Effectiveness of Rehabilitation of Kelep River Watershed in West Lombok Regency
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i1.10994Published:
2025-10-12Downloads
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kelep River Watershed (DAS) rehabilitation based on biophysical indicators, including changes in vegetation cover, growth success rate, and erosion dynamics. The research approach used a mixed methods with a Before After Control Impact (BACI) design. Quantitative data were analyzed using NDVI values, the USLE erosion model, and the R/C ratio, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The results showed an increase in vegetation cover, indicated by an increase in NDVI values of 0.12–0.25, which contributed to a 57% reduction in erosion rates in the upstream area. Increased soil organic matter content increased infiltration and supported agroforestry productivity. Economically, the R/C ratio reached 1.67, indicating the financial viability of post-rehabilitation agriculture. Watershed rehabilitation needs to be strengthened through soil and water conservation in erosion-prone zones, regular NDVI-based monitoring, the development of multi-strata agroforestry conservation agribusiness with economic incentives, and strengthening the role of local institutions through technical support, access to capital, and monitoring of IPPKH compliance.
Keywords:
Agroforestry Conservation agribusiness Erosion Institutions NDVI Watershed rehabilitationReferences
Abson, D. J., Dougill, A. J., & Stringer, L. C. (2012). Using Principal Component Analysis for information-rich socio-ecological vulnerability mapping in Southern Africa. Applied Geography, 35(1–2), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.08.004
Ahammad, R., Hossain, M. K., Sobhan, I., Hasan, R., Biswas, S. R., & Mukul, S. A. (2023). Social-ecological and institutional factors affecting forest and landscape restoration in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Land Use Policy, 125, 106478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106478
Ahmad, N. S. B. N., Mustafa, F. B., & Didams, G. (2020). A systematic review of soil erosion control practices on the agricultural land in Asia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 8(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.04.001
Birhanu, B. Z., Desta, G., Cofie, O., Tilahun, S. A., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2024). Restoring degraded landscapes and sustaining livelihoods : sustainability assessment ( cum -review ) of integrated landscape management in sub-Saharan Africa. March, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1338259
Conner, M. M., Saunders, W. C., Bouwes, N., & Jordan, C. (2016). Evaluating impacts using a BACI design , ratios , and a Bayesian approach with a focus on restoration. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5526-6
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2023). Revisiting mixed methods research designs twenty years later. Handbook of Mixed Methods Research Designs, 1(1), 21–36.
Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
Darnhofer, I., Gibbon, D., & Dedieu, B. (2012). Farming Systems Research: an approach to inquiry. In I. Darnhofer, D. Gibbon, & B. Dedieu (Eds.), Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic (pp. 3–31). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_1
Ellis, F., & Freeman, H. A. (2004). Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction policies. Routledge.
FAO. (2018). Sustainable Agriculture For Biodiversity Biodiversity For Sustainable.
Halim, F. (2014). Pengaruh hubungan tata guna lahan dengan debit banjir pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Malalayang. Jurnal Ilmiah Media Engineering, 4(1).
Hardjati, S., Rani, S., Bella, D. M., Mahmudah, I., Sari, D. P., Valencia, S. C., & Herdiana, A. F. (2022). Sosialisiasi Pendidikan Hutan Sebagai Paru-Paru Dunia kepada Sekolah Dasar Negeri Pakal 1 Surabaya. Literasi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Inovasi, 2(2), 1163-1172.
Hasselgreen, A., Khalifa, H., Weir, C. J., Wall, D., Davies, A., Green, A., & Jones, N. (2016). Second Language Assessment and Mixed Methods Research from testing and innovation theory solution academic writing in higher education use of multilingual proficiency frameworks.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2024). DEFORESTASI INDONESIA TAHUN 2023. DEFORESTASI INDONESIA TAHUN 2023.
Kizito, F., Chikowo, R., Kimaro, A., & Swai, E. (2022). Soil and water conservation for climate-resilient agriculture. In Sustainable agricultural intensification: A handbook for practitioners in East and Southern Africa (pp. 62-80). GB: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621602.0005
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus group interviewing. Handbook of practical program evaluation, 506-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch20
Kvale, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage.
Lal, R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(5), 5875-5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055875
Lal, R. (2020). Soil organic matter content and crop yield. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 75(2), 27A-32A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.75.2.27A
Lal, R., Monger, C., Nave, L., & Smith, P. (2021). The role of soil in regulation of climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1834), 20210084. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0084/1275980/rstb.2021.0084.pdf
Lu, Y., Yang, C., & He, R. (2022). Towards lithology mapping in semi-arid areas using time-series Landsat-8 data. Ore Geology Reviews, 150, 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105163
Manuelli, S., Hofer, T., & Wolter, P. (2015). FAO’s work in sustainable mountain development and watershed management—A 2015 update. Mountain Research and Development, 35(3), 299-304.
Margono, B. A., Usman, A. B., & Sugardiman, R. A. (2016). Indonesia's forest resource monitoring. The Indonesian Journal of Geography, 48(1), 7.
Mekouar, M. A. (2018). Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO). Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 29, 448-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvz057
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition (Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 77-90). Boston: Harvard Business Review.
Pretty, J. N. (1995). Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World development, 23(8), 1247-1263.
Rahmawati, A. Z. (2025). Agroforestry development strategy through a food policy perspective for forest function restoration and local food security in Indonesian watersheds. Jurnal Bisnis Kehutanan dan Lingkungan, 3(1), 49-58.
Renard, K. G. (1997). Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
Sabastian, G. E., Yumn, A., Roshetko, J. M., Manalu, P., Martini, E., & Perdana, A. (2019). Adoption of silvicultural practices in smallholder timber and NTFPs production systems in Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 93(2), 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0155-9
Saldivia-Tejeda, A., Uribe-Guerrero, M. Á., Rojas-Cruz, J. M., Guera, O. G. M., Verhulst, N., & Fonteyne, S. (2024). Conservation agriculture enhances maize yields and profitability in Mexico’s semi-arid highlands. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 29638.
Supriyadi, S. (2014). Impact of watershed restoration based agroforestry on soil quality in the sub-watershed Keduang, Wonogiri, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n6p223
Tachibana, T. (2016). Livelihood strategies of transmigrant farmers in peatland of Central Kalimantan. In Tropical peatland ecosystems (pp. 613-638). Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_40
Tanjung, N. A., & Ernan, R. (2021). Suitable and available land for settlement development in Cianjur Regency. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 11(4), 550-566.
Widiastuti, A., Harini, R., & Sudrajat, S. (2024). Kajian Rantai Nilai Hasil Produksi Pertanian Nanas di Desa Sempu, Kecamatan Ngancar, Kabupaten Kediri. Agri Analytics Journal, 2(1), 32-47.
Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning (No. 537). Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.
Yu, G., Liu, T., Wang, Q., Li, T., Li, X., Song, G., & Feng, Y. (2022). Impact of land use/land cover change on ecological quality during urbanization in the lower Yellow River Basin: A case study of Jinan City. Remote Sensing, 14(24), 6273.
Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Meng, M., Li, T., Guo, J., Sun, D., ... & Shen, X. (2025). Long-Term NDVI Trends and Vegetation Resilience in a Seismically Active Debris Flow Watershed: A Case Study from the Wenchuan Earthquake Zone. Sustainability, 17(11), 5081.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Welmy Soumena, Taslim Sjah, I Ketut Budastra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
