Morphology of Lichen Fungi in Amban Regency, Manokwari, West Papua
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v25i4.9973Published:
2025-10-02Downloads
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic association between fungi (mycobionts) and photosynthetic partners (phycobiont) that play essential ecological roles as bioindicators, pioneers in succession, and contributors to nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, the diversity and morphology of lichens in West Papua remain poorly documented. This study aimed to assess the morphology diversity of lichen taxa in Amban Regency, Manokwari, West Papua. The method used was explorative surveys with purposive sampling in Amban Regency (site I, II, and III) based on low, moderate, and high air quality. Lichen identification was based on morphological characteristic. The results showed that there were 27 species lichens belong to 12 genera and 8 families Chrysothrichaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Collemataceae, Graphidaceae, Megalosporaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, and Strigulacea. The dominant species were from the families of Graphidaceae. Crustose lichens dominated (74%), foliose lichens (18%), with filamentous and leprose (4% each), while fruticose types were absent. Crustose lichens exhibited strong substrate adhesion and tolerance to variable microclimatic conditions with temperatures between 26,1-29,3°C, whereas foliose and filamentous forms were confined to more stable, and humid habitats between 72,0-85,4%. Continued surveys are recommended to monitor potential shifts in community composition under climate change and habitat disturbance.
Keywords:
diversity, lichen, morphology, manokwari, papua.References
Allen, J. L., McMullin, R. T., & Lendemer, J. C. (2019). Lichens as indicators of forest integrity and air quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Ecological Indicators, 107, 105579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105579.
Asta J., Erhardt W., Ferreti M., Fornasier R., Kirschbaum U., Nimis P.L., Purvis O.W., Van Haluwyn C., and Wirth V. (2002). European Guideline For Mapping Lichen Diversity as an Indicator of Environmental Stress. Based on The German VDI Lichen Mapping Guideline (VDI, 1995) and The Italian Guideline of ANPA (Nimis, 1999), With Several Important Modifications (See Asta et al., 2002 for an Abridged Version).
Bellenger, L., Baurain, D., Lutzoni, F., & Magain, N. (2023). Microclimate and photobiont adaptation in tropical lichen communities. Fungal Diversity, 122(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00525-9.
Benesperi, R., Bianchi, E., Brunialti, G., et al. (2021). Functional traits of lichens respond to forest management and air quality. Forest Ecology and Management, 479, 118567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118567.
Candan, M., Halici, M. G., & Aksoy, A. (2020). Substrate preference and diversity of crustose lichens in relation to rock type and microhabitat. The Lichenologist, 52(4), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282920000195.
Cornejo, C., & Scheidegger, C. (2022). Lichen functional traits and responses to climate change. Fungal Diversity, 112, 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00492-4.
Hauck, M., de Bruyn, U., & Leuschner, C. (2020). Air pollution tolerance in lichens: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 170, 103882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103882.
Jiang, S. H., Lücking, R., & Wei, J. C. (2020). Taxonomy and diversity of foliicolous lichens in tropical Asia. MycoKeys, 68, 95–116. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.51913.
Kalb, K., Rivas Plata, E., Lücking, R., & Bungartz, F. (2018). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Megalosporaceae (lichenized Ascomycota). The Lichenologist, 50(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282918000057.
Kistenich, S., Timdal, E., Bendiksby, M., & Ekman, S. (2018). Molecular systematics and taxonomy of Haematommataceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota). Mycologia, 110(6), 1055–1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1502702.
Kranner, I., Beckett, R., Hochman, A., & Nash, T. H. (2020). Photosynthetic performance of lichens under different light and humidity regimes. Lichenologist, 52(5), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282920000270.
Lakatos, M., Büdel, B., & Lange, O. L. (2020). Ecophysiological strategies of lichens in contrasting light environments. Fungal Ecology, 47, 100936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100936
Lakatos, M., Rascher, U., & Büdel, B. (2006). Functional characteristics of corticolous lichens in the understory of a tropical lowland rainforest. New Phytologist, 172(4), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01885.x.
Malíček, J., Palice, Z., & Vondrák, J. (2021). Crustose lichen diversity in different microhabitats and rock types. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30, 2601–2620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02210-5.
Matos, P., Pinho, P., & Ribeiro, C. (2021). Microclimate drivers of epiphytic lichen diversity across forest canopies. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(12), 3483–3501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02224-4.
Matwiejuk, A., & Kukwa, M. (2022). Diversity patterns of epiphytic lichens along light and moisture gradients. Biodiversity and Conservation, 31, 2169–2185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02446-5.
Muggia, L., Nelsen, M. P., Kirika, P. M., & Divakar, P. K. (2020). The role of photobionts in the diversification of lichen symbioses. New Phytologist, 227(2), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16522.x.
Munzi, S., Pisani, T., & Loppi, S. (2020). Environmental drivers of lichen diversity and distribution: A review. Ecological Indicators, 118, 106724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106724
Nelson, P. R., St. Clair, L. L., & Root, H. T. (2022). Light and temperature tolerances in crustose lichens: Implications for climate change resilience. Lichenologist, 54(3), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282922000086.
Nimis, P. L., & Martellos, S. (2020). A literature-based worldwide checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi: Current knowledge and perspectives for future research. Plants, 9(8), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080889.
Prieto, M., & Wedin, M. (2017). Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the lichen family Caliciaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 111, 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.006.
Rozema, J., et al. (2017). The role of UV‑B radiation in lichen ecology. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 140, 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.05.009.
Singh, G., & Nayaka, S. (2020). Diversity patterns of lichens along canopy openness gradients in Indian tropical forests. Bryologist, 123(4), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-123.4.592.
Singh, P., Upreti, D. K., & Rawat, R. (2021). Diversity and distribution of foliose lichens in relation to environmental factors. Plant Biosystems, 155(6), 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1779835.
Song, L., Liu, W., & Hu, S. (2021). Effects of canopy openness on microclimate and lichen communities in subtropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 479, 118598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118598.
Song, L., Wang, X., & Li, H. (2021). Effects of microclimate on lichen community structure in subtropical montane forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 480, 118692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118692.
Zedda, L., Bungartz, F., & Grube, M. (2020). Lichens as bioindicators of environmental quality. In D. Voříšková & T. A. K. (Eds.), Fungi in extreme environments, (pp. 123–149). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29541-7_6.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Idola Dian Yoku Nebore, Paskalina Th. Lefaan, Maria Massora, Jan H. Nunaki, Resmila Dewi, Sepus Marten Fatem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
