Literature Review: The Effect of Preparation Methods on the Entrapment Efficiency of Herbal Extract Phytosomes
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v25i3.9495Published:
2025-07-15Downloads
Abstract
Improving the bioavailability of hydrophilic bioactive compounds in herbal medicines has become a key focus in pharmaceutical research, prompting interest in phytosome formulation strategies. This literature review examines how phytosome preparation methods influence entrapment efficiency (EE) to overcome this limitation. The study employed a literature review methodology, sourcing 13 peer-reviewed articles sourcing (2015–2025) from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct using keywords: phytosome, entrapment efficiency, herbal extract, thin-layer hydration, and antisolvent precipitation. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, namely studies discussing phytosome preparation methods, providing entrapment efficiency (EE) data, available in full-text format, published within the last 10 years, and written in either English or Indonesian. Analysis revealed that antisolvent precipitation consistently achieved high EE (>85%), while thin-layer hydration showed variable outcomes (14–99%) dependent on parameter optimization. Critical success factors included extract-phospholipid ratios (1:1–1:5), chemical interactions (hydrogen bonding), and temperature control (<60°C). This study concludes that optimized preparation methods significantly enhance phytosomal EE, recommending strict standardization of process parameters to advance herbal pharmaceutical development.
Keywords:
Antisolvent precipitation, entrapment efficiency, herbal extract, phytosome, solvent evaporation, thin-layer hidration.References
Akib, N., Hendra, N. S., Putri, A. E. P., Armadhani, F. I., Adjeng, A. N. T., & Mahmudah, R. (2021). Preparasi Fitosom Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) sebagai Antioksidan. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis, 7(3), 393–404.
Balkrishna, A., Sharma, N., Srivastava, D., Kukreti, A., Srivastava, S., & Arya, V. (2024). Exploring the Safety, Efficacy, and Bioactivity of Herbal Medicines: Bridging Traditional Wisdom and Modern Science in Healthcare. Future Integrative Medicine, 3(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.14218/fim.2023.00086
Batistuta, M. A., Aulia, A., & Kustiawan, P. M. (2021). Review : Potensi Aktivitas Anti Virus Dari Produk Alami Lebah Kelulut. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 10(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.24843/jfu.2021.v10.i02.p06
Cummings, J., Lowengrub, J. S., Sumpter, B. G., Wise, S. M., & Kumar, R. (2018). Modeling solvent evaporation during thin film formation in phase separating polymer mixtures. Soft Matter, 14(10), 1833–1846. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02560b
Dewi, M. K., Muhaimin, M., Joni, I. M., Hermanto, F., & Chaerunisaa, A. Y. (2024). Production of Phytosome with Enhanced Activity of Sonneratia alba; Formulation Modeling and In-vivo Antimalarial Study. International Journal of Nanomedicine. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S467811
Elfiyani, R., Radjab, N. S., & Wijaya, A. N. (2024). Garlic Extract Phytosome: Preparation and Physical Stability. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 16(Special Issue 1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024.v16s1.27
Hewlings, S. J., & Kalman, D. S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092
Jagtap, S. G., Kajale, V. V., Abhyankar, M. M., Kulkarni, A. S., & Ghante, M. R. (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosomes of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris for Antimicrobial Activity. Pharmacognosy Research, 15(3), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.15.3.048
Kumar, D. S., Deivasigamani, K., & Roy, B. (2023). Development and Optimization of Phytosome for Enhancement of Therapeutic Potential of Epiyangambin in Tinospora cordifolia Extract Identified by GC–MS and Docking Analysis . Pharmacognosy Magazine, 19(2), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731296231157192
Olfati, A., Karimi, N., Arkan, E., Zhaleh, M., & Mozafari, M. R. (2025). Enhancing Bioavailability and Stability of Plant Secondary Metabolites : Formulation and Characterization of Nanophytosomes Encapsulating Red Bryony and Horned Poppy Extracts. 1–18.
Rani, A., Kumar, S., & Khar, R. K. (2022). Murraya koenigii Extract Loaded Phytosomes Prepared using Antisolvent Precipitation Technique for Improved Antidiabetic and Hypolidemic Activity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 56(2), S326–S338. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.56.2s.103
Ridwan, S., Hajrin, W., Subaidah, W. A., Pratiwi, E. T., & Sabdarrifa, N. A. (2024). Formulasi dan Evaluasi Fitosom dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King&H.Rob) dengan Metode Hidrasi Lapis Tipis. 6(November 2023), 1–8.
Ridwan, S., Hartati, R., & Pamudji, J. S. (2023). Development and Evaluation of Cream Preparation Containing Phytosome from Amla Fruit Extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.). International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 15(4), 91–98.
Rizqiana, A., & Sudarmin. (2023). Analysis of antioxidant activity on the ethanol extract of Indonesian Tropical Forest plants. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 12(1), 47–57. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/ijcs
Ronsin, O. J. J., Jang, D. J., Egelhaaf, H. J., Brabec, C. J., & Harting, J. (2021). Phase-Field Simulation of Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium and Evaporation of Fluid Mixtures. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 13(47), 55988–56003. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12079
Schaefer, C., Michels, J. J., & Van Der Schoot, P. (2016). Structuring of Thin-Film Polymer Mixtures upon Solvent Evaporation. Macromolecules, 49(18), 6858–6870. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00537
Vijayakumar, V., Rathinam, T., Rajmohan, S. R., & Elumalai, K. (2025). Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosomes Loaded Polyherbal Gel for Pharyngitis. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 17(1), 176–186.
Xu, F., Xu, S., Yang, L., Qu, A., Li, D., Yu, M., Wu, Y., Zheng, S., Ruan, X., & Wang, Q. (2024). Preparing a Phytosome for Promoting Delivery Efficiency and Biological Activities of Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Dendropanax morbifera Adventitious Root Extract (DMARE). Biomolecules, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101273
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliza Salsabila Ramadhani, Windah Anugrah Subaidah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
