A Toner Formula Based on Piper Betle Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) to Control Excess Oil on Acne-Prone Skin
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i3.12872Published:
2026-07-28Downloads
Abstract
Oily and acne-prone skin are common skin problems caused by excess sebum production by the sebaceous glands. Betel leaves (Piper betle L.) contain bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and hydroxychavicol, which have the potential to help control sebum levels through astringent, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to formulate a betel leaf extract toner, determine the physical characteristics of the preparation, and analyze its effectiveness in reducing sebum levels in acne-prone facial skin. This experimental study used two formulas: Formula 1 (F1) with a 3% extract concentration and Formula 2 (F2) with a 5% concentration. These formulas were tested on 20 respondents (10 per group) for seven days. Evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, irritation, and sebum level measurements using a skin analyzer before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Paired Sample t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed that both formulas were homogeneous, non-irritating, and had pH (4.91 and 5.16) and viscosity (46.41 and 47.10 cPs) that met the standards for topical preparations. Formula 1 experienced a significant decrease in sebum levels from 51.00 to 45.40 (p = 0.005), while Formula 2 decreased from 51.20 to 48.70 (p = 0.011). However, the Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference in effectiveness between the two concentrations (p = 0.102). It can be concluded that betel leaf extract toner at concentrations of 3% and 5% is effective in reducing sebum levels, but increasing the extract concentration does not provide a statistically significant difference in effectiveness.
Keywords:
Acne-prone skin Betel leaf Piper betle L. Sebum levels TonersReferences
Agatha, P. C., Wijayadi, L. J., & Sugiharto, S. (2021). Gambaran kadar sebum kulit wajah pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tarumanagara penderita akne vulgaris. Tarumanagara Medical Journal, 3(1), 136-142.
Asrinda, I., Histologi, D., Kedokteran, F., Kesehatan, I., & Bengkulu, U. (2025). FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ACNE VULGARIS PADA REMAJA INDONESIA. 6(3).
Attazqiah, R. N., & Ambarwati, N. S. S. (2021). Studi Literatur: Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Untuk Perawatan Kulit Wajah: Studi Literatur: Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Untuk Perawatan Kulit Wajah. Jurnal Tata Rias, 11(1), 101-110.
Aulton, M. E., & Taylor, K. (Eds.). (2013). Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Barel, A. O., Paye, M., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of cosmetic science and technology. CRC press.
Biswas, P., Anand, U., Saha, S. C., Kant, N., Mishra, T., Masih, H., ... & Dey, A. (2022). Betelvine (Piper betle L.): A comprehensive insight into its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological, biomedical and therapeutic attributes. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 26(11), 3083-3119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17323
Departemen Kesehatan RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat.
Dewi, S., Darsono, P. V., et al. (2023). Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan essence ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai anti jerawat. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science. https://doi.org/10.33859/jpcs
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Firsty Sundoro, V., Djannatun, T., & Maharsi, E. D. (2024). Hubungan personal hygiene wajah terhadap keparahan Acne vulgaris pada remaja SMA Negeri 3 Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 4(9), 753–765.
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486–489. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Gupta, R. K., Guha, P., & Srivastav, P. P. (2023). Phytochemical and biological studies of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): Review on paradigm and its potential benefits in human health. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43(5), 721-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2022.09.006
Haryanti, S., Larasati, R. D., & Agusta, H. (2020). Optimasi waktu maserasi dan konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle Linn.) dalam pembuatan gel antiseptik kulit.
Julianti, P. A., Hutahaen, T. A., & Februyani, N. (2023). Formulasi sediaan gel antiacne ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L.) sebagai alternatif terapi acne vulgaris terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes secara in vitro. Indonesian Journal of Health Science, 3(2), 308-319.
Karyanto Yunus, Andriani, M. R., & Fitria, F. H. (2022). Penentuan efektivitas penggunaan sediaan topikal. (Lengkapi nama jurnal/prosiding sesuai sumber asli).
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2017). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (Edisi II). Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Kim, K. T. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. http://ekja.org
Martin, A., Sinko, P. J., & Singh, Y. (2011). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: Physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McCrum-Gardner, E. (2008). Which is the correct statistical test to use? British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.09.002
Mohamad, N. A., Rahman, A. A., & Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S. H. (2022). Hydroxychavicol as a potential anticancer agent. Oncology letters, 25(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13620
Musniati, Wardani, S. T., & Raharjo, D. (2024). Formulasi dan uji fisik sediaan face toner ekstrak etanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919.
Nur Riezqa, A., et al. (2021). Studi literatur: Pemanfaatan ekstrak kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) untuk perawatan kulit wajah. Jurnal Tata Rias.
Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J., & Quinn, M. E. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients (6th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.
Setyawan Aditya, D. (2022). Buku ajar statistika kesehatan: Analisis bivariat pada hipotesis penelitian. Penerbit NEM.
Sifatullah, N. U. R., & Zulkarnain, Z. (2021, November). Jerawat (Acne vulgaris): Review penyakit infeksi pada kulit. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 19-23).
Siska Wardani, T., & Raharjo, D. (2024). Formulasi dan uji fisik sediaan face toner ekstrak etanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919.
Wulandari, A. D., Sunarto, S., & Kurniawan, D. W. (2025). Formulation of a sheet mask essence incorporating betel leaf (Piper betle L.) ethanol extract and its antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmaciana, 15(1), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v15i1.27466
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aini Nur Rohmah, Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati, Lilis Jubaedah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
