Inventory of the Genus Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae) at Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park, Singkawang, West Kalimantan
DOI:
10.29303/jpm.v21i1.11330Published:
2026-02-21Downloads
Abstract
The high level of biodiversity Indonesia contains is a prestigious national treasure. One type of biodiversity found in Indonesia is plant diversity. Plant diversity is inevitable due to their use as ornamental plants. Among many ornamental plants famous in Indonesia, the genus Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss is known globally for its essential role in horticulture development. Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park, located in Sijangkung Subdistrict, South Singkawang District, Singkawang City, West Kalimantan Province, maintains a diverse and abundant collection of cultivated Bougainvillea plants, which can serve as an important resource for investigating Bougainvillea diversity. To date, no research has inventoried the diversity of Bougainvillea in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Therefore, this research aims to inventory and identify members of the Bougainvillea genus found in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Using a qualitative method, this research involved the Bougainvillea members at the research site, sampled using convenience sampling due to the vast area. The research is then continued with identification based on morphology, supported by various peer-reviewed literature. The identification process revealed two species: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., both in non-variegated and variegated forms, and Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. The sampling also revealed substantial numbers of each species in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park: B. spectabilis in non-variegated form, totalling 237 individuals; B. spectabilis in variegated form, totalling 126 individuals; and B. glabra, totalling 53 individuals, for a total of 416 individuals encountered throughout the sampling period. The identification and abundance of the two species indicate that the area has favorable ecological conditions for cultivating Bougainvillea, supporting its role as a specialized agrotourism destination. Overall, the results provide a baseline inventory for future planning regarding conservation, landscape management, and ornamental plant breeding programs. Moreover, the documented species composition can inform agrotourism development strategies, including educational interpretation, biodiversity-based tourism promotion, and sustainable plant management practices.
Keywords:
Agrotourism Park; Biodiversity; Bougainvillea; Bukit Bougenville; NyctaginaceaeReferences
K. von Rintelen, E. Arida, and C. Häuser, “A Review of Biodiversity-related Issues and Challenges in Megadiverse Indonesia and Other Southeast Asian Countries,” Res Ideas Outcomes, vol. 3, p. e20860, 2017, doi: 10.3897/rio.3.e20860.
S. E. Shmelev, “Biodiversity Offset Schemes for Indonesia: Pro et Contra,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 14, p. 6283, 2025, doi: 10.3390/su17146283.
M. A. Faturrahman, A. Fadhilah, N. Nufitasari, I. A. Filza, and H. Fajri, “Inventarisasi Varietas Tanaman Puring (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss.) di Desa Jeruju Besar Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya,” Bioscientist: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1818–1832, 2023, doi: 10.33394/bioscientist.v11i2.9425.
H. Hamidah and A. Yaman, “Budidaya Tanaman Hias Skala Rumah Tangga,” Jurnal Pengabdian Kreativitas Pendidikan Mahakam (JPKPM), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 140–144, 2023, doi: 10.24903/jpkpm.v3i2.1503.
D. I. Salintohe, H. Hasniati, and I. A. Musdar, “Implementasi Machine Learning untuk Mengidentifikasi Tanaman Hias pada Aplikasi Tierra,” JTRISTE, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.55645/jtriste.v9i1.360.
A. Surya, V. S. Hendrawan, and S. E. Baskoro, “Analisis Prospek Usaha Tanaman Hias Studi Kasus di Pelita Desa Ciseeng, Bogor,” JEKOBIS: Ekonomi Bisnis & Manajemen, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 108–115, 2022, doi: 10.37932/j.e.v12i1.434.
Muh. I. Ruslan and N. Nurlela, “Studi Deskriptif Trend Tanaman Hias Kalangan Ibu-ibu di Kelurahan Sepe’e, Kecamatan Barru, Kabupaten Barru,” Jurnal Kajian Sosial dan Budaya: Tebar Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48–55, 2024, doi: 10.36653/jksb.v8i1.191.
H. Saleem, A. Usman, M. F. Mahomoodally, and N. Ahemad, “Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy): A Comprehensive Review on Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity,” J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 266, p. 113356, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113356.
P. Salam, V. Bhargav, Y. C. Gupta, and P. K. Nimbolkar, “Evolution in Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea Commers.)-A Review,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1489–1494, 2017, doi: 10.31018/jans.v9i3.1389.
I. G. O. García, A. L. G. Barrera, F. J. A. González, N. A. C. Vela, and D. G. Montiel, “Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nyctinaginacea): Review of Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Potential,” Front Chem, vol. 11, p. 1276514, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1276514.
P. Mahey et al., “Transforming the Therapeutic and Nutritional Benefits of Bougainvillea Flowers for Sustainable Uses and Food Security,” Discover Food, vol. 5, p. 156, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s44187-025-00302-z.
W. Rasool, S. Adeel, F. Batool, S. A. Ahmad, S. Mumtaz, and M. Hussaan, “Environmental Friendly Silk and Cotton Dyeing Using Natural Colorant of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) Flowers: The Sustainable Approach towards Textile Industry,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 21863–21871, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23417-7.
P. Mahey, M. Sharma, M. Sontakke, A. K. Gupta, A. K. Jha, and J. M. Khan, “Development of Functional Beverage Using Pineapple Juice and Bougainvillea spectabilis Flower Powder: Effect on the Quality and Storage Stability,” J Stored Prod Res, vol. 112, p. 102587, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2025.102587.
T. Rosalina, R. Evita, and I. Indriani, “Strategi Pengembangan Taman Bukit Bougenville dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kunjungan Pasca Pandemi COVID 19 di Singkawang Selatan,” JISOS: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 767–776, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/JISOS/article/view/3372
N. Afrina, S. A. Sinaga, A. A. Harahap, A. B. Hartady, A. H. Pulungan, and S. W. Ulfa, “Identifikasi Spesies Bougenville di Kecamatan Medan Johor,” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 30668–30676, 2023, doi: 10.31004/jptam.v7i3.11963.
N. Syam, A. Kurniawati, S. Devi, Z. I. Navia, and Z. M. Letis, “Identifikasi Karakter Morfologi dan Manfaat Bunga Kertas (Bougainvillea) di Desa Seneren, Kecamatan Pantan Cuaca Kabupaten Gayo Lues, Aceh,” Journal of Education Science, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 78–83, 2023, doi: 10.33143/jes.v9i1.2979.
D. Apriyanti, “Variasi Morfologi Bunga Kertas (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.) di Desa Paya Tampah, Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang,” Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan: “Inovasi Pembelajaran Daring dalam Era Revolusi Digital,” vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://semnasfkipunsam.id/index.php/semnas2019/article/view/101
A. Speak, F. J. Escobedo, A. Russo, and S. Zerbe, “Comparing Convenience and Probability Sampling for Urban Ecology Applications,” Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 2332–2342, 2018, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13167.
K. Ulfah, F. Raihan, N. Natasya, M. K. Nafis, S. E. Ariyana, and A. P. P. Hartoyo, Teknologi Pembiakan Vegetatif Tanaman Hias: Program Rumah Vegetatif Tanaman Hias (RUVETAS) Guna Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Desa Sipungguk, Kabupaten Kampar, Riau. Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan dan Lingkungan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2021.
C. Nuñez-Penichet et al., “Selection of Sampling Sites for Biodiversity Inventory: Effects of Environmental and Geographical Considerations,” Methods Ecol Evol, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1595–1607, 2022, doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13869.
B. Song et al., “Multifunctionality of Angiosperm Floral Bracts: A Review,” Biological Reviews, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 1100–1120, 2024, doi: 10.1111/brv.13060.
X. Liu et al., “Analysis of Pigmentation Changes in Bracts of Bougainvillea × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ During Different Developmental Periods,” Biology (Basel), vol. 14, no. 11, p. 1607, 2025, doi: 10.3390/biology14111607.
X. Li, Y. Liu, Z. Cai, and Y. Zhou, “Advances in Bract Coloration: Diversity, Pigment Synthesis, and Regulatory Mechanisms in Ornamental Plants,” Plants, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 2155, 2025, doi: 10.3390/plants14142155.
A. Timoneda et al., “The Evolution of Betalain Biosynthesis in Caryophyllales,” New Phytologist, vol. 224, no. 1, pp. 71–85, 2019, doi: 10.1111/nph.15980.
Q. Wu et al., “Composition, Color Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Betalain-based Extracts from Bracts of Bougainvillea,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 16, p. 5120, 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27165120.
C. Sumi, S. Sugiura, M. Ishimori, Y. Tabayashi, Y. Higuchi, and M. Shibata, “Flower Color Variations are Determined by Betalain Biosynthetic Genes in Portulaca umbraticola,” Plant Cell Physiol, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 1061–1075, 2025, doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcaf057.
S. Shaheen, M. A. Khan, M. A. Naeem, M. N. Shahid, M. Jaffer, and H. Mukhtar, “Comparison of Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra Species Inhibited in Pakistan Based on Microscopic Studies: Light Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope,” Microsc Res Tech, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 1194–1198, 2022, doi: 10.1002/jemt.23987.
J.-H. Zhang, J.-C. Zeng, X.-M. Wang, S.-F. Chen, D. C. Albach, and H.-Q. Li, “A Revised Classification of Leaf Variegation Types,” Flora, vol. 272, p. 151703, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2020.151703.
S. Lev-Yadun and P. Niemelä, “Leaf Pseudo-variegation: Definition, Common Types, and Probably the Defended Models for Real Defensive Leaf Variegation Mimicking Them?,” Flora, vol. 226, pp. 82–88, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2016.11.010.
N. Supriya, P. Gupta, N. Mehta, and G. Sharma, “Morphological Characterization of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spp.) Cultivars,” The Pharma Innovation Journal, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 2771–2778, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2022&vol=11&issue=12&ArticleId=17605
M. A. C. Bautista, Y. Zheng, D. E. Boufford, Z. Hu, Y. Deng, and T. Chen, “Phylogeny and Taxonomic Synopsis of the Genus Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae),” Plants, vol. 11, no. 13, p. 1700, 2022, doi: 10.3390/plants11131700.
X. Ma et al., “ddRAD-seq Data Reveals the Significant Population Structure and Potential Causes of Population Divergence in Bougainvillea,” Sci Rep, vol. 15, p. 34200, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15668-4.
S. Tripathi, S. Singh, and R. K. Roy, “Pollen Morphology of Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae): A Popular Ornamental Plant of Tropical and Sub-tropical Gardens of the World,” Rev Palaeobot Palynol, vol. 239, pp. 31–46, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.12.006.
R. R. Rastogi, N. Singh, S. Singh, A. K. Pal, R. K. Roy, and T. S. Rana, “Assessment of Genetic Variability in the Bougainvillea Varieties Using Morphological and Molecular Markers,” Indian J Exp Biol, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 408–417, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/47440
M. A. C. Bautista, Y. Zheng, Z. Hu, Y. Deng, and T. Chen, “Comparative Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences of Wild and Cultivated Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae),” Plants, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 1671, 2020, doi: 10.3390/plants9121671.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nambisas Arum Kusuma Ayu, Widya Astuti, Isyatirradhiyah Isyatirradhiyah, Mas Akhbar Faturrahman, Hayatul Fajri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The following terms apply to authors who publish in this journal:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal first publication rights, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License (CC-BY License) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and first publication in this journal.
2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), acknowledging its initial publication in this journal.
3. Before and during the submission process, authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as this can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
How to Cite
