Jurnal Pijar MIPA (e-ISSN: 2460-1500 & p-ISSN: 1907-1744) is an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. The journal publishes original research articles and reviews encompassing various topics in natural sciences and science education, particularly in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. Jurnal Pijar MIPA colaborates with Perkumpulan Pendidik IPA Indonesia Wilayah Nusa Tenggara Barat
The following terms apply to authors who publish in this journal: 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal first publication rights, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License (CC-BY License) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and first publication in this journal. 2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), acknowledging its initial publication in this journal. 3. Before and during the submission process, authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as this can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Induced Ovulation and Spawning in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Using Different Doses of Ovaprim
The African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a cornerstone of tropical aquaculture, yet its reliance on induced spawning requires optimized hormonal protocols and broodstock management. This study investigated the effects of varying Ovaprim dosages and female-to-male broodstock ratios on the spawning success of C. gariepinus at the Fish Hatchery Unit, Sudan University of Science and Technology. Three treatments were evaluated: Treatment 1 (2:3 male : female ratio, 3.3 ml/kg Ovaprim), Treatment 2 (1:3 male : female ratio, 5 ml/kg Ovaprim), and Treatment 3 (2:3 male : female ratio, 3.7 ml/kg Ovaprim). Broodstock were conditioned for one week and fed a 2.5% body weight diet twice daily. The hormone was administered via intramuscular injection, and reproductive parameters, including latency period, ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatchability, were recorded. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences among treatments. The results demonstrated that Treatment 2 yielded significantly superior results, achieving a 50% larval production rate and a 10% survival rate, whereas Treatments 1 and 3 failed to produce any hatched larvae despite successful fertilization. This suggests that a 1:3 male-to-female ratio combined with a higher dosage (5 ml/kg) may overcome environmental or physiological latency in the Sudanese context. These findings emphasize the necessity of balancing hormonal induction with appropriate sex ratios to ensure hatchery sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fouzi A. Mohamed, Ramzy A. Yousif, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Babeker I. Osman, Tajaldeen M. Abdalmwla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The First Record of Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839) (Odonata: Aeshnidae) from the Outskirts of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Odonates are widely recognized as effective bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem health, yet their diversity and distribution remain inadequately documented in several parts of eastern India. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839) (Odonata: Aeshnidae), a broadly distributed species across Asia, Europe, and Africa, has limited confirmed records from this region. The present study aims to document the first confirmed occurrence of A. parthenope from the outskirts of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. An adult male was opportunistically observed and photographed near a semi-permanent freshwater body at Kudada village (22.7076° N, 86.2033° E) in October 2020. Species identification was achieved through comparative morphological analysis using standard taxonomic keys, focusing on diagnostic characters of the thorax, abdomen, and anal appendages. This record represents a new locality for the species in Jharkhand and extends its known distribution within eastern India. The finding underscores the ecological value of peri-urban wetlands as habitats for odonates and highlights the need for systematic, long-term surveys to improve baseline data on odonate diversity and support freshwater biodiversity conservation in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raja Ghosh, Md Abu Imran Mallick, Shaba Alam Ansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Ascorbic Acid Bioreductor and Its Effect on Human Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is an important factor in the circulatory system and should be within the normal range of 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Blood pressure imbalances, such as hypertension and hypotension, can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, poor diet, or chronic illness. These conditions can trigger oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them. Oxidative stress can damage cells and tissues, including blood vessels. Therefore, antioxidant intake is needed to help prevent further damage and maintain stable blood pressure. One innovative approach in blood pressure management is the use of gold nanoparticles, which have antioxidant activity. This study aims to characterize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using ascorbic acid bioreductors and examine the effect of their injection on human blood pressure. Characterization was performed using UV-Vis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), showing a maximum wavelength of 523.50 nm and an average particle diameter of 6.45 nm. Gold nanoparticles were injected intravenously at a dose of 200 mL every week. The results of the study indicate that the administration of gold nanoparticles significantly lowers blood pressure, as shown by the Paired T-Test, which shows an average decrease of 12.6 mmHg (95% CI: 5.1–20.1) and a p-value of 0.004. Based on the blood pressure trend graph, it was found that hypertensive volunteers' blood pressure decreased to normal levels, hypotensive volunteers' blood pressure increased to normal levels, and volunteers with normal blood pressure remained stable. Microscopic analysis showed a higher number of white blood cells in hypertensive volunteers compared to volunteers with normal blood pressure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisyah Cici Dwi Rahmadhani, Titik Taufikurohmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Praener in the Contextual Teaching and Learning Model on the Sciences Learning Outcomes of Elementary School Students
Science education at the elementary school level requires a connection between students' direct experiences and scientific concepts in order to create meaningful understanding. Although the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model has been widely implemented to improve learning outcomes, most studies still focus on the core stage of learning and do not clearly emphasize strengthening the early phase as a systematic strategy to prepare students' cognition. This gap is the background for this study, which aims to evaluate the novelty of Praener (energy practices) as reinforcement of the early phase in the CTL model to build initial schemas and conceptual bridges before the implementation of core learning. This study aims to analyze the use of Praener in the CTL model on the science learning outcomes of third-grade students regarding the introduction to energy forms. The method used was a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design involving 23 third-grade students at SD 4 Gondangmanis in the 2025/2026 academic year. Data were collected through tests, observations, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using a paired sample t-test and N-Gain test. The results of the study showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores, with an average increase from 48.95 to 83.65 and an N-Gain score of 0.6948, which is classified as moderate (quite effective). This improvement occurred evenly across cognitive levels C1 to C6 and was particularly high in process skills. These findings confirm that Praener is effective in strengthening cognitive readiness and have practical implications for teachers, who can systematically integrate early experiences into CTL learning to make it more contextual and meaningful.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mely Rohmawati, Yuni Ratnasari, Sekar Dwi Ardianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of IPA Learning Module Using STEMK WASAKA Learning Model to Improve Learning Outcomes
The way students learn science at SMP Negeri 1 Tabunganen is mostly through lectures and is teacher-focused, which leads to poor learning results, students not being actively involved, and trouble understanding the human digestive system. Because of this, researchers decided to create a science learning module using the STEMK WASAKA model, which emphasises responsibility, discipline, and cooperation. The study aims to check if this module is valid, practical, and effective for teaching the human digestive system. The method used was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The students involved were from the eighth grade at SMP Negeri 1 Tabunganen. Data was collected using expert validation sheets, student feedback questionnaires, and pretests and posttests. The results showed that the module had moderate validity (average score of 0. 758), high reliability (α = 0. 745), very high practicality (86. 91%), and sufficient effectiveness with an N-gain value of 0. 65. Therefore, the STEMK WASAKA-based science learning module is considered valid, practical, and effective enough to help improve student understanding of the human digestive system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabiatul Adawiyah, Syubhan Annur, Mella Mutika Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning Model Through Ice Cream-Making Experiments on Students Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) has become an important focus in elementary science education because students are expected not only to understand concepts but also to analyze, evaluate, and create solutions to real-life problems. This study aims to examine the effect of a guided inquiry learning model implemented through ice cream-making experiments on the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of fourth-grade elementary school students. The research employed a quantitative approach with a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design. The participants were 53 fourth-grade students, including 25 in the experimental class and 28 in the control class. The experimental class received guided inquiry-based experimental learning, while the control class was taught using conventional methods. Students' higher-order thinking skills were assessed using essay exams that focused on three areas of advanced thinking: analyzing, evaluating, and creating. These tests were given before and after the learning period to measure progress. The data were checked for normality and homogeneity before conducting the independent-samples t-test. The results showed that the data followed a normal distribution and had similar variability, meeting the requirements for hypothesis testing. The t-test results showed a very low significance value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05. This indicates a significant difference in HOTS scores between the treatment and control groups. The experimental group scored higher, on average, in HOTS (88.10) than the control group (77.86). The average difference of 10.24 points shows a big improvement in the experimental group's ability to think critically and solve complex problems. The results show that using the guided inquiry learning method with ice cream-making experiments helps students improve their higher-order thinking skills in a meaningful way. Therefore, guided inquiry-based experiments can be an effective and relevant way to help students develop higher-order thinking skills in elementary science classes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arinda Salsabila Putri, Fitria Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and NSAID-Analgesic Combinations in Optimizing Postoperative Pain Management: A Review
Postoperative pain is a common clinical problem resulting from tissue trauma and inflammatory responses, which can hinder patient recovery. One of the most widely used pharmacological therapies is Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), either as monotherapy or in combination with other analgesics. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of NSAIDs, both as single agents and in combination therapy, in reducing postoperative pain. The study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, with literature searches conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A total of 588 articles were identified, of which 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach based on pain intensity parameters, including the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The results indicate that NSAIDs such as ketorolac, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, and dexketoprofen trometamol effectively reduced postoperative pain intensity, with several studies reporting a decrease in VAS scores from moderate pain levels (VAS >4) to mild pain levels (VAS <2) within 24 hours postoperatively. Furthermore, combination therapy of NSAIDs with paracetamol or tramadol demonstrated superior analgesic efficacy, longer pain-free duration, and reduced opioid requirements compared to NSAID monotherapy, without a significant increase in adverse effects. NSAIDs are effective in postoperative pain management. Combination therapy with other analgesics such as paracetamol or tramadol provides more optimal outcomes compared to monotherapy. However, the selection of analgesic agents, dosage, and duration of therapy should be individualized according to the patient’s clinical condition to ensure both safety and therapeutic effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elsyifa Salsabila, Mally Ghinan Sholih, Diyanah Fauziah Tamimah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kombucha from Edible Plants as a Functional Beverage with Hypoglycemic Potential: A Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency or ineffective production of insulin by the pancreas, leading to abnormal blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is a significant complication of diabetes therapy, referring to the condition or mechanisms that lower blood glucose levels. Kombucha is a functional beverage known for its health benefits, particularly its potential to reduce blood glucose levels. The data collection strategy used in this review was a systematic review. Ten articles were used in this systematic review. Several plants, including sappan wood, Rhizophora mucronata leaves, snake fruit, Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes, black tea, green tea, Solanum betaceum Cav., strawberry, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaves, and red ginger, have demonstrated potential hypoglycemic effects. The mechanisms involved include inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme activity, reduction of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and decreased blood glucose concentration. The presence of secondary metabolites in these plants, combined with the fermentation process involving microorganisms, contributes to their antidiabetic potential through hypoglycemic mechanisms and α-glucosidase inhibition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadya Treesna Wulansari, Ni Wayan Kesari Dharmapatni, Ida Ayu Manik Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Gravity-Induced Axial Force on the Natural Frequencies of an Inclined Cantilever Beam
The limitations of conventional horizontal cantilever models in capturing gravity-induced axial effects in inclined structures that influence stiffness and natural frequencies. This study investigates the influence of gravity on the dynamic behavior of an inclined cantilever beam, with particular emphasis on a 10-m steel beam configuration. Unlike conventional horizontal cantilever models, structural inclination generates a spatially varying axial compressive force that increases from zero at the free end to a maximum value at the fixed support. The objective of this study is to analyze how this gravity-induced axial force distribution affects the natural frequencies and effective stiffness of the beam. To achieve this, a high-fidelity numerical model was developed in MATLAB, where the beam was discretized into 100 Euler–Bernoulli elements to capture the gradual variation of axial load and the resulting geometric softening effect. The analytical formulation is based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, in which the spatial axial force distribution is incorporated into the potential energy expression. The predicted natural frequencies were validated through frequency-domain analysis of the transient response obtained from numerical simulation. Both analytical and numerical results indicate that, for an inclination angle of 60°, the first and second natural frequencies are approximately 1.84 Hz and 11.61 Hz, respectively. These results demonstrate that beam inclination significantly reduces the effective structural stiffness due to gravity-induced geometric softening. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating spatially varying geometric stiffness in the dynamic analysis, stability assessment, and vibration-sensitive design of large-scale inclined cantilever structures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananta Kusuma Yoga Pratama, Sunarko Sunarko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Profiling of Scoparia dulcis L. Leaf Ethanol Extract and In Silico Antiaging 2Y9X Inhibitor Study
The intensity of UV radiation that is quite high in the tropics can make the skin age quickly, such as wrinkles, dry, dull skin, or dark spots. In Indonesia, it turns out that 76% of women experience premature aging in this way. The cause is exposure to UVA and UVB radiation, which triggers the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Many local plants have been researched for anti-aging, but no one has discussed the anti-aging activity of Scoparia dulcis L. Previous research indicates that Scoparia dulcis L. leaves exhibit antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential anti-aging compounds in the ethanol extract of Scoparia dulcis L. leaves as inhibitors of tyrosinase enzyme (PDB ID: 2Y9X), which plays a role in melanin production. Plant material was macerated to preserve flavonoid compounds. Chemical profiling of the extract was analyzed using LC-MS, which identified 104 secondary metabolite compounds. Then, use an in silico approach through molecular docking with AutoDock Vina to evaluate anti-aging compounds in the ethanol extract of Scoparia dulcis L. leaves. The docking results indicated that six compounds showed promising inhibitory potential, with binding affinities better than that of the positive control (-6.0 kcal/mol). These compounds were vanillic acid (-6.2 kcal/mol), caffeic acid (-6.0 kcal/mol), scopoletin (-6.4 kcal/mol), scoparone (-6.2 kcal/mol), jasmonic acid (-6.2 kcal/mol), and budlein A (-6.2 kcal/mol). The six compounds were also analyzed again using Lipinski's Rule of Five so that they could be used as a reference for further experiments for oral drugs. As a result, all of six compounds met that rule and had a smaller bond affinity value than the positive control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjani Fadia Putri, Tukiran Tukiran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Turbidity Sensor Based on IoT for Measuring Seawater Turbidity Levels in Gorontalo
Turbidity is the condition of water that is not clear due to suspended particles, such as mud, clay, organic matter, and microorganisms. This research aims to implement an Internet of Things (IoT)- based turbidity sensor to measure seawater turbidity levels in Gorontalo. The IoT-based turbidity sensor system was developed using the SEN-0175 turbidity sensor integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller. The Blynk application serves as a supporting platform for implementing IoT connected to a smartphone. Measurements of seawater turbidity were conducted in three locations in Gorontalo. The result for the first location is an area without residential areas, producing an average turbidity value of 16.5 NTU; the second location is a residential area with several food stalls, producing an average turbidity value of 24.99 NTU; and the third location is a culinary tourism area visited by many tourists, producing an average turbidity value of 50.56 NTU. These results show that the increasing number of human activities in coastal areas has the potential to pollute seawater. Excessive seawater pollution will increase seawater turbidity. Turbidity values exceeding the established seawater quality standards are unsuitable for Marine Tourism and disrupt marine biota; therefore, turbidity concentrations should be no more than 5 NTU. An IoT-based turbidity sensor is suitable for low-cost, real-time monitoring of seawater turbidity in Gorontalo, offering high precision, simple fabrication, and real-time operation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Yunus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Binding to KRAS and TGF-β1 in Colorectal Cancer–Associated Signalling Pathways
Vitamin D3 has been widely investigated for its anticancer properties, yet the structural basis of its interaction with key oncogenic signaling proteins remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular interactions between vitamin D3 and KRAS and TGF-β1 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock Vina, followed by molecular dynamics simulation using CABS-flex to evaluate structural stability using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration (Rg). Comparative benchmarking was performed against the reference inhibitors Sotorasib (KRAS) and Galunisertib (TGF-β pathway). Docking analysis revealed that vitamin D3 binds to KRAS (PDB ID: 4OBE) with a binding affinity of –7.8 kcal/mol, compared to –8.6 kcal/mol for Sotorasib. The interaction was localized within the nucleotide-binding pocket adjacent to the Switch I and Switch II regions, which are critical for conformational regulation. For TGF-β1 (PDB ID: 3KFD), vitamin D3 demonstrated a binding affinity of –8.2 kcal/mol, slightly exceeding that of Galunisertib (–8.1 kcal/mol), with interaction occurring at the receptor-binding interface. Molecular dynamics simulation showed stable complex formation, with RMSD values of 2.79 Å for the KRAS complex and 1.535 Å for the TGF-β1 complex, indicating acceptable structural stability. Residue fluctuation analysis further supported moderate flexibility without global destabilization. These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may function as a multi-target signaling modulator interacting with both intracellular and extracellular regulators of colorectal cancer pathways, providing a structural basis for further experimental investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jauharotus Shobahah, Wahyuningsih Sri Puji Astuti , Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah, M. Ainun Najib Aly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Koro Benguk (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) as Potential Modulators of CYP7A1 for Hypercholesterolemia Therapy
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and remains a significant global health concern. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the classical bile acid synthesis pathway, plays a crucial role in hepatic cholesterol catabolism and represents a promising therapeutic target for cholesterol regulation. Natural product-derived compounds have attracted increasing attention as potential antihypercholesterolemic agents due to their structural diversity and biological activities. However, studies evaluating phytochemicals from Mucuna pruriens as CYP7A1 modulators remain limited, particularly those integrating molecular docking with pharmacokinetic prediction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from Mucuna pruriens as modulators of CYP7A1 using an in silico approach. Twenty-eight phytochemical compounds identified through GC-MS profiling were screened using Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Selected compounds were further analyzed by molecular docking against the CYP7A1 protein (PDB ID: 3DAX), followed by ADMET prediction. Docking protocol validation through redocking of the native ligand showed good conformational agreement at the active site (RMSD < 2 Å), confirming the reliability of the docking parameters. Binding affinity and RMSD were used to evaluate ligand–protein interaction stability. Sterculic acid exhibited the strongest binding affinity with a docking score of −6.6.1 kcal/mol and RMSD of 1.51 Å, slightly stronger than the reference ligand 7-ketocholesterol (−7.335 kcal/mol). Interaction analysis revealed hydrogen bonding with key residues, including Asn126 and Lys98, as well as hydrophobic interactions within the active pocket. Other fatty acid derivatives, including octadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid, also showed competitive binding energies. ADMET prediction indicated high intestinal absorption (HIA > 90%), no CYP3A4 inhibition, and low predicted toxicity. These results highlight sterculic acid as a promising CYP7A1 modulator and support the potential of Mucuna pruriens phytochemicals for further molecular dynamics studies and experimental validation in the development of hypercholesterolemia therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cleofany Aurhelya Paradhise, Trisna Kumala Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Maggots for Organic Waste Decomposition at the Mustika Ikhlas Integrated Waste Management Facility, Tigaraksa, Tangerang Regency
Waste management challenges in Tangerang have intensified due to the continuous increase in daily waste generation, which is not adequately supported by effective treatment systems, leading to waste accumulation and environmental degradation. This study aims to analyze the utilization of BSF maggots as a biological agent for organic waste decomposition at the Mustika Ikhlas Integrated Waste Management Facility (TPST), Tigaraksa. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach conducted from November 2024 to June 2025. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five key informants who were directly involved in organic waste management and BSF maggot cultivation activities. Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis, encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the BSF maggot-based waste management process consists of several systematic stages, including organic waste sorting and collection, initial fermentation, controlled feeding, biodegradation by maggots, harvesting, utilization of harvested maggots as animal feed, and the reuse of residual media and larval exoskeletons as compost or soil enhancers. Based on field observations, 1 kg of adult BSF maggots can decompose approximately 10 kg of organic waste in 24 hours. Therefore, if the number of BSF maggots raised reaches 10 kg, the volume of organic waste that can be decomposed increases to approximately 100 kg in the same time period. These results indicate that BSF maggot utilization offers an effective, environmentally sustainable, and economically beneficial alternative for organic waste management. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of BSF-based bioconversion as a scalable, integrated strategy for sustainable waste management in urban and peri-urban areas, particularly in regions with high organic waste generation. This research offers innovation in terms of research location (conducted at TPST Tigaraksa) and study focus (on the maggot cultivation process and its use in organic waste decomposition).
Copyright (c) 2026 Qiswatun Mukhoyyaroh, Latif Sofiana Nugraheni, Indah Anugerah Sari, Shabrina Nur Eka Amelia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Functional Food Innovation of Moringa Oleifera L. Seed-Based Plant Yogurt: Fermentation Optimization with Three Lactic Acid Bacteria
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a nutrient-dense plant with significant potential as a functional food source. Beyond its widely utilized leaves, moringa seeds possess substantial potential due to their high protein and bioactive compound content; however, their current utilization remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying inoculum proportions of three Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) species on the characteristics of moringa seed-based plant-based yogurt. The research followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), employing various inoculum proportions of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The results indicated that varying inoculum proportions significantly affected the total LAB count, total soluble solids, total acidity, viscosity, pH, proximate composition, and antioxidant activity. The formulation with a 1%:2%:2% ratio (P7) produced moringa seed yogurt with the optimal functional characteristics and consumer acceptance. This study concludes that the synergy among the three LAB species effectively optimizes the quality of moringa seed-based plant-based yogurt. This product has potential as a functional food alternative for individuals with lactose intolerance, while contributing to food security by downstreaming nutrient-rich local commodities.
Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra
Copyright (c) 2026 Anak Agung Ngurah Dwi Ariesta Wijaya Putra, Putu Rima Sintyadewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Solar System Scope Simulation to Improve Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students
Science learning on the subject of Earth and the solar system requires learning strategies that can improve students' conceptual understanding so that their learning outcomes improve. This study aims to analyze student learning outcomes using jigsaw cooperative learning assisted by Solar System Scope simulations to improve junior high school students' learning outcomes on the subject of Earth and the Solar System. This study uses a pre-experimental, one-group pre-test-post-test design. Student learning outcomes were measured using pre- and post-tests with a sample of 32 students from class VII-F MTs Negeri 3 Surabaya, and analysed using N-gain and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The statistical test used was a non-parametric test, namely the Wilcoxon test. Student learning outcomes increased, yielding an N-gain score of 0.77, interpreted as “High”. The normality test showed that the data were not normally distributed, so the Wilcoxon test was used. The Wilcoxon test results showed a significant difference after jigsaw cooperative learning assisted by solar system scope simulations. Based on these results, jigsaw cooperative learning, supported by solar system scope simulations, is effective in improving student learning outcomes in Earth and solar system material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alifatul Fitria, Martini Martini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an E-Worksheet Based on Problem-Based Learning to Improve Concept Understanding
Science learning in elementary schools still faces challenges in the form of low student conceptual understanding, caused by the lack of digital interactive student worksheets that can facilitate concept visualization and encourage active student involvement in the learning process. This study aimed to design, validate, and examine the effectiveness of E-Worksheet based on Problem-Based Learning to improve sixth-grade students’ understanding of Earth’s rotation and revolution at SDN Kalibanteng Kidul 03, Semarang City. This research employed a Research & Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, comprising analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The participants were 22 sixth-grade students. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, documentation, and pretest–posttest instruments. Data analysis included normality testing, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and the N-Gain test. The E-Worksheet was developed using Canva, delivered through the Liveworksheet platform, and integrated with Solar System Scope as a virtual laboratory to enhance visualization. E-Worksheet-based Problem-Based Learning consists of a cover page, identity, general information, learning activities, learning activities arranged in stages based on aspects of conceptual understanding and in line with PBL syntax, and developer profiles. Validation results from material and media experts reached 93%, indicating a very feasible category. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (Asymp. Sig. = 0.046 < 0.05). The N-Gain score of 0.30 indicates a moderate improvement in students’ conceptual understanding. These findings demonstrate that the E-Worksheet based on Problem-Based Learning is successfully developed, feasible, and moderately effective in improving students’ understanding of Earth’s rotation and revolution. This study contributes a systematic worksheet that integrates PBL syntax with digital simulations and explicit conceptual understanding, serving as a model for developing interactive problem-based digital science materials and as a reference for other science subjects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Yudha Azzahra, Aldina Eka Andriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Conceptual Scaffolding in the E-Recitation Program on Students Conceptual Understanding
Conceptual understanding is a fundamental aspect of physics learning because each concept is interrelated and becomes the basis for mastering subsequent materials. However, students often experience misconceptions that lead to low conceptual mastery. This study aims to analyze the effect of conceptual scaffolding in the E-Recitation program on students' conceptual understanding of temperature and heat. This study uses a quantitative, experimental approach with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design, which involves a single group without a control group. The research subjects were 29 grade XI Science students. The research procedure consisted of three main stages: administering a pretest to measure students' initial abilities, providing treatment by implementing conceptual scaffolding in the E-Recitation program, and administering a posttest to measure changes in conceptual understanding after treatment. The instrument used was a conceptual understanding test comprising 20 multiple-choice questions, validated by experts. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by a paired sample t-test to test the hypothesis, as well as to calculate the effect size. The average pretest score of 55.00 increased to 77.24 in the posttest. The analysis results indicate that the data are normally distributed, and the paired-samples t-test is significant (p = 0.000 < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. In addition, the effect size of 2.07 falls in the very large category. The novelty of this study lies in the direct application of conceptual scaffolding to each answer choice through guiding questions and conceptual feedback videos in the E-Recitation system. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of conceptual scaffolding in the E-Recitation program has a very significant effect on improving students' conceptual understanding of temperature and heat.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fartin Wendra, Nehru Nehru, Cicyn Riantoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Contextual Discovery Learning Model to Improve Scientific Literacy
Scientific literacy is an essential 21st-century competency that enables students to explain scientific phenomena, design investigations, and interpret evidence-based data. This study aims to analyze the improvement of students' scientific literacy through the application of the Discovery Learning model with a contextual approach to human respiration material. The learning context is developed through a comparative analysis of air pollution data from urban and rural areas, enabling students to examine the relationship between air quality and respiratory system disorders in a real and relevant manner. This study used a quantitative method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 31 eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Selorejo. The instruments used included a scientific literacy test (pretest and posttest), an observation sheet for learning implementation, and a student response questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out in stages, beginning with a normality test to determine data distribution. Because the data were not normally distributed, hypothesis testing was continued using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The magnitude of the increase was calculated through the N-Gain value. The results showed a significant increase in scientific literacy, as indicated by the Wilcoxon test, with an N-Gain of 0.70, which falls within the moderate category. These findings demonstrate that integrating Discovery Learning with a contextual approach grounded in urban and rural air pollution data effectively facilitates students' connections between respiratory system concepts and real-world environmental issues. Thus, this learning model contributes to strengthening scientific literacy competencies in a more meaningful and contextual way.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iva Tien Nur Hidayatul Ullum, Martini Martini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of the Kungkum Sinden Tradition in Sendang Made for the Development of a Critical Thinking E-book
The limited availability of contextual and technology-integrated teaching materials highlights the need for innovative resources to enhance students’ critical thinking skills in ecosystem learning. This research focuses on developing an integrated e-book that incorporates the local wisdom of the Kungkum Sinden tradition in Sendang Made into ecosystem learning to enhance junior high school students’ critical thinking skills. The research addresses the limited availability of contextual teaching materials and the need for digital resources that support 21st-century learning, particularly critical thinking and technology integration. A Research and Development (R&D) method was employed using the ADDIE framework, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data were collected through expert validation involving science education lecturers and a science teacher, as well as readability testing. The e-book achieved high validation scores: 3.18 for presentation (valid), 3.32 for content feasibility (very valid), and 3.41 for language appropriateness (very valid), with an overall validity of 83% and a rating of very valid. The product integrates ecosystem concepts with local ecological values and interactive features designed to train interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation skills. In conclusion, the developed e-book is highly feasible and valid for supporting contextual science learning and improving students’ critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiwik Wulandari, Aris Rudi Purnomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Live Worksheets Based on Problem-Based Learning to Improve Science Critical Thinking Skills
Optimizing the use of student worksheets in science learning is a strategic effort to improve the quality of the learning process and foster students' critical thinking skills. This study aims to describe the design, determine the feasibility, and examine the effectiveness of Live Worksheets based on Problem Based Learning in improving the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Jatibarang 03 on the topic of the human respiratory system in improving the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Jatibarang 03 on the topic of the human respiratory system. This research employed a Research & Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE development model, which consists of analyze, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The research subjects were 20 fifth-grade students. Data collection techniques included tests (pre-test and post-test) and non-test methods such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using normality tests, paired sample t-tests, and N-gain analysis. The Live Worksheets based on Problem-Based Learning were developed in Canva and accessed through the Live Worksheets platform. The product consists of a cover page, group identity page, general information page, core learning materials with problem-based questions, and a final page containing reinforcement materials and developer profiles. The feasibility results indicated very feasible criteria, with validation percentages of 92% from material experts and 94% from media experts, and positive responses from 90% of teachers and students. The effectiveness results showed a significant increase in scores from 47.5 to 71.25, a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05, a 22% improvement in critical thinking skills, and an N-gain of 0.4741 (moderate category). Thus, the Live Worksheets based on Problem-Based Learning were deemed successfully developed, feasible, and effective in improving students' critical thinking skills in science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Kartika Sari, Aldina Eka Andriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Field Learning Based on Megapodius reinwardt Ecotourism in Improving the Critical Thinking Skills of Biology Education Students
The development of critical thinking skills is a strategic agenda in biology education, particularly in preparing prospective teachers capable of integrating scientific analysis with real ecological contexts. However, learning that remains oriented towards classrooms and limited laboratories has not fully strengthened students' evaluative and argumentative abilities. Field learning based on M. reinwardt ecotourism offers a contextual approach that places students in authentic observation and analysis situations. This study aims to test the effectiveness of ecotourism-based field learning in improving the critical thinking skills (CTS) of Biology Education students. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control-group design. The experimental group implemented the Ecotourism-Based Field learning Model (EBFL) by studying the ecology and conservation of M. reinwardt in the Gunung Tunak and Kerandangan Nature Tourism Parks, while the control group followed a conventional laboratory practicum. The research instrument was a CTS test validated by experts, and the model's effectiveness was analysed using N-Gain and the Mann–Whitney test. The results showed a significant difference in CTS improvement between the experimental and control groups, as well as a substantive influence of field learning on higher-level cognitive achievement. These findings strengthen the development of an ecotourism-based contextual science learning model as a pedagogical innovation in the education of prospective biology teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Yamin, A Wahab Jufri, Gunawan Gunawan, Ade Andriyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Song-Assisted Virtual Reality-Based BioPulse Learning Media to Improve Learning Outcomes of Human Circulatory System Materials
The low understanding of students of abstract science subjects, especially the human circulatory system, is due to the fact that the learning process is still dominated by lecture methods and the use of textbooks, so that students are less actively involved. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of song-assisted virtual reality-based BioPulse learning media in improving the learning outcomes of grade V students on the human circulatory system material. This research uses the ADDIE development model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subject of this study is grade V students at SD Negeri Mulyosari, totalling 31 students. The trial was carried out in two stages, namely a small-scale test involving 9 students and a large-scale test involving 22 students. Data collection was carried out through validation by media experts and experts in learning outcome test materials, in the form of pretests and posttests, as well as questionnaires on teacher and student responses to BioPulse learning media. Data analysis was carried out using normality tests, paired-samples t-tests, and N-Gain tests. The results of the study showed that the BioPulse media developed obtained validation scores of 93.3% for media experts and 91.6% for material experts, indicating a very feasible category. The average student pretest score of 45.4 increased to 87.9 in the posttest. The results of the paired-samples t-test showed a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the values before and after media use. The N-gain is 0.79, which is in the high category. Teachers' and students' responses to the media are in the very decent category. The song-assisted, virtual reality-based BioPulse learning media was found to be valid and effective in improving student learning outcomes in human circulatory system material in elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahrizal Husni Maulana, Putri Yanuarita Sutikno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Problem-Based Learning on the Student Problem-Solving Skills
Science learning in elementary schools is expected to not only provide conceptual understanding but also foster students' ability to solve real-life problems through active learning. This study was conducted to measure the effect of Problem-Based Learning on the problem-solving ability of fifth-grade students of SDN Krembung 1 in learning science on the human respiratory system. The One Group Pretest-Posttest research design was used to test the instrument's validity and reliability, assess the normality and homogeneity of the pretest and posttest results, and determine the influence using the T Test. The instrument developed by the researcher was based on the problem-solving indicators developed by George Polya: (1) Understanding the problem, (2) Planning Problem Solving, (3) Implementing the problem-solving plan, and (4) Checking the Process and Results of problem solving. Problem-Based Learning is applied through five stages, namely: (1) Orientation to the problem, (2) organising students, (3) guiding the investigation, (4) developing and presenting results, and (5) analysing and evaluating the problem-solving process. The pretest was carried out first, followed by the application of the problem-based learning model, and then the posttest. The average pretest score was 79 (68–89), and the average posttest score was 90 (75–100). The results of the paired sample t-test analysis showed a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000, which means there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. These findings suggest that integrating Problem-Based Learning into classroom instruction not only enhances students’ problem-solving abilities but also aligns well with the goals of competency-based curricula such as the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasize active learning and critical thinking. Thus, Problem-Based Learning is effective in improving students' problem-solving abilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurvita Putri Utami, Fitria Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Halal Science Authentication and Functional Characterization of Local Lampung Tuber Polysaccharides as Emulsifier Substitution in the Food Industry
As the 2026 deadline for mandatory halal certification in Indonesia approaches, concerns regarding the halal status of imported emulsifiers, particularly E471 (mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids), remain a significant issue. The primary problem lies in halal critical points that are extremely difficult to trace: these materials may be derived from hydrolysed animal fats (bovine or porcine), not slaughtered according to Islamic law. This research aims to explore the functional properties of polysaccharides from local Lampung tubers, namely Porang and Gembili, as authenticated halal emulsifier substitutes. The study employed a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), testing tuber sources and concentration levels of 1%, 3%, and 5%. Polysaccharides were extracted via freeze-drying and subsequently characterized using physicochemical analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Based on the results, 3% Porang polysaccharide produced a low Creaming Index (CI) of 3.1 ± 0.3% after 14 days and a high viscosity of 45,200 cP. Statistically, this stability did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the commercial E471 standard in its capacity to form an effective interfacial layer that prevents coalescence. The material was authenticated by the absence of a carbonyl absorption peak at 1745 cm⁻¹ in its FTIR spectrum, as part of a molecular halal authentication assessment. This provides scientific proof that the isolates are not contaminated by animal fats or questionable substances. This study concludes that Porang glucomannan and Gembili mucilage are strategic "Halal-by-Design" alternatives that can support national food industry independence and assist business actors, particularly MSMEs, in meeting the mandatory halal certification by 2026.
Copyright (c) 2026 Welly Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in the Bonsai Park, Tapan Village, Kedungwaru District, Tulungagung Regency
Butterflies are insects that can inhabit various types of habitats, but differences in habitat conditions may influence their abundance and species diversity. Bonsai Park, located in Tapan Village, Kedungwaru District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java, is a tourist area with vegetation that potentially supports butterfly populations. However, scientific information on butterfly diversity in this area remains limited. The lack of such data may hinder efforts to understand local biodiversity conditions and opportunities for pollinator conservation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify butterfly species and analyze their diversity and relative abundance in Bonsai Park, Tapan Village. This research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using the transect method. Sampling was conducted along three transect lines, each approximately 100 m in length, with an observation width of about 5 m on both sides of the transect. Sampling was carried out between 08.00–11.00 WIB using an insect net with the sweeping technique. Sampling was repeated four times at weekly intervals during the research period. Data analysis included the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) and relative abundance. The results showed that 7 butterfly species, totalling 21 individuals, were recorded, belonging to 4 families: Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, and Papilionidae. The identified species were Euploea crameri, Junonia atlites, Acraea terpsicore, Danaus chrysippus, Tajuria cippus, Leptosia nina, and Papilio demoleus. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) value of 1.746 indicates a moderate level of diversity, with the highest abundance found in Junonia atlites. These findings suggest that Bonsai Park can still support several butterfly species as part of local biodiversity. Ecological management strategies, such as planting host plants for larvae, increasing the number of flowering plants as nectar sources, and enhancing vegetation heterogeneity, are recommended to improve habitat quality and support butterfly conservation in the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Urmila Yuniska Nuraini, Hamidha Septa Maharani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Digital Flashcard Learning Media Assisted by Quizlet Based on Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Oriented to Critical Thinking Skills on Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solution Material
Chemistry learning on electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions is still abstract and difficult to visualize, so it requires digital learning media that can encourage active student involvement in critical thinking. This study aims to develop digital flashcard learning media assisted by Quizlet, based on Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), that are oriented towards critical thinking skills, to assess the feasibility of the media, teacher assessment, student responses, and to provide an overview of students' critical thinking skills after using the developed media. This research is a research and development (R&D) with the Lee & Owens model, which includes the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The research subjects were grade XII high school students. The research instruments included validation sheets from material experts and media experts, teacher assessment questionnaires, student response questionnaires, and evaluation tests. Data were analyzed descriptively, quantitatively, and qualitatively. The results showed that material expert validation increased from 85% to 97% after revision, media expert validation increased by 90%, and teacher assessment increased by 90%, with a very feasible category. Student responses in the one-to-one trial were 86.6%, and in the small group trial were 86.25%, categorized as very good. The evaluation results, at 82.27%, indicate that students' understanding is in the very good category. Therefore, the digital flashcard learning media, supported by Quizlet and based on CTL, is highly suitable as an alternative learning medium for high school chemistry and has the potential to foster students' critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riris Desinta Marsaulina Manalu, Wilda Syahri, Muhammad Haris Effendi Hasibuan, Haryanto Haryanto, Zurweni Zurweni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Interactive Web Learning Media Based on Problem-Based Learning on the Topic of Work Energy and Simple Machines for Junior High School Students
The rapid development of digital technology in education requires innovative learning media to support students’ problem-solving skills in science learning. This study aims to develop an interactive web learning media based on problem-based learning on the topic of work, energy, and simple machines for junior high school students. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, focusing solely on the development stage. The data were collected using validation questionnaires (content, media, and language) and practicality questionnaires for teachers and students. The validation data were analyzed using the Gregory validity coefficient, while the practicality data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The validity test was conducted by two experts in content, media, and language relevant to their respective fields. The practicality test involved three science teachers and twelve students of SMP Negeri 1 Seririt. The results showed that the KVG for content validity was 0.95, while the media and language validity reached 1.00, both categorized as very high validity. The teacher's practicality score was 100, and the student's practicality score was 44.66, both categorized as very practical. These findings indicate that the developed interactive web-based learning media is valid and practical, and has the potential to support the development of students’ problem-solving skills in learning the concepts of work, energy, and simple machines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komang Regina Triana, Nia Erlina, Putri Sarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DNA and Protein-Based Methods for Halal Gelatin Authentication: A Review
Tracing and tracking halal has emerged as an imperative for Muslim consumers worldwide to ensure that the meat-based products comply with Islamic law and food safety standards. The most challenging technical issue in halal authentication concerns products derived from gelatin. Because extreme manufacturing processes, such as high-temperature and chemical processing, damage the physical and molecular architecture of raw materials, detection is difficult. Objective: This study builds on a systematic literature review with a PRISMA protocol to map DNA- and protein-based detection techniques and compare their efficiencies. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across major databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate, for peer-reviewed articles published from 2015 to 2025. From this process, 25 studies with high-impact potential were selected for thematic analysis. The results show that DNA-based methods dominate the literature (80%). Despite this, quantitative PCR (qPCR) remains the "gold standard" owing to its specificity and sensitivity. However, the findings reveal that droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) can detect highly degraded DNA in complex matrices, whereas traditional methods have shown limitations for detecting DNA in pharmaceutical capsules and cosmetics. On the other hand, protein-based methods such as ELISA remain useful for fast, economical screening, but sensitivity is substantially reduced at higher processing temperatures. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of combining IPC and multi-method frameworks to limit false negatives. The findings of this study are substantial enough to provide the fundamentals for the alternative scaling-up of halal assurance systems, especially in the form of guidelines that provide a scientific framework for strengthening a more reliable authentication system for processed gelatin products, at least within Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Azizah, Welly Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning Model on Students Creative Thinking Skills in the Classification of Living Things Material
21st-century skills include several important components, including creative thinking. One skill that needs to be developed through the learning process in schools is creative thinking, as it helps students find solutions to problems and independently construct conceptual understanding. This study aims to determine the effect of the guided inquiry learning model on students’ creative thinking ability in the topic of classification of living organisms. This research is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group. The study population consisted of all seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 17 Medan. The research sample was selected using a cluster sampling technique and consisted of two classes: class VII-7, the experimental class taught using the guided inquiry learning model, and class VII-9, the control class taught using direct instruction. The research instrument used was a test of creative thinking ability. The data were analyzed by testing the hypothesis using an Independent Samples t-test and normalized gain (N-Gain) analysis. The study's results indicate that the guided inquiry learning model affects students’ creative thinking abilities. The experimental class obtained an average posttest score of 81.56 with an N-Gain value of 63.92, which falls into the quite effective category, while the control class obtained an average posttest score of 69.38 with an N-Gain value of 44.28, which falls into the quite effective category. These results indicate that students’ creative thinking ability, when taught using the guided inquiry learning model, is better than that of students taught using conventional learning methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanna Turena Saragih, Halim Simatupang, Muflihani Pohan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0