Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil (Eugenia Caryophyllus) as antibacterial in toothpaste preparations against streptococcus mutans bacteria
DOI:
10.29303/jpm.v18i4.5325Published:
2023-07-31Issue:
Vol. 18 No. 4 (2023): July 2023Keywords:
Hydroxyapatite, Nanosilver, Clove Oil, Streptococcus mutants, AntibacterialArticles
Downloads
How to Cite
Downloads
Metrics
Abstract
The formation of dental caries results from the activity of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. One of the efforts to prevent dental caries is using toothpaste containing antibacterial compounds such as hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil. This study aims to synthesize and characterize hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-cloves oil as an antibacterial that causes dental caries. In this study, physical properties were tested, namely, particle size with PSA, spreadability, stickiness, homogeneity, and chemical properties tested in functional groups with FTIR, pH, and antibacterial activity with the disc diffusion method. This study used 2% hydroxyapatite, ten ppm nanosilver, tween 80, xanthan gum, 70% sorbitol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium saccharin, calcium carbonate, peppermint, distilled water, clove oil with variations in the addition of concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The synthesis results produced a toothpaste preparation made from hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil, as evidenced by the results of FTIR characterization showing the presence of OH-, CO32-, PO43-, C-H, C-O, and C=O functional groups. PSA results show hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil has an average size of 4464 nm which is not included in the nanoparticle category (<100 nm). The toothpaste spreadability test resulted in a spread diameter of 5-6 cm, which met the requirements for paste spreadability (5-7 cm), while the adhesion test resulted in adhesion (7-12 seconds) which has not met the ideal requirements (1-6 seconds). The pH measurement resulted in a toothpaste pH of 8.8-9.0 per SNI (4.5-10.5). The homogeneity test of the toothpaste has met the requirements according to SNI, namely the absence of air bubbles, clumps, and separated particles. The antibacterial activity test showed that the hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil toothpaste formulation was able to inhibit the growth of S.mutans bacteria with the highest inhibition diameter in the variation of adding 4% concentration of clove oil, namely 14.99 mm with normally distributed data (p>0.05). One Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the treatment variation had a significantly different effect (p<0.05). These results indicate that adding clove oil into the formulation of hydroxyapatite-nanosilver-clove oil toothpaste can affect its chemical, physical, and antibacterial activity.
References
Hafizah, H. (2021). Sistem Pakar Untuk Pendiagnosaan Karies Gigi Menggunakan Teorema Bayes. Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Sistem Komputer TGD, 4(1), 103-111.
Jain, N., Dutt, U., Radenkov, I., & Jain, S. (2023). WHO's global oral health status report 2022: Actions, discussion and implementation. Oral Diseases.
Suhadi, R. S. S., & Mauludin, A. (2023, January). Scoping Review: Rokok Sebagai Faktor Risiko terhadap Kejadian Karies Gigi. In Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science (Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 77-83).
Tampoliu, M. K. K., Ratu, A. P., & Rustiyaningsih, R. (2021). Formula dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Obat Kumur Ekstrak Batang Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang), 16(1), 29-39.
Moelyaningrum, A. D. (2017). Timah hitam (Pb) dan karies gigi. Stomatognatic-Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi, 13(1), 28-31.
Lely, M. A. (2017). Pengaruh (pH) saliva terhadap terjadinya karies gigi pada anak usia prasekolah. Indonesian Bulletin of Health Research, 45(4), 241-248.
Zulsantritus, Z., Edrizal, E., & Busman, B. (2016). Potensi Remineralisasi Pada Pasta Gigi Berflorida dan Tidak Berflorida. B-Dent: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah, 3(2), 139-144.
Indrawati, R., Arundina, I., & Trisnadyantika, A. (2014). Efektivitas pasta gigi yang mengandung herbal terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Oral Biology Dental Journal, 6(1), 56-60.
Souza, B. M., Comar, L. P., Vertuan, M., Fernandes Neto, C., Buzalaf, M. A. R., & Magalhães, A. C. (2015). Effect of an experimental paste with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and fluoride on dental demineralization and remineralization in situ. Caries Research, 49(5), 499-507.
Anggresani, L., Perawati, S., & Rahayu, I. J. (2019). Limbah tulang ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus guttatus) sebagai sumber kalsium pada pembuatan hidroksiapatit. Jurnal Katalisator, 4(2), 133-140.
Kattimani, V. S., Chakravarthi, P. S., Kanumuru, N. R., Subbarao, V. V., Sidharthan, A., Kumar, T. S., & Prasad, L. K. (2014). Eggshell derived hydroxyapatite as bone graft substitute in the healing of maxillary cystic bone defects: a preliminary report. Journal of international oral health: JIOH, 6(3), 15.
Lawarti, R. A., & Cahyaningrum, S. E. (2022). Potential Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxyapatite Composite And Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betel L.) Against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 11(1), 41-49.
Afifah, F., & Cahyaningrum, S. E. (2020). Sintesis Dan Karakterisasi Hidroksiapatit Dari Tulang Sapi (Bos Taurus) Menggunakan Teknik Kalsinasi Synthesis And Characterization Of Hydroxyapatite From Cow Bones (Bos Taurus) Using Calcination Techniques. UNESA Journal of Chemistry, 9(3), 189-196.
Azarsina, M., Kasraei, S., Yousefi-Mashouf, R., Dehghani, N., & Shirinzad, M. (2013). The antibacterial properties of composite resin containing nanosilver against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 14(6), 1014.
Lestari, N. R. D., & Cahyaningrum, S. E. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-nanosilver as anti-bacteria that cause dental caries. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 11(1), 33-40.
Ristian, I., Wahyuni, S., & Supardi, K. I. (2014). Kajian Pengaruh Konsentrasi Perak Nitrat Terhadap Ukuran Partikel Pada Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 3(1).
Putra, F. S., & Mintjelungan, C. N. (2017). Efektivitas pasta gigi herbal dan non-herbal terhadap penurunan plak gigi anak usia 12-14 tahun. e-GiGi, 5(2).
Hafizah, H. (2021). Sistem Pakar Untuk Pendiagnosaan Karies Gigi Menggunakan Teorema Bayes. Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Sistem Komputer TGD, 4(1), 103-111.
A Akbar, A. F., & Cahyaningrum, S. E. (2022). Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Testing of the Nano Hydroxyapatite-Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllus) Against Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 11(1), 1-8.
Nandasyah, I., & Cahyaningrum, S. E. Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Gel-Nanosilver-Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) as a Toothpaste Forming Gel. [21] A. Mahdalin, E. Widarsih, and K. Harismah, “Pengujian Sifat Fisika dan Sifat Kimia Formulasi Pasta Gigi Gambir dengan Pemanis Alami Daun Stevia,” 6th Univ. Res. Colloq. 2017, pp. 135–138, 2017.
Gratia, B., Yamlean, P. V., & Mansauda, K. L. (2021). Formulasi pasta gigi ekstrak etanol buah pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). Pharmacon, 10(3), 968-974.
Nurhayati, L. S., Yahdiyani, N., & Hidayatulloh, A. (2020). Perbandingan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri starter yogurt dengan metode difusi sumuran dan metode difusi cakram. Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 1(2), 41-46.
Kantharia, N., Naik, S., Apte, S., Kheur, M., Kheur, S., & Kale, B. (2014). Nano-hydroxyapatite and its contemporary applications. Bone, 34(15.2), 1-71.
Xu, T., Gao, C., Feng, X., Huang, M., Yang, Y., Shen, X., & Tang, X. (2019). Cinnamon and clove essential oils to improve physical, thermal, and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-gum arabic polyelectrolyte complexed films. Carbohydrate polymers, 217, 116-125.
Xu, Y., Chu, Y., Feng, X., Gao, C., Wu, D., Cheng, W., ... & Tang, X. (2020). Effects of zein stabilized clove essential oil Pickering emulsion on the structure and properties of chitosan-based edible films. International journal of biological macromolecules, 156, 111-119.
Garg, A., Aggarwal, D., Garg, S., & Singla, A. K. (2002). Spreading of semisolid formulations: an update. Pharmaceutical Technology North America, 26(9), 84-84.
Paliling, A., Posangi, J., & Anindita, P. S. (2016). Uji daya hambat ekstrak bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis. e-GiGi, 4(2).
Lomboan, E. R., Yamlean, P. V., & Suoth, E. J. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Sabun Cair Ekstrak Etanol aun Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. PHARMACON, 10(1), 767-773.
Author Biographies
Browi Nugroho, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Sari Edi Cahyaningrum, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Browi Nugroho, Sari Edi Cahyaningrum
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The following terms apply to authors who publish in this journal:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal first publication rights, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License (CC-BY License) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and first publication in this journal.
2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), acknowledging its initial publication in this journal.
3. Before and during the submission process, authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as this can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
