Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics of Neonatal and Infant Skin: Effects on Immunity and Dermatitis Prevalence
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v24i1b.7918Published:
2024-12-12Downloads
Abstract
The skin has an important role in protecting the human body. However, in infants, the skin has a structure and function that are not fully mature yet, making infants vulnerable to various skin disorders. This article aims to review the structure, function, and development of infant skin, as well as the common diseases that occur in infant skin, including the causes, pathophysiology, and management. A literature review was conducted using scientific articles related to these topics. The review results show that infant skin has a different structure compared to adult skin, and the maturation of its structure and function occurs gradually. Infant skin is protected by the microbiota and the primary immune system. Common skin diseases in infants, such as dermatitis, are caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, and involve the activation of skin cells, the release of mediators, and an immune response. A good understanding of the structure, function, and skin diseases of infants is very important for making the right diagnosis and management, so that the quality of life of infants can be maintained.
Keywords:
Dermatitis, dermatological disorders, immune system, infant skin, skin structure, skin function, skin development.References
Atakan, Nilgün & Yalçın, Başak & Özkaya, Esen & Su Kucuk, Ozlem & Öztürkcan, Serap & Salman, Andac & Borlu, Murat & Şentürk, Nilgün & Akman-Karakaş, Ayşe & Serdaroğlu, Server. (2022). Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment consensus report. TURKDERM. 56. 86-121. doi:10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.73368
Burdall, O., Willgress, L., & Goad, N. (2018). Neonatal skin care: Developments in care to maintain neonatal barrier function and prevention of diaper dermatitis. Pediatric Dermatology, 36(1), 31–35. doi:10.1111/pde.13714
Calhoun KN, Luckett-Chastain LR, Frempah B, Galluci RM. (2019) Associations between immune phenotype and inflammation in murine models of irritant contact dermatitis. Toxicological Sciences; 168(1): 179-189 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658980
Garncarczyk, A. A., Adamczyk, K., Lubczyńska, A., Wcisło-Dziadecka, D., Antończak, P., & Jakubowska, M. (2021). Structure of children’s skin and rules for its care– what’s new? Children’s skin structure. Pediatria Polska, 96(4), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.5114/POLP.2021.112400
Heath, W. R., & Carbone, F. R. (2013). The skin-resident and migratory immune system in steady state and memory: innate lymphocytes, dendritic cells and T cells. Nature immunology, 14(10), 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2680
Irfanti, R. T., Betaubun, A. I., Arrochman, F., Fiqri, A., Rinandari, U., Anggraeni, R., & Ellistasari, E. Y. (2020). Diaper Dermatitis. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 47. doi:10.55175/cdk.v47i5.362.
Goldenberg, A., Silverberg, N., Silverberg, J. I., Treat, J., & Jacob, S. E. (2015). Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis: Lessons for better care. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 3(5), 661–667. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.02.007
Hertiš Petek, T., Petek, M., Petek, T., & Marčun Varda, N. (2022). Emerging links between microbiome composition and skin immunology in diaper dermatitis: A narrative review. Children, 9(1), 112. doi:10.3390/children9010112
Hoeger, P. H. (2019). Physiology of neonatal skin. Harper’s Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 56–62. doi:10.1002/9781119142812.ch4
Johnson, H., Aquino, M. R., Snyder, A., Collis, R. W., Franca, K., Goldenberg, A., … Yu, J. (2023). Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis: A multicenter retrospective case-control study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 89(5), 1007–1014. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.06.048
Maheswari, L.M.S., Ganeswari, P.A.D., & Wardhana, M. (2021). Tinjauan pustaka: respon imunologi pada dermatitis kontak iritan. Medicina, 52(3), 133-139. DOI: 10.15562/medicina.v52i3.1079.
Merrill, L. (2015). Prevention, treatment and parent education for diaper dermatitis. Nursing for Women’s Health, 19(4), 324–337. doi:10.1111/1751-486x.12218
Neale, H., Garza-Mayers, A. C., Tam, I., & Yu, J. (2021). Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Part I: Clinical features and common contact allergens in children. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 84(2), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.002
Nguyen, A. V., & Soulika, A. M. (2019). The dynamics of the skin’s immune system. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(8), 1811. doi:10.3390/ijms20081811
Oranges, T., Dini, V., & Romanelli, M. (2015). Skin physiology of the neonate and infant: Clinical implications. Advances in Wound Care, 4(10), 587–595. doi:10.1089/wound.2015.0642
Patel, K., & Nixon, R. (2022). Irritant contact dermatitis — a review. Current Dermatology Reports, 11(2), 41–51. doi:10.1007/s13671-021-00351-4
Rahma, A. and Lane, M. E. (2022) ‘Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and Outlook’, Pharmaceutics, 14(2), pp. 1–25. 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020433.
Raihan Indika, Linda Adriani, & Wulandari. (2022). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Dermatitis Pada Bayi. Darussalam Indonesian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2(1), 42-53. Retrieved from https://jurnal.sdl.ac.id/index.php/dij/article/view/27
Rodwell, V. W., Bender, D. A., Botham, K. M., Kennelly, P. J., & Weil, P. A. (2018). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Education.
Šikić Pogačar, M., Maver, U., Marčun Varda, N., & Mičetić-Turk, D. (2018). Diagnosis and management of diaper dermatitis in infants with emphasis on skin microbiota in the diaper area. International journal of dermatology, 57(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13748
Stamatas, G.N. et al. (2023) ‘Skin maturation from birth to 10 years of age: Structure, function, composition and microbiome’, Experimental Dermatology, 32(9), pp. 1420–1429. doi:10.1111/exd.14843.
Susanto, Prayogi & Makagiansar, Lady. (2022). Tatalaksana Dermatitis Atopik pada Anak.
Taïeb, A. (2018). Skin barrier in the neonate. Pediatric Dermatology, 35(S1). doi:10.1111/pde.13482
Tramontana, M., Hansel, K., Bianchi, L., Sensini, C., Malatesta, N., & Stingeni, L. (2023). Advancing the understanding of allergic contact dermatitis: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Medicine, 10. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1184289
Zhang, C., Merana, G. R., Harris-Tryon, T., & Scharschmidt, T. C. (2022). Skin immunity: Dissecting the complex biology of our body’s Outer Barrier. Mucosal Immunology, 15(4), 551–561. doi:10.1038/s41385-022-00505-y
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Andina Nabilah Mario, Andrew Deardo Purba Girsang, Baiq Kayla Srigede, Fathmi Hadiyati, I Nengah Andra Putra Pramudya , Ni Wayan Citra Ayu Saraswati, Putri Fatimah Helmiana, Prananda Rizki Pramudia, Qashrina Vania Fildzani, Nurhidayati, Rizky Agung Fatahillah Tarigan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
