Analysis of Total Flavonoid Content in Local Kalimantan Plants and Antioxidant Activity: A Review
DOI:
10.29303/jpm.v21i4.9798Published:
2026-07-09Downloads
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the largest groups of compounds in the natural phenol group that are widely found in all types of green plants, so they are almost always found in every analysis of plant extracts. Meanwhile, antioxidants are inhibitors used to inhibit the autooxidation process. Flavonoids have the ability to act as antioxidants because they can transfer electrons, so they can neutralize free radicals. This review identifies the levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of local Kalimantan plants, utilizing half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values as a standardized quantitative parameter for assessing antioxidant potency and identifying promising sources of natural antioxidants. The maceration extraction method with ethanol at concentrations of 70% and 96% was used to obtain active compounds, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method. The results showed that several species, such as Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria cordata) and Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), had very low IC50 values, namely 9.159 ppm and 14.06 μg/mL, indicating very strong antioxidant activity. Thus, local Kalimantan plants have great potential as a source of natural antioxidants and could be developed as raw materials for antioxidant-based health products. The findings of this review offer comprehensive evidence to guide future research, standardization, and commercialization of indigenous Kalimantan plants for the development of effective and sustainable natural antioxidant products.
Keywords:
Alkaloids Antioxidant Flavonoids Local Plants of KalimantanReferences
[1] A. Bakti, L. Triyasmono, and M. I. Rizki, “Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Uji Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) dengan Metode DPPH,” Jurnal Pharmascience, vol. 04, no. 01, pp. 102–108, 2017, [Online]. Available: http://jps.unlam.ac.id/
[2] H. Manurung, D. Susanto, and R. Z. Hapsari, “Uji Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Lai (Durio kutejensis) (Hassk.) (Becc.) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl),” EduBiologia: Biological Science and Education Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 65, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.30998/edubiologia.v3i2.18431.
[3] R. zuri P. Rawambaku, “Analisis Metabolit Sekunder Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Buas-Buas Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis,” Farmakologika : Jurnal Farmasi, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 167–179, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.56730/farmakologika.v19i2.486.
[4] T. A. Nina Sari, D. Nurfitriani, R. Mutamimah, Yudianto, and A. Z. Wakhidah, “The Diversity of Medicinal Plant Used by Local Community in Borneo, Indonesia: A Review,” Jurnal Jamu Indonesia, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 24–39, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.29244/jji.v10i1.324.
[5] R. Dona, “Determination of Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Karamunting Leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk) Extract and Fraction,” Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Indonesia, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 72–78, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.51887/jpfi.v9i2.975.
[6] Haeria, Hermawati, and A. T. U. Dg. Pine, “Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi L.),” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 57–61, 2016.
[7] T. Nurmalasari et al., “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Kupa (Syzygium Polycephalum) Terhadap Radikal Bebas Dengan Metode Dpph,” 2016.
[8] E. F. Yanti and N. Purwanti, “Penetapan Kadar Falvonoid Total Dan Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Makadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) Dengan Metode DPPH,” Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 100–103, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.18860/jip.v7i2.17522.
[9] N. Wathan, N. R. Safarina, and M. Fitriana, “Aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan flavonoid total ekstrak etanol batang bajakah kalalawit (Uncaria cordata (Lour) Merr.) asal Kecamatan Loksado Kalimantan Selatan,” Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.29303/sjp.v5i1.230.
[10] M. I. Rizki, L. Triyasmono, and R. A. Rizky, “Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Kalangkala (Litsea Angulata),” Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 696–701, 2023.
[11] S. Deswita, E. N. Rahma, V. Celloce Njurumana, and R. Yanuarti, “Pengujian Flavonoid Total Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Aktif Daun Akar Kaik-Kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr) Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Obat Diare,” Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://ojs.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/biologi
[12] S. Hadi, A. Muliana, and A. Khairunnisa, “Uji Flavonoid Total dan Antioksidan Kulit Batang Balik Angin (Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Reis Ex. Endl),” 2022.
[13] P. R, “Analisis Metabolit Sekunder dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Buas-Buas dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-VIS,” Farmakologika Jurnal Farmasi, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 168–179, 2022.
[14] S. Nurlaela Fitriansyah et al., “Kandungan Kimia Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine Palmifolia (L.) Merr.) Hasil Fermentasi,” JSTFI Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi Indonesia, vol. X, no. 2, 2021.
[15] R. Roro Ariessanty Alicia Kusuma Wardhani et al., “Analisis Skrining Fitokimia, Kadar Total Fenol-Flavonoid Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Kayu Tanaman Galam Rawa Gambut (Melaleuca Cajuputi Roxb),” 2018.
[16] I. Ipandi, L. Triyasmono, and B. Prayitno, “Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kajajahi (Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.),” Jurnal Pharmascience, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://jps.ppjpu.unlam.ac.id/
[17] A. Wojdyło, J. Samoticha, and J. Chmielewska, “Effect of different pre-treatment maceration techniques on the content of phenolic compounds and color of Dornfelder wines elaborated in cold climate,” Food Chem., vol. 339, p. 127888, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127888.
[18] M. Błaszak, S. Lachowicz-Wiśniewska, I. Kapusta, M. Szewczuk, and I. Ochmian, “Enhanced Extraction of Polyphenols, Physicochemical Properties, and Microbial Control in Vitis vinifera L. Juice Using Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration,” Molecules, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 587, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/molecules30030587.
[19] J. O. Chaves et al., “Extraction of Flavonoids From Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques,” Sep. 25, 2020, Frontiers Media S.A. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.507887.
[20] A. F. Alfiana, “A Comparison of Maceration and Soxhletation Extraction Methods,” Ekliptika Journal, vol. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2024.
[21] Z. Sapiun, P. Pangalo, A. Imran, P. S. Wicita, and R. P. A. Daud, “Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maseration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry,” Pharmacogn J, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–5, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.
[22] R. Ulvia, D. Nurhasanah, A. Camelia, and L. Widianingrum, “The Effect of Extraction Method on Total Flavonoid Content of Hedyotis corymbosa L.,” Journal of Biotechnology and Natural Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 40–47, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.12928/jbns.v5i1.13187.
[23] D. S. Ramadhani and H. Parbuntari, “Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Maceration Vortex Technique terhadap Kadar Total Flavonoid pada Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.),” TSAQOFAH, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 4811–4820, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.58578/tsaqofah.v5i5.6910.
[24] Danang Raharjo, Bagas Ardiyantoro, and Anastasia Cindy Jovita Putri, “Correlation between Extraction Method, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Red Pedada Leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris L.),” International Journal Of Health Science, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 457–468, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.55606/ijhs.v5i3.6063.
[25] M. Andry et al., “The Effect of Different Methods of Maceration and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) on Determining Flavonoid Contents of Total Figs (Ficus racemosa L),” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, pp. 799–809, May 2025, doi: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i2.859.
[26] S. M. A. Alelah, A. I. Abdulrazzaq, M. O. Hussein, S. J. Nasser, and A. K. Mssdf, “Overview of extraction methods for phytochemicals: Principles, applications, and future directions,” Results Chem., vol. 24, p. 103221, May 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103221.
[27] C. Ojong, S. A. Besong, and A. N. A. Aryee, “Solvent-Based Extraction Recovers Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants Demonstrating Anticancer and Chemopreventive Potential: A Review,” Apr. 01, 2026, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/molecules31071202.
[28] A. Kushwaha, V. Kumar, Y. Gat, N. Kumar, A. Parashar, and D. J. Pinakin, “Microbial maceration: a sustainable approach for phytochemical extraction,” 3 Biotech, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 401, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13205-018-1423-8.
[29] O. T. Mahardani and L. Yuanita, “Efek Metode Pengolahan Dan Penyimpanan Terhadap Kadar Senyawa Fenolik Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan,” Unesa Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 64–78, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p64-78.
[30] I. Anwar, Parawansah, Yamin, R. Malina, and A. Fitri, “Penentuan Kadar Fenolik, Flavonoid dan Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) Terhadap Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein,” Lansau: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 110–123, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.33772/lansau.v2i2.29.
[31] R. Kurniasari, M. Suzery, and B. Cahyono, “Analysis of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Cashew Leaf Extract (Anacardium occidentale L.) with Varying Ethanol Concentrations,” Jurnal Riset Kimia, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 116–130, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.25077/jrk.v15i2.735.
[32] E. Pujiastuti and D. El’Zeba, “Perbandingan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 70% dan 96% Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) dengan Spektrofotometri,” Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 5, pp. 28–43, 2021.
[33] M. Y. Ovando-Dominguez, M.C. Lujan-Hidalgo, and D.Goncalez-Mendoza, “Total Phenols, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity in Annona muricata and Annona purpurea Callus Culture,” TechScience Press, vol. 88, 2019, doi: 10.32604/phyton.2019.0654627.
[34] S. Aryal, M. K. Baniya, K. Danekhu, P. Kunwar, R. Gurung, and N. Koirala, “Total Phenolic content, Flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from western Nepal,” Plants, vol. 8, no. 4, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.3390/plants8040096.
[35] M. Arsyad, “Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat Oleh Masyarakat Desa Sidorejo Kecamatan Tamban Kabupaten Barito Kuala,” 2018.
[36] W. Puspita, D. Yuspita Sari, and I. Ristia Rahman, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Buas-Buas (Premna Serratifolia L.) Asal Kabupaten Melawi Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dengan Metode DPPH,” Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 405–412, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.36387/jifi.v3i2.532.
[37] N. Halisa, A. Frethernety, S. Permatasari, F. D. Alexandra, and Y. Ysrafil, “Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir (W.Hunter) Roxb) Menggunakan Metode DPPH,” Jurnal Surya Medika, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 144–150, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.33084/jsm.v10i2.6151.
[38] A. Nashroh binti Dahlan, M. Abdul Halim, Z. Amiruddin Zakaria, and R. Azli Mohd Mokhtar, “Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Leucosyke capitellata,” Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology (BIJB), vol. 4, pp. 51–59, 2024, doi: 10.51200/bijb.v4i.6006.
[39] H. Suhendy, D. S. Nurjanah, and I. Rahmiyani, “Korelasi Flavonoid Total Dengan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Dan Fraksi Daun Puring Kura (Codiaeum variegatum L.),” 2024.
[40] M. Hidayatullah, A. N. Rakhmatullah, and D. Perdana, “Penetapan Kadar Fenolik Total Dan Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Batang Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis hassk.),” Journal of Pharmacopolium, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 41–52, 2023.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabilla Faoziyyah Azizah, Wildan Hidayah, Risa Dwi Apriani, Dia Septiani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The following terms apply to authors who publish in this journal:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal first publication rights, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License (CC-BY License) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and first publication in this journal.
2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), acknowledging its initial publication in this journal.
3. Before and during the submission process, authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as this can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
How to Cite
