical equilibrium and the incomplete application of problem-based learning models. This study was motivated by students' misconceptions and low active involvement in learning chemical equilibrium material. In addition, the implementation of the problem-based learning model has not been fully realized, and students still experience difficulties in connecting and applying chemical concepts to everyday life. The purpose of this study is to develop a problem-based learning e-worksheet with prompting question techniques on chemical equilibrium material that is valid and practical. The method used is research and development (R&D) with the Plomp model, which includes the preliminary research and prototyping phases. Validity analysis techniques were analyzed using Aiken's V scale, and practicality analysis techniques were analyzed using a percentage formula. The validity analysis yielded an average score of 0.925, which is considered valid. The practicality test results showed that the e-worksheet is highly practical, with an average score of 94.375% from teachers and 89.38% from students. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the development of an e-worksheet based on problem-based learning with prompting question techniques on chemical equilibrium material is valid and very practical.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putry Amanda, Dwi Finna Syolendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Functional Properties of Cocoyoghurt through Fortification with Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa oleifera): Antioxidant Activity and Organoleptic Characteristics
Yogurt is a fermented milk product known as a functional food. Food diversification efforts by finding alternative yogurt raw materials to replace animal milk are necessary to provide products for people who want alternative non-dairy yogurt products. One of the plant-based milks that has a nutritional content similar to animal milk is coconut (Cocos nucifera). Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are reported to contain antioxidant compounds and have therapeutic benefits, making them potentially suitable for use as a fortifier in cocoyogurt functional drinks. The purpose of this study was to obtain the most appropriate formula for adding moringa leaf extract to produce cocoyogurt products that are high in antioxidants and have physicochemical and organoleptic properties that are acceptable to consumers. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely: P0 = without the addition of moringa leaf extract; P1 = moringa leaf extract 1 g/L; P2 = moringa leaf extract 2 g/L; and P3 = moringa leaf extract 3 g/L. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical method and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test if there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the addition of moringa leaf extract to coconut milk yogurt produces cocoyoghurt with a low acidity (pH) (4.5-44.3), which is in accordance with the SNI standard (2981-2009) for yogurt quality. Overall, the best treatment in cocoyoghurt was the addition of 3 g/L of moringa leaf extract with an IC50 value of 148.33 µg/ml, with free radical inhibitory activity in the moderate category, and the sensory properties of taste, aroma, color, and texture showed the most preferred values ​​by the panellists. These findings have broader implications for functional food innovation, particularly in developing plant-based, nutrient-enriched products that cater to lactose-intolerant populations and health-conscious consumers seeking natural sources of antioxidants.
Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Rima Sintyadewi, Ida Ayu Putu Ary Widnyani, Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra, Nadya Treesna Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Mollusks (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) in Medana Beach, North Lombok
Mollusks are an important group of marine organisms that contribute significantly to marine ecosystem structure and function, exhibiting high species diversity and widespread distribution across various marine habitats. Medana Beach, located in North Lombok, is a coastal area with ecological potential as a habitat for mollusks, particularly bivalves and gastropods. However, excessive exploitation beyond sustainable limits has led to a decline in mollusk populations, due to rates of harvest surpassing their natural regeneration. This study aims to assess the species diversity and community structure of mollusks (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) in the intertidal zone of Medana Beach. A purposive sampling method was used to select stations based on differing environmental characteristics, while transects were laid using systematic random sampling. Mollusk sampling, environmental parameter measurements (temperature, salinity, and pH), and substrate identification were carried out at all three study stations. A total of 55 mollusk species comprising 1,052 individuals were recorded, including 14 bivalve species and 41 gastropod species. The bivalves belonged to 9 families, and the gastropods to 17 families. The highest infaunal abundance was observed at Station 3 (616.67 ind/m³), while the highest epifaunal abundance occurred at Station 1 (15.38 ind/m²). Modiolus philippinarum had the highest infaunal density (255.56 ind/m³), found attached to seagrass roots in muddy-sand substrates. Cellana radiata had the highest epifaunal density (6.13 ind/m²), found attached to rocks. The mollusk community structure at Medana Beach was relatively stable, as indicated by moderate diversity and evenness indices, with no dominant species observed. These findings suggest that the habitat conditions at Medana Beach are capable of supporting mollusk communities and are not currently experiencing significant ecological stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuan Sasmitha, Dining Aidil Candri, Hilman Ahyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation of Takokak Leaf Powder (Solanum torvum Swartz.) with Cinnamon and Palm Sugar as a Herbal Drink
Public health is increasingly becoming a major concern, especially in efforts to prevent disease through healthier and more natural consumption patterns. Herbal drinks have become one of the most widely developed alternatives because of their health benefits. Various medicinal plants have been traditionally used in folk medicine, including takokak leaves (Solanum torvum Swartz.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), and palm sugar (Arenga pinnata). Takokak leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties, while cinnamon and palm sugar contribute to enhancing palatability while enriching bioactive compounds. This study aims to formulate takokak leaf powder (Solanum torvum Swartz.) with cinnamon and palm sugar as a herbal beverage and evaluate its functional potential. This study is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) comprising six treatment combinations and one control. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon and palm sugar to the takokak leaf herbal beverage significantly affected the levels of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and IC50. Flavonoid levels ranged from 6.38 to 9.71 mg/100g, phenolic content ranged from 4.67 to 6.49 mg/100g, tannin content ranged from 3.74 to 7.19 mg/100g, and IC50 values ranged from 19,293.34 to 42,290.50 ppm. The results also showed that all positive treatments contained alkaloid and saponin compounds. Based on the hedonic sensory test results, treatment P1 (2% cinnamon and 3% palm sugar) received the highest preference score compared to other treatments based on the parameters of color, aroma, taste, viscosity, and overall acceptance. These findings indicate the potential of takokak herbal beverage formulations as a source of natural antioxidants that are sensorially acceptable. Further research is recommended to evaluate takokak leaf herbal beverages with the addition of cinnamon and palm sugar in vitro and in vivo.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.A. Bulan Ginitri, Ida Ayu Mirah Agung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Characterization of Nanocellulose from Rice Husk (Oryza sativa L.) Waste Through Chemical and Ultrasonication Treatment
Rice husk waste is one of the abundant lignocellulosic biomass sources in Indonesia and holds significant potential as a raw material for nanocellulose production. This study aims to isolate nanocellulose from rice husk through a combination of chemical and mechanical treatments to obtain a product with high crystallinity and nanoscale particle size. The isolation process involved several steps: alkali treatment using NaOH to remove hemicellulose, bleaching with H2O2 to degrade lignin, and acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 to eliminate the amorphous regions of cellulose. The resulting cellulose suspension was then subjected to ultrasonic treatment to further reduce particle size and achieve a more homogeneous dispersion, followed by freeze drying to obtain stable dry nanocellulose powder. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed changes in chemical structure, marked by the disappearance of lignin and hemicellulose peaks and the dominance of hydroxyl (-OH) and C-O functional groups, indicating increased cellulose purity. The nanocellulose yield obtained from this process was 38.15%, calculated based on the dry weight of nanocellulose relative to the initial dry weight of rice husk used. This value falls within the typical range reported for nanocellulose isolation using sulfuric acid hydrolysis and suggests that the applied method was effective in converting rice husk biomass into nanocellulose. The relatively high yield also supports the viability of rice husk as a sustainable and cost-efficient raw material for nanocellulose production. These findings demonstrate that rice husk waste can be effectively converted into high-quality nanocellulose through combined chemical and mechanical approaches, offering a sustainable and value-added solution for various functional materials, biodegradable packaging, and polymer composite applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viona Witya Paramitha, Dina Kartika Maharani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Student Misconceptions on Dynamic Fluid Material using a Five-tier Diagnostic Test
Misconception is one of the problems that often occurs in physics learning, especially in dynamic fluid materials. Misconceptions can affect physics learning outcomes if allowed to occur continuously. This study aims to identify students' misconceptions about dynamic fluid material using a five-tier diagnostic test. Five-tier diagnostic test is the newest form of diagnostic test that is able to detect deeper misconceptions experienced by students. By using the five-level diagnostic test, you will be able to see dynamic fluid material that still has misconceptions and requires more emphasis. Apart from that, teachers can design remediation learning better. This study employed a one-shot research method with a sample of 68 students from class XI of a high school who had received dynamic fluid material. The result of this study is that students experience misconceptions on dynamic fluid material, with an average percentage of 40.7% in the moderate category. Students' misconceptions on dynamic fluid material occur in the sub-matter of the principle of continuity and Bernoulli's Law. The misconceptions experienced by students in the continuity principle sub-matter regarding the relationship between cross-sectional area (A) and fluid velocity (v) by 37,5%, the relationship between cross-sectional area (A) and fluid debit (Q) by 46,9%, and the relationship between cross-sectional area (A) and volume (V) by 50%, with a moderate category. Meanwhile, in the Bernoulli's Law sub-matter, students experienced misconceptions regarding the relationship between the depth of the leak hole (h) and the distance of the fluid jet (x) by 40,6%, and the relationship between velocity (v) and fluid pressure (P) by 43,8% with moderate categories. Given the misconceptions students still experience with dynamic fluid materials, it is necessary to implement remediation strategies, such as tests, special learning methods, or assignments.
Mukhayyarotin Niswati Rodliyatul Jauhariyah
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanifah Rahmania Hazmi, Mukhayyarotin Niswati Rodliyatul Jauhariyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Guided Inquiry-Based Student Worksheets on the Concept of Classification of Living Organisms to Train Students Science Process Skills
Science learning in schools should not only emphasize conceptual understanding but also foster science process skills that train critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and problem-solving abilities. However, classroom practice is still dominated by rote memorization, leaving students’ science process skills underdeveloped. This study addresses the gap by developing a Guided Inquiry-based Student Worksheet on the concept of living things classification. The unique contribution of this student worksheet lies in its integration of guided inquiry phases with authentic classification activities, enabling students to engage in exploration, observation, and independent analysis. Unlike conventional worksheets that mainly provide summaries or drill questions, this product is designed to stimulate scientific investigation and active participation. The research adopted the 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), although this study was limited to the Develop stage. Nine validators (three media experts, three material experts, and three science teachers) and 35 seventh-grade students participated as respondents. Validation results indicated an average feasibility score of 86.9% (“highly feasible”), while student responses reached 87.2% (“very positive”). These findings confirm that the developed student worksheet is not only valid in terms of content and presentation but also well-received by students. Beyond providing an alternative learning material, the broader implication of this study is that Guided Inquiry-based student worksheet can serve as a strategic tool to cultivate science process skills by combining discovery learning with real-life classification practices. Consequently, this product has the potential to enrich science learning with more meaningful and activity-oriented approaches, while preparing students to face 21st-century challenges that demand critical thinking, collaboration, and evidence-based reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Padliah, Sjaifuddin Sjaifuddin, Trian Pamungkas Alamsyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Learning Outcomes on the Musculoskeletal System through Direct Instruction with Biology Magazines
The students of class XI IPA 2 at MAN 1 Kubu Raya demonstrated low understanding of the musculoskeletal system, which resulted in poor learning outcomes. This issue stemmed from the dominance of a teacher-centered approach, where learning relied heavily on lectures guided by textbooks. A potential solution is the implementation of a structured learning model, such as direct instruction, which has the capacity to enhance student learning outcomes. Furthermore, integrating the direct instruction model with biology magazines can stimulate students’ interest, attention, and comprehension of the topic. This research aimed to examine the improvement of student learning outcomes on the musculoskeletal system through the application of the direct instruction model assisted by biology magazines in class XI IPA 2 at MAN 1 Kubu Raya. The research employed Classroom Action Research, conducted in two cycles, each consisting of two meetings following the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research subjects were 33 students of XI IPA 2, with instruments comprising observation sheets and learning outcome test sheets, both validated and confirmed reliable. Data analysis involved calculating the percentage of implementation based on observation results, followed by determining the percentage of classical achievement of learning outcomes. The findings revealed an increase in learning outcomes, from 78.18% in Cycle I to 84.40% in Cycle II, with learning implementation reaching 100% in both cycles. These results indicate that the use of the direct instruction model assisted by biology magazines can significantly improve student learning outcomes on the musculoskeletal system. This implies that integrating the direct instruction model with an innovative learning media (such as magazines) can provide structured, engaging, and comprehensive biology learning experiences that effectively enhance students’ learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuruliza Nabila, Titin Titin, Eko Sri Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Science Literacy Test Instruments on Temperature and Heat Materials by Integrating Local Wisdom in the Production of Karang Batik, a Speciality of Tuban Regency
The local wisdom of Karang Batik from Tuban can provide a contextual basis for developing scientific literacy test instruments that are more meaningful. This study aims to develop a science literacy test instrument integrated with the local wisdom of Karang Batik making, which is unique to Tuban, and to identify students' science literacy profiles on the subject of temperature and heat. The development was carried out using the ADDIE model with data collection through interviews, validation questionnaires, and tests. Data analysis included content validity (Aiken's V and Percentage of Agreement), empirical validity (item–total correlation), reliability (Cronbach's Alpha), difficulty level, and discriminating power. The instrument was tested on 30 university students and implemented for 70 students at Tuban 1 State Senior High School. The results showed that content validity was in the very good category (PoA ≥ 97%), 67% of the items were empirically valid, and reliability was 0.690, which is classified as high. The level of difficulty ranged from easy to moderate, with sufficient discrimination. Students' science literacy profiles varied from very low to very high, with the majority of students in the high category. These findings indicate that the developed instrument is suitable for measuring science literacy and contributes to contextual learning efforts based on local wisdom.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novy Ainul Muizzah, Mukhayyarotin Niswati Rodliyatul Jauhariyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Implementing Problem-Based Learning Models in Improving Biology Literacy and Scientific Attitudes
Biological literacy and scientific attitudes are important aspects that need to be developed in students because they are related to the ability to understand biological concepts contextually and foster scientific thinking. This study aims to analyze the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' biological literacy and scientific attitudes. The type of research used is a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 58 eleventh-grade students at MAN Lombok Barat, selected using purposive sampling, with the experimental class receiving PBL instruction and the control class receiving conventional instruction. Data were collected through validated biology literacy tests and scientific attitude questionnaires. Data analysis techniques included mean value comparisons and ANCOVA tests using SPSS version 26. The results showed that the average biology literacy score in the experimental class increased from 53.8 to 72.5, while the control class increased from 53.5 to 76.6. In terms of scientific attitude, the experimental class improved from 32 to 36.9, while the control class increased from 36 to 37.2. The results of the ANCOVA test revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control classes in biological literacy, with a p-value of 0.004 (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the scientific attitude, a significant difference was observed with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of PBL has a significant effect on improving students' scientific attitudes; however, its effect on biology literacy is less optimal than that of conventional learning. This is thought to be influenced by time constraints and other external factors that cannot be fully controlled during the research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tika Astuti, A. Wahab Jufri, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of the Effects of a Combination of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita Leaf Extracts on the Number of Normal Brain Cells in Male Mice (Mus musculus)
Chronic stress is known to cause neuronal damage in the hippocampus, particularly in the CA1 and CA3 areas, which play a crucial role in memory and learning. One way to prevent this damage is by using natural ingredients with neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to compare the effects of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita leaf extracts, either singly or in combination, on the number of normal neurons in the hippocampus of male mice exposed to stress. Twenty-five male mice were divided into five treatment groups: K− (control without treatment), K+ (stress without extract), P1 (stress + Centella asiatica extract), P2 (stress + Mentha piperita extract), and P3 (stress + combination of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita). Stress was induced using a restraint stress method, while the extracts were administered orally at the prescribed dosage. After the treatment period, the hippocampus was removed, and histological slides were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining to count the number of normal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 areas. The results showed that the K+ group experienced a significant decrease in the number of normal neurons compared to the K− group. Administration of gotu kola (P1) and mint (P2) extracts increased the number of neurons compared to K+, but not to the same extent as K−. The combination of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita extracts (P3) showed the most optimal effect, with the number of normal neurons approaching that of the negative control group. These findings indicate that the combination of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita has synergistic potential in protecting hippocampal neurons from stress-induced damage. Further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotective effect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anak Agung Istri Mas Padmiswari, Ni Wayan Sukma Antari, Ida Bagus Maha Gandamayu, I Nengah Adiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenolic and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa-Bean Sprouts Extract as PGRs for Soybeans
The demand for soybeans continues to increase, but local production remains insufficient, requiring strategies to enhance productivity and quality, such as the application of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). Natural PGRs derived from moringa leaves and mung bean sprouts, which are rich in auxins and cytokinins, have the potential to accelerate growth and stimulate the production of secondary metabolites. This study investigated various proportions of moringa leaf and mung bean sprout extracts to evaluate their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and potential as natural PGRs in soybean cultivation. The extracts were analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for total phenolics and the DPPH assay for antioxidant activity. Among the treatments, Variation E, with a higher proportion of mung bean sprout extract, proved to be the most effective, enhancing both antioxidant activity and phenolic compound production. These findings highlight the novelty of combining moringa leaf and mung bean sprout extracts as a natural PGR strategy, demonstrating promising potential to support soybean growth and improve crop quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Nur Itsnaini, Mirwa Adiprahara Anggarani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of the Science Knowledge Application on Temperature, Heat, and Expansion to Improve Student Learning Outcomes
Sains Knowledge is an application developed to support student learning. This study aims to examine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the Sains Knowledge application in improving student learning outcomes on the topics of temperature, heat, and expansion. The research employed a One-Group pretest–posttest design, with data analyzed using the N-gain test. The study was conducted with seventh-grade students (Class VII-A) at SMP Negeri 11, Gorontalo City, and employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the 4D model, comprising the stages of define, design, development, and dissemination. The findings show that Sains Knowledge met the eligibility criteria as a learning medium, with an average validation score of 94%. The practicality instruments indicated a 92% implementation rate, while student responses fell into the “very good” category at 80% and the “good” category at 20%. In terms of effectiveness, student activity reached 86%, and learning outcomes improved from an average score of 48 (pretest) to 90 (posttest), with an average N-gain of 0.81 in the “high” category. These results demonstrate that the Sains Knowledge application is valid, practical, and effective in enhancing student learning outcomes, with broader implications for improving digital learning media in secondary education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chindy Dahlia Mokoginta, Mursalin Mursalin, Citron S. Payu, Tirtawaty Abdjul, Nova Elysia Ntobou, Ritin Uloli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Elementary School Teachers Perceptions toward Teaching Reproductive Material as Part of Science Education in Elementary Schools
Teaching reproductive education at the elementary school level remains a sensitive issue, balancing the need to prevent sexual abuse through proper knowledge with concerns about social, religious, and cultural norms. This study aims to explore the perceptions of prospective elementary school teachers in Gorontalo regarding reproductive content in science education. Using a descriptive quantitative design, data were collected from 60 respondents through a closed-ended questionnaire. The findings show that while most respondents opposed teaching reproductive material at the elementary level due to moral and cultural concerns, many were not against the content itself but rather the method of delivery and the consideration of children’s maturity. This suggests that reproductive education could be implemented if presented through contextual and values-based approaches, such as moral-educational narratives. The study highlights both the sensitivity of the topic and the potential pathways for its gradual and culturally aligned integration into science education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suhendra Iskandar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of the Think-Pair-Share Cooperative Learning Model on Learning Outcomes on the Topic of Work and Simple Machines
Science learning is often regarded as difficult by students due to the many concepts that are abstract and not well understood. Therefore, a learning model is required that can enhance students' academic performance. One of them is the cooperative learning model known as Think-Pair-Share (TPS), which encourages students to think independently, engage in paired discussions, and share ideas within their groups. This research aims to determine the effect of the Think-Pair-Share type cooperative learning model on the learning outcomes of simple machines and efforts in SMP Negeri 1 Kwandang. This study is an experimental research, utilising a one-group pretest-posttest Design. The sampling technique employed in this research is Cluster Random Sampling. The sample in this study uses class VIIIC as the experimental class, grouped through a random lottery. Data for this research were collected using a testing technique, which included normality tests, hypothesis tests, and n-gain tests. The analysis results indicate that the calculated values for all sample classes are greater than the tabulated values; thus, the hypothesis (H1) is accepted. The N-gain value of 0.80 indicates an improvement in learning outcomes that falls under the high category. The application of the Think-Pair-Share model, specifically for the material on simple machines and business, has rarely been researched before. This model has been proven to help students connect abstract concepts with real-life situations, fostering active participation in the learning process. Thus, the TPS type cooperative learning model has a significant impact on improving students' learning outcomes. This research also provides practical benefits as a basis for teachers to implement the cooperative model of Think Pair Share in learning to create a more active, effective, and meaningful learning atmosphere.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siskawati Akuba, Abdul Haris Odja, Trisnawaty Junus Buhungo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Interactive Media Based on Lectora Inspire Solar System (SITAYA) to Material to Increase Students Learning Motivation in Science
Success in learning is important, not only influenced by student intelligence, but also by learning environment factors, motivation, learning styles, methods, strategies and learning media, these factors greatly influence student learning outcomes. This study aims to develop and test the feasibility and effectiveness of interactive learning media based on Lectora Inspire, specifically SITAYA (Solar System), in order to enhance the motivation and learning outcomes of sixth-grade students at SDN 4 Honggosoco in the Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subject, focusing on the solar system. The method used in this study is research and development, utilising the ADDIE model, which is simplified into five distinct stages. The validation process was conducted by media experts and material experts, resulting in assessments of 80% and 83.92%, respectively. This is supported by the results of student and teacher responses, with a percentage of 88.88% and 96.66%, respectively. Based on the results of the learning motivation questionnaire, it can be concluded that the category is very good, with a percentage of 98.8%. The effectiveness test, conducted using a one-group pretest-posttest design, showed a significant increase in the average score of students, from 42.61 to 83.65. The results of the paired t-test showed a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05), indicating a statistically significant increase. The N-gain calculation of 0.71 indicates a high level of effectiveness. SITAYA media is declared feasible and effective in supporting interactive and meaningful science learning. Additionally, SITAYA media is also highly effective in increasing student motivation and learning outcomes. These findings support the use of Lectora Inspire technology as an innovative solution in science learning at the elementary school level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adinda Yaniar Triastika, Dewi Nilam Tyas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Biology Teaching Materials Based on Biopreneurship for High School Students
Biology learning in high school often faces challenges due to students’ reliance on teacher explanations and conventional textbooks, which tend to be less engaging and limit the development of critical and entrepreneurial skills. To address this issue, innovative teaching materials are needed that not only improve students’ understanding of biological concepts but also foster creativity and independence through entrepreneurship-based approaches. This study aims to develop and test the validity of biopreneurship-based biology teaching materials for high school students. The research employed a 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) with a focus on the first three stages. Validation of the teaching materials was conducted by three expert validators using questionnaires, and the results were analyzed with the Aiken index. The construct validity assessment produced values ranging from 0.58 to 0.94, while content validity ranged from 0.63 to 0.75, both categorized as valid. Additionally, the readability test using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level showed that most of the text fell within the easy-to-moderate range, making it suitable for high school students. These findings indicate that the developed materials meet the scientific and pedagogical standards required for classroom use. Furthermore, the integration of biopreneurship elements into the biology content provides an innovative approach that not only enhances students’ conceptual understanding but also motivates them to develop an entrepreneurial spirit, particularly in managing biological resources. Overall, this study concludes that the developed teaching materials are valid, relevant, and beneficial for high school biology learning, making biology both meaningful and applicable to students’ real-life contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Hasanah, A. Wahab Jufri, Lalu Japa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Activities of Black Goji Berry (Lycium Ruthenicum) and Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus Jujube Mill.), and their Combination
Oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defences, is a major factor in the development of degenerative diseases, making the search for natural antioxidants an important area of research. Black goji berry (Lycium ruthenicum) is known to be rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols, while Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) contains high levels of vitamin C, flavonoids, and polysaccharides; both have been traditionally used in herbal medicine and are considered promising natural antioxidants. This research is the first study that examines the synergistic antioxidant effect of black goji berry and Chinese jujube. An experimental laboratory study was conducted with five treatment groups consisting of Chinese jujube (100%); black goji berry (100%); black goji berry 75% : Chinese jujube 25%; black goji berry 25% : Chinese jujube 75%; and black goji berry 50% : Chinese jujube 50%. Infusion samples were analyzed for antioxidant activity, and data were further analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The results demonstrated significant differences in antioxidant activity among treatments (p < 0.05). Chinese jujube exhibited the weakest activity with an IC50 value of 35,695.24 ppm, while the 50:50 combination of black goji berry and Chinese jujube showed the strongest activity with an IC50 of 1,605.07 ppm. Groups containing black goji berry, either alone or in combination, consistently displayed better radical scavenging activity than Chinese jujube alone. These findings indicate that both black goji berry and Chinese jujube possess antioxidant potential; however, their combination, particularly in equal proportions, enhances this effect, suggesting a synergistic interaction. The results support the potential of these herbal mixtures as a complementary source of antioxidants to mitigate oxidative stress and prevent chronic diseases. They also highlight the value of studying plant combinations rather than single extracts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ida Ayu Anom Rastiti, Ida Ayu Suptika Strisanti, Putu Rima Sintyadewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Mangrove Crab Shell Powder (Scylla serrata) Addition on the Iron Content of Cookies
Increased awareness of healthy lifestyles has spurred the growth of functional food trends among communities. Iron deficiency causes anemia, a major nutritional problem in Indonesia. Mangrove crab shells are a local source of iron. In most cases, the edible portion of crabs is limited to the meat, while the shells are discarded, leading to their high potential as a source of waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding mangrove crab shell powder on the iron content of cookies. This study employed an experimental design using a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), with treatments of adding different concentrations of mangrove crab shell powder (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test. Findings indicated that adding mangrove crab shell powder significantly affected the iron content of the cookies. The iron content of the modified cookies ranged from 64.13 to 187.54 mg. The higher the concentration of crab shell flour added, the higher the iron content of the cookies. It is recommended that further research be conducted, encompassing organoleptic evaluation, microbiological contamination analysis, and heavy metal contamination assessment, to ensure the product's safety and quality. It is hoped that this research can serve as a reference on the use of crab shell waste as a source of iron that is beneficial to health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Kadek Ayu Rina Anggraeni; Ida Ayu Putu Ary Widnyani, I Gusti Agung Yogi Rabani RS, Putu Rima Sintyadewi, Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solution of the Sir Epidemic Model for the Spread of Tuberculosis Using the Fourth Order Runge-Kutta and Milne Method
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of the human respiratory tract caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The bacteria that cause TB are a type of bacillus bacteria that are very strong, so it takes a long time to treat this TB disease. This research is a literature study examining the mathematical model of SIR in TB disease. This research involves several stages, including the numerical integration of the SIR model, converting the resulting model into a computer programming language, performing numerical simulations, and observing solution graphs. This study aims to solve the SIR model of tuberculosis transmission using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and the Milne method. The resulting SIR model is a nonlinear differential equation model. The object of research in this study is the SIR Mathematical Model. The procedure for creating the SIR mathematical model consists of seven steps: case identification, establishing assumptions, creating the mathematical model, model analysis, model interpretation, model validation, and using the model. The research method employed is a literature study approach with a numerical component. Simulations were carried out twice for each method. The results of the numerical simulation in the MATLAB program show that both methods produce solutions with similar behaviour. However, in theory, the Milne method has a higher level of accuracy than the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The graph also shows that a population/individual suffering from tuberculosis will recover over time, assuming they undergo treatment or adopt a healthy lifestyle. The infection population will experience a decline towards an equilibrium point as time passes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roberta Uron Hurit, Veronica Lapeng, Irwanius P. Muaraya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancements in Modern Biotechnology for Enhanced Kojic Acid Production in the Cosmetic Industry: A Review
Kojic acid (KA), a secondary metabolite from Aspergillus species, is widely used in the cosmetic industry as a skin-lightening agent, antioxidant, and anti-aging ingredient. With the growing demand for natural and effective skincare products, there is an increasing interest in sustainable and scalable KA production. Conventional fermentation methods remain limited by low yields, long incubation periods, and high costs. Advances in biotechnology now provide more efficient and reliable alternatives to overcome these challenges. This systematic review of studies published between 2020 and 2025 highlights recent developments in genetic engineering and process optimization for KA production. CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of regulatory genes such as kojR and the promoter region of kojA has improved production stability and yield, with increases reported up to 43 percent. Mutagenesis approaches using UV, gamma irradiation, microwave exposure, and atmospheric plasma have produced hyperproductive strains, with some reaching 96.5 g/L KA, representing a 293 percent increase compared with parental strains. In addition, novel regulatory proteins, including AoZFA and Aokap2, have been identified as key molecular factors controlling KA biosynthesis. Fermentation optimization also contributes significantly to efficiency. Adjustments in pH and temperature, the addition of metal ions such as Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺, and the use of alternative substrates like sugarcane bagasse or sorghum sheaf have been shown to improve yields and reduce costs. These strategies not only increase production but also align with the demand for sustainable raw materials. Overall, integrating advanced genetic tools with optimized fermentation systems provides a strong platform for industrial-scale KA production. Modern biotechnology demonstrates clear potential to meet the requirements of the cosmetic industry while ensuring product safety, consistency, and scalability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shofiatulfuadah Retnaningrum Herlaesa, Chantiara F. M. Muini, Aulia Khaerunisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Jackfruit Seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) and Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Composite Flour Fortification on Protein Content and Acceptability of Crackers
Adequate balance of nutrient intake is crucial due to its biological functions in supporting growth and muscle formation, particularly protein. Jackfruit seeds and mung beans are high-protein raw materials with potential for incorporation into protein-enriched foods, such as crackers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of jackfruit seed–mung bean composite flour fortification on protein content and sensory acceptability, and to identify the optimal fortification ratio in crackers. This experimental study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments representing different wheat-to-composite flour ratios. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA to test for significant differences, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to identify the best treatment. Findings indicated that the highest protein content (11.13 %) was achieved in treatment P5 (50 % wheat flour: 50% composite flour). Panellists rated color at 3.93 (like), aroma at 3.56 (like), texture at 3.86 (like), taste at 3.63 (like), and overall acceptability at 3.70 (like). The optimal fortification ratio was identified as P2 (80 % wheat flour: 20% composite flour). Fortification of crackers with jackfruit seed–mung bean composite flour enhances protein content and maintains favorable sensory attributes, with an 80:20 wheat-to composite flour ratio yielding the best overall results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Wayan Nadia Paramita, Ida Ayu Putu Ary Widnyani, I Gusti Agung Yogi Rabani RS, Putu Rima Sintyadewi, Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Effectiveness of Video and Picture Media on Students’ Biology Learning Outcomes
Learning media play a crucial and inseparable role in the teaching and learning process. Appropriate learning methods and media, such as videos and images, are necessary to facilitate students' understanding of the material presented by the teacher, ultimately maximizing learning outcomes. This study aims to determine the differences in biology learning outcomes using video media and images in Class VII of SMPN 1 Gunungsari. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study. The population of this study consisted of all students in class VII, comprising 10 classes with a total of 340 students. This study employed two classes: the experimental class and the control class. This study employed a purposive sampling technique, where the sample consisted of students who were more active and had stable learning outcomes. The experimental class consisted of 33 students, and the control class consisted of 33 students, resulting in a total sample of 66 students. The experimental class received learning through video media, while the control class used images. The results of this study showed that the average post-test score of the experimental class was 92.09, and the average post-test score of the control class was 80.06. Thus, the learning outcomes of students taught with video media were better than images. The results of the independent sample t-test showed a significant (2-tailed) value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a difference in biology learning outcomes between video media and images in class VII students of SMPN 1 Gunungsari.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Janah, Mahrus Mahrus, Khairuddin Khairuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of the Teams Games Tournament Learning Model Using QuARD Media to Improve Science Learning Outcomes
This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of third-grade students in the subject of science at SD 2 Gondangmanis, mainly caused by the use of conventional learning models that do not actively involve students. To overcome this, the Teams Games Tournament learning model, incorporating QuARD media (Question and Action Cards), is applied. This model is designed to improve understanding of concepts and science process skills through educational games and group competitions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in the average learning outcomes of students before and after the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament learning model assisted by QuARD media, and to determine the improvement in student learning outcomes after the intervention. This study employs a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design, utilising a one-group pretest-posttest model. The subjects of the study were 22 third-grade students of SD 2 Gondangmanis. Data collection was conducted through interviews, observations, documentation, and written tests, including essays. Data analysis techniques include normality tests, paired sample t-tests, and N-Gain tests. The study's results showed a significant increase in student learning outcomes, with an average pretest score of 41.00 and a posttest score of 86.81. The t-test showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. The N-Gain value of 0.78 falls within the high category, and 96% of students achieved learning completion. It can be concluded that the Teams Games Tournament learning model, assisted by QuARD media, is effective in improving student learning outcomes in the science subject, particularly in understanding concepts and process skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Khoirotun Nikmah, Yuni Ratnasari, Siti Masfuah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tidal Flood Prediction in Surabaya Based on Hydrometeorological Data Using Gradient Boosting and Logistic Regression
This research aims to develop a predictive model for tidal inundation at Tanjung Perak Port in Surabaya, a region identified as critical and highly susceptible to such events. The foundational data incorporated comprises hydrometeorological indicators, such as lunar cycles, tidal patterns, and precipitation levels, which were sourced from the BMKG Tanjung Perak Maritime Meteorological Station. A dataset comprising 26,275 individual data points was compiled and subsequently partitioned into training sets (80% of the data) and validation sets (20%) via randomization. This apportionment is intended to support the robustness and applicability of the developed model. The initial data preparation phase involved techniques such as data normalization, imputation of missing values, and the determination of variable weights based on their respective degrees of impact. Subsequently, two distinct machine learning methodologies were employed to construct the predictive framework: Gradient Boosting (specifically, XGBoost) and Logistic Regression. The efficacy of the resultant models was rigorously assessed using various metrics, including accuracy, confusion matrix analysis, ROC-AUC scores, and feature significance analysis. Analysis of the outcomes indicated that the Gradient Boosting model achieved a superior accuracy of 99.96%, whereas Logistic Regression attained 99.85%. An examination of the features revealed that lunar cycles and tidal conditions were the principal determinants of tidal inundation, with precipitation exerting a comparatively minor effect. These observations substantiate the efficacy of integrating suitable data preparation techniques with machine learning methodologies to achieve precise predictive outcomes. The principal contribution of this investigation is the establishment of a computational framework to facilitate the development of an advanced warning system for tidal flooding, thereby aiding hazard reduction and limiting adverse societal, financial, and operational consequences in littoral regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kartika Dwi Indra Setyaningrum, Kiki Syalasyatun Masfufah, Endah Rahmawati, Ady Hermanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing an Augmented Reality Chemistry Textbook on Acids and Bases with Ethnochemistry to Enhance Students Understanding of Chemical Representations
This development research presents an Augmented Reality(AR)-based textbook that integrates chemical concepts with the SASAMBO culture, highlighting an innovative approach to ethnochemistry. The study aims to produce a practical, valid, and effective AR textbook to enhance students’ understanding of chemical representations. The research follows the 4D development model: Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The textbook was validated by two experts and tested for effectiveness with a limited implementation involving 26 students. Data were collected using validation and practicality questionnaires, as well as pretest-posttest evaluations. Validation data were analyzed using Aiken’s V, while improvements in students’ understanding were assessed with a paired t-test via IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Results show high validity (Aiken’s V = 0.9), strong practicality (86% average score), and a significant increase in understanding (t = 16.871, p < 0.005). These findings suggest that the AR-based textbook is a valid, practical, and effective tool for enhancing students’ comprehension of chemical representation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunniarti Ariani, Supriadi Supriadi, Yunita Ardiyanti, Weny Amanatul Hidayah, Adina Ayu Daraswita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing Web-Enhanced Physics Learning Media on Renewable Energy Using Google Sites
Education in Indonesia requires the utilization of technology to improve the quality of learning. The Web-Enhanced Course (WEC) model offers flexibility in accessing learning materials while supporting the effectiveness of face-to-face instruction. Google Sites serves as a relevant medium, integrating text, video, and interactive features that foster students’ motivation and engagement. This study aims to develop physics learning media based on the Web Enhanced Course model using Google Sites, focusing on renewable energy topics, to evaluate its feasibility and assess students’ responses in grade X of senior high schools. This research employed a development method adapted from the Borg and Gall model, which consists of seven stages. Data collection instruments included expert validation sheets for media and material, as well as student response questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis to determine the level of feasibility and attractiveness of the developed media. The results indicated that the physics learning media based on WEC, with the aid of Google Sites, were highly feasible, with material expert validation reaching 85% and media expert validation at 86%. The small-group trial obtained 89%, and the field trial achieved 90%, both categorized as very interesting. Educators and students responded positively to the media in terms of ease of use, material relevance, and engaging presentation. The media has the potential to enhance students’ conceptual understanding of renewable energy and strengthen the integration of digital technology in physics learning. More broadly, this study contributes to the development of 21st-century learning models that are collaborative, interactive, and grounded in digital literacy. Further research is recommended to examine the effectiveness of this media on other physics topics and in diverse educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutia Velli Agusta, Ardian Asyhari, Mukarramah Mustari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adsorption-Based Laboratory Hazardous Waste Treatment with a Combination of Biochar, Zeolite, and Activated Alumina as an Environmentally Friendly Solution
Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) from laboratories, especially those containing heavy metals (Hg and Cr) and several physical factors such as pH, TSS, and color, poses a serious threat to the environment if not managed properly. This study aims to estimate the adsorbent for the development of laboratory-scale wastewater treatment equipment based on the adsorption method using biochar, zeolite, and activated alumina. The research method involves preparing adsorbent materials, testing their effectiveness in reducing the content of heavy metal pollutants, and designing a waste treatment device. The combination of biochar, zeolite, and activated alumina was chosen due to their complementary abilities in removing heavy metal content from B3 waste in the Soil Chemistry laboratory. The treatment results showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in heavy metal (Hg and Cr) levels in laboratory waste. The optimal combination is a formulation of biochar, zeolite, and activated alumina (1:1:1). Innovations in adsorbent technology for processing heavy metal waste in soil chemistry laboratories can be applied and further developed to create a clean and healthy environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendra R. Akhdiyat, Sukartono Sukartono, Jasrodi Jasrodi, Hendra Susana Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0