Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions from The Composting Process of Organic Waste in Karawang’s Urban Forest
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i1.11362Published:
2026-03-24Downloads
Abstract
The accumulation of organic waste in the form of leaves and branches that is not optimally managed in Karawang Regency has the potential to increase GHG emissions through the natural decomposition process. This study aims to estimate the amount of organic waste and GHG emissions generated from the management of leaves and twigs in the Karawang Urban Forest. The study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative approaches with purposive sampling of organic waste over eight days of observation, representing active waste management activities at the study site. GHG emissions were estimated using the 2006 IPCC Tier-1 guidelines due to limited local specific data, covering the waste sector (composting) and the energy sector (use of machinery and transportation). The results showed that the composting process produced relatively low GHG emissions compared to supporting activities, while the transportation sector was the largest contributor to emissions in the organic waste management system. These findings indicate that GHG emission mitigation strategies in organic waste management in urban areas need to focus on improving transportation and operational efficiency, accompanied by strengthening controlled aerobic composting practices to support more sustainable environmental management.
Keywords:
Composting Greenhouse gas Emissions IPCC 2006 Organic wasteReferences
Adhikari, S., Barrington, S., Martinez, J., & King, S. (2021). Greenhouse gas emissions from composting of organic waste: a review of influencing factors and mitigation strategies. Waste Management, 120, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.038
Anifah, E. M., Rini, I. D. W. S., Hidayat, R., & Ridho, M. (2021). Estimasi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) kegiatan pengelolaan sampah di kelurahan karang joang, balikpapan. Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Lingkungan, 13(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.20885/jstl.vol13.iss1.art2
Awasthi, M. K., Sarsaiya, S., Wainaina, S., Rajendran, K., Kumar, S., & Awasthi, S. K. (2023). Advances in organic waste composting and greenhouse gas mitigation: A review. Bioresource Technology, 369, 128353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128353
Chen, L., Wang, J., & Liu, H. (2024). Mitigation hierarchy for greenhouse gas emissions in municipal solid waste management: A systematic review of co-benefits and trade-offs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 198, 107145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107145
Fredenslund, A. M., Klotz, L. A., Edjabou, M. E., & Scheutz, C. (2026). Methane and nitrous oxide emission factors from full-scale garden waste composting facilities. Waste Management & Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X261424609
Hao Wang, J. W. (2020). Degradation of pollutants in polluted river water using Ti/IrO2–Ta2O5 coating electrode and evaluation of electrode characteristics. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123019
He, J., Tang, J., He, Z., Fu, Q., Li, Y., Song, C., Huang, W., Wang, J., Yu, J., & Tang, L. (2026). Multi-model machine learning framework for prediction of greenhouse gas emissions during composting of organic solid waste. Bioresource Technology, 443, 133901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133901
Hidayati, Z. P. (2023). Studi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) pada aktivitas operasional bank sampah di kabupaten sleman, yogyakarta. 80
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2006). IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: volume 2-energy. Institute For Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2006). IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Volume 5-Waste. Institute For Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: volume 2-energy. Institute For Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Nguyen, T. H., Pham, V. L., & Tran, T. K. (2022). Effect of aeration management on greenhouse gas emissions from community-scale composting in Southeast Asia. Bioresource Technology, 345, 126482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126482
Nordahl, S. L., Preble, C. V., Kirchstetter, T. W., & Scown, C. D. (2023). Greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions from composting. Environmental science & technology, 57(6), 2235–2247. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05846
Osei-Mensah, K., Acheampong, E., & Asante, F. A. (2024). Vehicle fleet emissions in municipal solid waste collection: Evidence from urban West Africa. Waste Management, 178, 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.022
Pérez, T., Vergara, S. E., & Silver, W. L. (2023). Assessing the climate change mitigation potential from food waste composting. Scientific reports, 13, 7608. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34174-z
Puig Ventosa, I., Sastre, S., & Freire-González, J. (2025). Transitioning from Tier-1 to Tier-2 in local GHG inventories for organic waste management: Data requirements and policy implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 440, 141082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141082
Raharjo, S., Marganingrum, D., & Nurdiani, R. (2023). Analisis emisi gas rumah kaca dari sistem pengelolaan sampah padat perkotaan di Indonesia: Studi kasus Kota Bandung. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 29(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.5614/jtl.2023.29.1.02
Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Sampah Nasional. (2024). Data timbulan sampah Kabupaten Karawang tahun 2024. Kementerian lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan republik indonesia. https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id
Sitogasa, P. S. A. (2022). Penerapan solid waste management tool (swmt) sebagai analisis gas rumah kaca hasil penanganan sampah di kota kediri. Jurnal environmental science, 2 (2), 7-15
Syafrudin, S., Budihardjo, M. A., & Wahyuningrum, I. F. (2022). Greenhouse gas emission inventory from organic waste composting facilities in Indonesian urban green areas. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1098, 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012045
Standar Nasional Indonesia. (2025). SNI 3964:2025 metode pengambilan dan pengukuran contoh timbulan dan komposisi sampah rumah tangga dan sampah sejenis sampah rumah tangga. Badan Standardisasi Nasional
United Nations Environment Programme. (2024). Global waste management outlook 2024. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org
Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2022). Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies during organic waste composting: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 806, 150553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150553
Waste4change, (2021). Menuju pengelolaan sampah cerdas: mendorong digitalisasi tata kelola persampahan indonesia
Wiedner, K., & Schaldach, R. (2023). Incorporating seasonal climate variability into greenhouse gas emission models for tropical solid waste management. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(8), 3312–3321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07441
Winiwarter, W., Klimont, Z., & Schoepp, W. (2023). Uncertainty assessment in national greenhouse gas inventories: Implications for Tier-1 versus higher-tier approaches. Atmospheric Environment, 298, 119601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119601
Yu Qian Ang, Z. M.-D. (2022). UBEM.io: A web-based framework to rapidly generate urban building energy models for carbon reduction technology pathways. Sustainable Cities and Society. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103534
Zhang, L., Li, X., Sun, Y., & Wang, Q. (2025). Energy consumption and carbon emission assessment of organic waste treatment systems: Implications for sustainable waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 468, 143002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143002
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Hurrul'Ain Quinizza, Wilma Nurrul Adzillah, Gina Lova Sari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
