Integration of Tissue Culture, Somatic Embryogenesis, and Molecular Biotechnology in Oil Palm
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i4.12368Published:
2026-10-05Downloads
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a leading oil-producing crop, yet productivity improvement remains constrained by a long breeding cycle, genotype-dependent tissue culture response, low regeneration efficiency, and potential genetic or epigenetic variation among clones. This review synthesizes advances in tissue culture, somatic embryogenesis, cryopreservation, biotization, biological control, bioinformatics, transcriptomics, and genetic transformation supporting accelerated oil palm breeding. A systematic narrative approach was applied to 20 international journal articles, followed by deduplication, literature matrix extraction, thematic synthesis, and critical analysis. The synthesis indicates that somatic embryogenesis is the central platform for clonal propagation and transformation, but its success depends strongly on explant position, medium composition, culture system, genotype, and hormonal-epigenetic status. Temporary immersion/RITA systems, macronutrient enrichment, auxin-cytokinin combinations, and selection of responsive genotypes improve callus formation, shoot growth, and regeneration. Omics, molecular markers, and DNA methylation analyses provide opportunities to identify biomarkers of highly embryogenic ortets, while cryopreservation supports germplasm conservation.
Keywords:
Elaeis guineensis cryopreservation molecular biotechnology somatic embryogenesis tissue cultureReferences
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