Peritonsillar Abscess: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Abstract

Peritonsillar abscess is one of the most common complications of tonsillar infection and is considered an otolaryngologic emergency. It is characterized by the accumulation of pus within the peritonsillar space, located between the tonsillar capsule and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Peritonsillar abscess most commonly affects adolescents and young adults and is primarily caused by bacterial infections, particularly Streptococcus pyogenes, with contributions from other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This article aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management of peritonsillar abscess. This article was developed using a literature review method by examining relevant scientific articles and literature concerning peritonsillar abscess. Based on the reviewed literature, characteristic clinical manifestations include severe unilateral sore throat, trismus, muffled “hot potato” voice, dysphagia, and uvular deviation. Diagnosis is generally established through history-taking and physical examination, while additional investigations may be performed in cases with diagnostic uncertainty or suspected complications. Management includes antibiotic therapy and abscess drainage through needle aspiration or incision and drainage, accompanied by supportive treatment. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent the spread of infection and serious complications, including parapharyngeal abscess, mediastinitis, and Lemierre syndrome. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the clinical characteristics and management of peritonsillar abscess is important for facilitating early diagnosis and reducing morbidity.