Antihypercholesterolemic Edible Flowers in Indonesia: A Review
DOI:
10.29303/jpm.v21i5.12231Published:
2026-10-02Downloads
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), and oxidative stress. Although synthetic antihypercholesterolemic drugs are effective, their long-term use can cause side effects, highlighting the need for safer natural alternatives. Indonesia has a rich biodiversity of edible flowers, which are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, with potential lipid-lowering and antioxidant activities. This study aims to review the antihypercholesterolemic potential of edible flowers traditionally consumed in Indonesia. The literature review was conducted using the PICOS framework and the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. A systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases covering publications from January 2020 to December 2025. A total of 230 records were identified; 25 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The edible flowers reviewed included Tagetes erecta, Rosa spp., Jasminum sambac, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Clitoria ternatea, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Carthamus tinctorius. Findings suggest that these flowers can reduce total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and Malondialdehyde (MDA), while increasing antioxidant parameters such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione (GSH). The proposed mechanisms involve inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity, prevention of LDL oxidation, improvement of lipid metabolism, and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. Overall, edible flowers in Indonesia show promising potential as functional foods and complementary natural therapies for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords:
Antihypercholesterolemia Antioxidant Edible Flowers Flavonoids Indonesian HerbsReferences
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