Overview of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Levels, LDL/HDL Ratio, and Atherosclerosis Risk Among Patients Aged ≥50 Years at QIM Batang Hospital
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i4.12794Published:
2026-09-30Downloads
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic arterial condition characterized by lipid deposition in the arterial walls, with elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) being an important risk factor. Excessive LDL may promote cholesterol accumulation and plaque formation, while High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) plays a protective role through reverse cholesterol transport. Therefore, evaluating LDL levels and the LDL/HDL ratio may provide a more comprehensive assessment of atherosclerosis risk. This study aimed to describe LDL levels and atherosclerosis risk based on the LDL/HDL ratio among patients aged ≥50 years at QIM Batang Hospital. This descriptive study involved 25 patients aged ≥50 years. LDL and HDL levels were examined, and atherosclerosis risk was determined using the LDL/HDL ratio and categorized into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented as frequency distributions and percentages. The results showed that 11 respondents (44%) had optimal LDL levels, 4 (16%) near-optimal, 2 (8%) borderline-high, 7 (28%) high, and 1 (4%) very high. Based on the LDL/HDL ratio, 9 respondents (36%) were classified as low risk, 7 (28%) moderate risk, and 9 (36%) high risk. Although most respondents had optimal LDL levels, a considerable proportion had high atherosclerosis risk based on the LDL/HDL ratio.
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) LDL/HDL ratio Patients aged ≥50 yearsReferences
Adelin, P., Putra, A. E., Puspita PA, T. P. P., Triyana, R., & Puspita, D. (2024). Hubungan Kadar Low Density Lipoprotein dengan Derajat Stenosis Arteri Pasien Penyakit Jantung Koroner RSUP M Djamil Padang Tahun 2021 – 2022. Health and Medical Journal, 6(3), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.33854/heme.v6i3.1625
Aisy, R., Maharani, N., Jaeri, S., & Retnaningsih, R. (2024). Pengaruh suplementasi kombinasi bawang putih, beras ragi merah, dan jahe merah terhadap kadar trigliserida dan HDL pasien stroke iskemik dengan dislipidemia. Journal of Nutrition College, 13(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v13i1.42033
Ballena-Caicedo, J., Zuzunaga-Montoya, F. E., Loayza-Castro, J. A., Vásquez-Romero, L. E. M., Tapia-Limonchi, R., Gutierrez De Carrillo, C. I., & Vera-Ponce, V. J. (2025). Global prevalence of dyslipidemias in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 44, 308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01054-3
Borén, J., Williams, K. J., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2020). Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 40(10), 2313–2330. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315418
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., & Li, H. (2024). Low-density lipoprotein metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 11, 1354678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1354678
Guijarro, C., & Cosín-Sales, J. (2021). LDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis: The evidence. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis, 33(Suppl. 1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.12.004
Hu, S., Fan, H., Zhang, S., et al. (2024). Association of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Indian Heart Journal, 76(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2024.01.014
Johannesen, C. D. L., Mortensen, M. B., Nordestgaard, B. G., & Langsted, A. (2025). Discordance analyses comparing LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B for cardiovascular risk estimation. Atherosclerosis, 403, 119139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119139
Koskinas, K. C., Siontis, G. C. M., Piccolo, R., et al. (2018). Effect of statins and non-statin LDL-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes. European Heart Journal, 39(14), 1172–1180. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx566
Lee, Z. V., Llanes, E. J., Sukmawan, R., Thongtang, N., Ho, H. Q. T., & Barter, P. (2021). Prevalence of plasma lipid disorders with an emphasis on LDL cholesterol in selected countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Lipids in Health and Disease, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01450-8
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., et al. (2020). 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal, 41(1), 111–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
Munita, F. F., Kusumawardhani, N. Y., Achmad, C., Astuti, A., & Muthiah, A. (2025). Non-traditional lipid profile and obstructive coronary artery disease based on CAD-RADS score. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 46(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1810
National Cholesterol Education Program. (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106(25), 3143–3421.
Ng, S., Santoso, A., Sukmawan, R., Erwinanto, Adam, E., Desandri, D., Zahra, R., Wicaksono, S., Putra, M. P., Heriansyah, T., Tiksnadi, B. B., & Pintaningrum, Y. (2025). Dyslipidemia management among patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk in Indonesia: A multi-center registry. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 46(2), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1880
Pownall, H. J., Rosales, C., Gillard, B. K., & Gotto, A. M. (2021). High-density lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport and atherogenesis. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(10), 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00538-z
Nofiartika, F., & Prasetyaningrum, Y. I. (2020). Pengaruh pemberian jus jamur tiram terhadap kadar kolesterol, trigliserida, dan malondialdehid penderita hiperkolesterolemia. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia, 16(3), 122. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.40813
Ridker, P. M. (2019). Anticytokine agents: Targeting interleukin signaling pathways for the treatment of atherosclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(12), 1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1806843
Rosmalinda, Y., Noer, E. R., Sulchan, M., Khikmaturrohman, S. I., Ardiaria, M., Marsa, F. S., Henny, V. A., Wijayanti, H. S., & Panunggal, B. (2025). Exploring rice varietal effects on triglyceride/high density lipoprotein ratio in hyperlipidemia-induced Wistar rats. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition), 13(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.13.2.170-181
Rubyanti, S. D., Margawati, A., Afifah, D. N., & Dieny, F. F. (2024). The effect of flexitarian diets on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) serum in obese female students. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia, 12(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.12.2.115-125
Ruslim, W. H., Firmansyah, Y., Santoso, A. H., Edwin Destra, Gunaidi, F. C., & Fajarivaldi, K. B. (2025). Hubungan HDL, LDL, Apo A, dan Apo B dengan Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner. Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 5(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.55606/jikki.v5i1.5932.
Thomas, P. E., Vedel-Krogh, S., Kamstrup, P. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2025). Lipoprotein(a) cardiovascular risk explained by LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, ApoB, or hsCRP is minimal. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 85(21). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.02.024
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., et al. (2021). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(8), e254–e743. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
Vishakagorur. (2023). Regenerative Medicine Atherosclerosis : Understanding the Silent Cardiovascular Culprit. 6, 115–116. https://doi.org/10.37532/SRRM.2023.6(5).115-11
Visseren, F. L. J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y. M., et al. (2021). 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. European Heart Journal, 42(34), 3227–3337. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Azkiya One Nabil Wiyarta, Bekti Mastiadji, Abdul Gofur
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
