ADHD in Children: Comprehensive Review of Symptom Manifestations, Predisposing Factors, Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Clinical Interventions
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10076Published:
2025-10-01Downloads
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inappropriate for developmental level. This disorder has a significant impact on children's academic, social, and emotional development. This article presents a literature review of risk factors, diagnosis, and management of ADHD in children based on published scientific sources spanning 5 to 10 years. The method used is a systematic literature review of national and international journals. The results of the study indicate that ADHD has a multifactorial etiology and requires an integrated approach to treatment, combining pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. A comprehensive understanding of ADHD is essential to support effective early intervention.
Keywords:
ADHD, children, neurodevelopmental disorders, hyperactivity, inattention, multidisciplinary management.References
Abidogun, M. A. (2023). Application of Parent Management Training (Pmt) As A Treatment Therapy for Conduct Disorder. Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, 13(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.31579/2578-8868/286
Amalia, R. (2018). Intervensi terhadap Anak Usia Dini yang Mengalami Gangguan ADHD Melalui Pendekatan Kognitif Perilaku dan Alderian Play Therapy. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v2i1.4
American Psychiatric Association. (2021). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 (5th edn). American Psychiatric Association. www.psychologymania.com.
American Psychological Association. (2019). ASEBA: Brief Description of the Child Behavior Checklist. https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/child-behavior-checklist.pdf
Belsham, B., Kelly, L., & Schoeman, R. (2025). The SASOP/PsychMg child and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder guidelines. S Afr J Psychiatr., 31, 2357. https://doi.org/doi: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2357
Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., Atkinson, L. Z., Tessari, L., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Hollis, C., Simonoff, E., Zuddas, A., Barbui, C., Purgato, M., Steinhausen, H. C., Shokraneh, F., Xia, J., & Cipriani, A. (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 727–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4
Devi, I. L., Susetyo, Y. F., & Haryanta, H. (2024). Intervensi Perilaku dan Multisensori untuk Anak dengan ADHD yang Mengalami Gangguan Sensorik. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 10(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.93750
Furqon, M. F. (2024). Pengembangan Keterampilan Sosial Meningkatkan Interaksi Dan Koneksi Manusia. Circle Archive, 1(4), 1–5.
Gallo, E. F., & Posner, J. (2016). Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(6), 557–567. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00096-1.
Kosheleff, A. R., Mason, O., Jain, R., Koch, J., & Rubin, J. (2023). Functional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(7), 669–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547231158572
Liu, Y. S., Talarico, F., Metes, D., Song, Y., Wang, M., Kiyang, L., Wearmouth, D., Vik, S., Wei, Y., Zhang, Y., Hayward, J., Ahmed, G., Gaskin, A., Greiner, R., Greenshaw, A., Alexander, A., Janus, M., & Cao, B. (2024). Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). PLOS Digital Health, 3(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000620
Maharani, I. B. P., & Harsiwi, N. E. (2025). Analisis Peran Guru Kelas Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Tipe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) dalam Pembelajaran Kelas 1 di SLB PGRI Kamal. Jurnal Sadewa : Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Pembelajaran Dan Ilmu Sosial, 3(3), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.61132/sadewa.v3i3.2061
Marsus, N. B., Sook Huey, L., Saffari, N., & Motevalli, S. (2022). Peer Relationship Difficulties among Children with Adhd: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(6), 1256–1276. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i6/13352
Meppelink, R., de Bruin, E. I., Zoller, B. K., Oort, F. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2024). Child and Parent Mindfulness-Based Training Versus Medication for Childhood ADHD: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Mindfulness, 15(2), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02305-w
Mones, A. Y. (2020). Upaya Meningkatkan Daya Ingat Siswa Kelas IV Melalui Penerapan Metode Praktek Dan Latihan Terstruktur Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik. Jurnal Selidik, 1(1), 19–31.
N.H, F. A., & Setiawati, Y. (2017). Interaksi Faktor Genetik dan Lingkungan pada Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya, 6(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.20473/jps.v6i2.19434
Nurfadhillah, S., Nurlaili, D. A., Syapitri, G. H., Shansabilah, L., Herni, N., & Dewi, H. (2021). Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (Adhd) Pada Siswa Kelas 3 Di Sd Negeri Larangan 1. PENSA : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 3(3), 453–462. https://ejournal.stitpn.ac.id/index.php/pensa
Overgaard, K. R., Oerbeck, B., Friis, S., Pripp, A. H., Aase, H., Biele, G., Ingeborgrud, C. B., Polanczyk, G. V., & Zeiner, P. (2024). Early and repeated screening detects children with persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 1807–1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-023-02284-8
Prasaja, P., Harumi, L., & Fatmawati, R. (2023). Gambaran Demografi Anak Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Di Yayasan Pembinaaan Anak Cacat (YPAC) Surakarta. Profesi (Profesional Islam) : Media Publikasi Penelitian, 19(No.2), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.26576/profesi.v19ino.2.105
Randle, T. S., Miskovic, L. N., Grant O’Daniel, V. R., Okechukwu, A. I., Shahzad, N., Mkandawire, K. C., Warrick, M., & Smith, Z. R. (2025). Untangling the Threads: The Impact of Co-Occurring OCD and ADHD Symptoms for Black and/or Latiné Youth. Children, 12(6), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060674
S, S. P. M., & Kumminimana, R. (2025). Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder : insights , advances and challenges in research and practice. 34(3), 196–206.
Sadida, Q., Tunliu, S. K., Fatimah, Kartikasari, N., & Asmaradhani, D. T. (2024). Studi literatur mengenai anak usia sekolah dasar dengan ADHD: Perspektif neuropsikologi. ELSE (Elementary School Education Journal): Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Sekolah Dasar, 8(1), 2–4. https://doi.org/10.30651/else.v8i1.20868
Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D. (2018). ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(2), 175–186.
Setiawati, Y. (2024). The Population of Children with High Risk of ADHD and The Mother’s Sociodemographic Profile in Surabaya. International Journal Of Scientific Advances, 5(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v5i1.8
Wijaya, D. S., & Kurniawan, Y. F. (2025). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd). Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues: Volume 1: Business and Economy: Volume 2: Criminal Justice: Volume 3: Family and Society: Volume 4: Environment, Science, and Technology, 06(03), 4217.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nila Ahmad Muharis, Lale Justin Amelinda Elizar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
