Diversity of Ferns (Pteridophyta) as an Indicator of Environmental Sustainability in Fogi Village, Sula Islands Regency
DOI:
10.29303/jbt.v26i2.11847Published:
2026-05-14Downloads
Abstract
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are spore-reproducing vascular plants important in tropical forest ecosystems, and Indonesia is a global center of their diversity with over 2,000 species. However, fern diversity in North Maluku is still poorly documented. This study aimed to analyze the species composition and diversity of ferns as well as their implications for environmental sustainability in Fogi Village, Sanana District, Sula Islands Regency. The study was conducted across four habitat types: home garden, residential, riverbank, and mixed plantation, using purposive sampling with line transects of 1 km length and 10 m width. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Margalef species richness index (Dmg), and species evenness index (E), complemented by a descriptive-ecological assessment to discuss implications for the sustainability of the local ecosystem. A total of 10 fern species were recorded comprising 229 individuals. The dominant species across habitat types were Pteris tripartita in home garden habitat (9 individuals) and Selaginella sp. in residential (15), riverbank (12), and mixed plantation (17) habitats. The residential habitat recorded the highest values of species diversity (H') and species richness (Dmg) compared to other habitat types. Species evenness (E) approached 1 across all habitats, indicating a relatively balanced distribution of fern species. Ecologically, the Fogi Village area retains potential to sustain its ecosystem functions; however, the low species richness recorded across all habitat types warrants attention in efforts toward sustainable environmental management of the area. In conclusion, the fern community at the research site shows a moderate level of diversity with a relatively even distribution of species across various habitat types. The high uniformity in all habitats indicates the absence of extreme dominance by a single species.
Keywords:
Environmental sustainability Ferns North Maluku Species diversityReferences
Absori, F.M. & Adhani, A. (2017). Pola Venasi Tumbuhan Paku Bangsa Polypodiales. Asrifa. Jakarta.
Akbar, H.K., Muhimmatin, I. & Nugrahani, M.P. (2023). Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Kawasan Wisata Air Terjun Kalibendo Banyuwangi. Bioedukasi, 14 (1): 90–101. DOI: 10.24127/bioedukasi.v14i1.7777.
Arini, D.I.D. & Khino, J. (2012). Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang Sulawesi Utara. Info BPK Manado, 2 (1): 18–27.
Baderan, D.W.K., Rahim, S., Angio, M. & Salim, A.I.B. (2021). Keanekaragaman, Kemerataan, dan Kekayaan Spesies Tumbuhan dari Geosite Potensial Benteng Otanaha sebagai Rintisan Pengembangan Geopark Provinsi Gorontalo. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 14 (2): 264–274. DOI: 10.15408/kauniyah.v14i2.16746.
Dani, D.P., Suleman, S.M. & Febriawan, A. (2024). The Relationship of Terrestrial Fern Species (Pteridophyta) at Salodik Waterfall Central Sulawesi Based on Morphological Characteristics. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24 (2): 106–112. DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v24i2.6714.
de la Rosa-Manzano, E., Mendieta-Leival, G., Guerra-Perez, A., Aguilar-Dorantes, K.M., Arellano-Mendez, L.U. & Torres-Castillo, J.A. (2019). Vascular Epiphytic Diversity in a Neotropical Transition Zone is Driven by Environmental and Structural Heterogeneity. Tropical Conservation Science, 12: 1–16. DOI: 10.1177/1940082919882203.
Gonzalez, D.C.G., Quiel, C.R., Zotz, G. & Bader, M.Y. (2017). Species Richness and Biomass of Epiphytic Vegetation in a Tropical Montane Forest in Western Panama. Tropical Conservation Science, 10: 1–17. DOI: 10.1177/1940082917698468.
Hassler, M. (2021). World Ferns: Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. http://www.worldplants.de/ferns/
Hasyim, M.A., Hanifa, B.F., Septiadi, L., Firdaus, F., Setya, Y., Mulyono, R.M., Achmad, C.R. & Haq, M.N.I. (2023). Pteridophytes Diversity and Distribution Along the Elevational Gradient of Mount Penanggungan's Hiking Trail, East Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Biodjati, 8 (2): 285–294. DOI: 10.15575/biodjati.v8i2.24938
Holtum, R.E. (1968). A Revised Flora of Malaya. Vol. II. Government Printing Office. Singapore.
Huang, T.C. (Ed.). (2003). Flora of Taiwan. 2nd Ed. Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, National Taiwan University. Taipei.
Hutasuhut, M.A. & Febriani, H. (2019). Keanekaragaman Paku-Pakuan Terestrial di Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Sicike-Cike. Jurnal Biolokus, 2 (1): 146–157. DOI: 10.30821/biolokus.v2i1.441
Imaniar, R., Pujiastuti & Murdiyah, S. (2017). Identifikasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Paku di Kawasan Air Terjun Kapas Biru Kecamatan Pronojiwo Kabupaten Lumajang serta Pemanfaatannya sebagai Booklet. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6 (3): 337–345. DOI: 10.24114/jpb.v6i3.7901
Kitikidou, K., Milios, E., Stampoulidis, A., Pipinis, E. & Radoglou, K. (2024). Using Biodiversity Indices Effectively: Considerations for Forest Management. Ecologies, 5 (1): 42–51. DOI: 10.3390/ecologies5010003
Krisnawati, Y., Wardianti, Y. & Febrianti, Y. (2021). Data Baru dari Marga Selaginella. Jurnal Bioedusains, 4: 402–409. DOI: 10.31539/bioedusains.v4i2.3047
Kumar, P., Dobriyal, M., Kale, A., Pandey, A.K., Tomar, R.S. & Thounaojam, E. (2022). Calculating Forest Species Diversity with Information-Theory Based Indices Using Sentinel-2A Sensor of Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary. PLoS ONE, 17 (5): e0268018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268018
Magurran, A.E. (2004). Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing.
Meliasa, M., Wahid, M., Sari, A.P., Tahar, M. & Muis, N. (2025). Keanekaragaman dan Sebaran Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Desa Siraun Kecamatan Kalumpang Kabupaten Mamuju. Bioscientist: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 13 (2): 939–949. DOI: 10.33394/bioscientist.v13i2.15855
Plants of the World Online. (2026). Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/ (Diakses 20 Februari 2026).
Pramudita, I., Triyanti, M. & Wardianti, Y. (2021). Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Paku di Bukit Botak Kabupaten Musi Rawas Sumatera Selatan. Biosilampari, 4 (1). DOI: 10.31540/biosilampari.v4i1.1309.
Rizky, H., Primasari, R., Kurniasih, Y. & Vivanti, D. (2018). Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Paku Terestrial di Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDTK) Banten. Biosfer: Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi, 3 (1): 6–12. DOI: 10.23969/biosfer.v4i1.1357
Setyawan, A.D. & Darusman, L.K. (2008). Review: Senyawa Biflavonoid pada Selaginella Pal. Beauv. dan Pemanfaatannya. Biodiversitas, 9: 64–81.
Silva, A.G. & Schwartsburd, P.B. (2017). Ferns of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: Polypodiaceae (Polypodiales, Filicopsida, Tracheophyta). Hoehnea, 44 (2): 251–268. DOI: 10.1590/2236-8906-95/2016.
Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G. (2006). A Classification for Extant Ferns. Taxon, 55 (3): 705–731. DOI: 10.2307/25065646.
Sodhi, N. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.). (2010). Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press.
Sofiyanti, N., Marpaung, A.A., Suriatno, R. & Pranata, S. (2020). Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Paku di Pulau Rangsang, Kepulauan Meranti, Riau dan Karakteristik Morfologi-Palinologi. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 20 (1): 102–110. DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v20i1.1711
Susilo, S & Wardhani, R.K. (2023). Phytoconstituents Profiling of Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker and Pharmacological Potential. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 16 (12): 5978–5985. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00970.
Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 45(1), 471-493. 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917.
Tjitrosoepomo, G. (1994). Taksonomi Tumbuhan. Bhratara Karya Aksara. Jakarta.
Tryon, R. M., & Tryon, A. F. (2012). Ferns and allied plants: with special reference to tropical America. Springer Science & Business Media.
Valdespino, I.A. (2015). Novelties in Selaginella (Selaginellaceae–Lycopodiophyta), with Emphasis on Brazilian Species. PhytoKeys, 57: 93–133. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.57.6489
Wang, X., Long, W., Schamp, B.S., Yang, X., Kang, Y., Xie, Z. & Xiong, M. (2016). Vascular Epiphyte Diversity Differs with Host Crown Zone and Diameter, but not Orientation in a Tropical Cloud Forest. PLoS ONE, 11 (7): e0158548. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158548.
Wijayanto, A. (2009). Biodiversitas, Etnobotani, dan Kemampuan Antioksidan Selaginella spp. Asal Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak (TNGHS). Unpublished undergraduate dissertation. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Xhian-Chun, Z. (2001). Studies on the Chinese Species of Selaginellaceae (I): Selaginella Subgenus Tetragono-stachys Jermy. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 39 (4): 345–356.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursina Banapon, Siti Nurjannah, Ramli Hadun, Adriani Adriani, Reyna Ashari, Laswi Irmayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Biologi Tropis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the author as the owner of the paper. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Authors are permitted to disseminate published articles by sharing the link/DOI of the article at the journal. Authors are allowed to use their articles for any legal purposes deemed necessary without written permission from the journal with an acknowledgment of initial publication to this journal.
